The circulatory system of insects

- insects have an open circulatory system.

- The haemocoel contains the soft internal

organs and is filled with haemolymph.

- Here, a chemical exchange btw the

haemolymph and the body cells takes place.

- The haemolymph flows from the hearts into

the haemocoel when the hearts contract

- When the heart relax, the haemolymph is

drawn through pores called ostia (ostium)
back into the hearts

- The ostia are equipped with valves that close

when the hearts contract.

The circulatory system in fish

- a fish has a heart with 2 main chambers, one
atrium and one ventricle.

- Blood leaving the ventricle goes first to the

gill capillaries where gaseous exchange takes
place.

- The gill capillaries converge into a vessel

that carries the oxygenated blood to the
body capillaries of systemic capillaries
(capillaries near body cells).

- In the systemic capillaries, O2 diffuses into

the tissues while CO2 diffuses out of the
tissues and into the capillaries
- The deO2 blood then returns to the atrium of
the heart through the veins

- The circulatory system of fish has only one

circuit, hence this is called as single
circulatory system.

The circulatory system in amphibians

- frogs and other amphibians have a 3-

 chambered heart consisting of 2 atrium and 1
ventricle.

- deO2 blood from the body is carried into the

right atrium while oxygenated blood from the
lungs is sent to the left atrium.

- Blood from both atrium enters the single

ventricle.

- The ventricle then pumps blood through the

pulmocutaneous circulation (lungs) and the
systemic circulation.(body cells)

- The pulmocutaneous circulation delivers the

deO2 blood to lungs and skin.

- The oxygenated blood returns to the left

atrium of the heart, and most of it is then
pumped into the systemic circulation.

- The systemic circulation carries the

oxygenated blood to the body tissues and
returns the deO2 blood to the right atrium
through the veins.

- Double circulatory system.

 The circulatory system in humans

- humans have a 4-chambered heart: 2 atrium

and 2 ventricles.

- deO2 and oxygenated blood do not mix.

- In the pulmonary circulation, deO2 blood in

 the right ventricle is pumped into the
pulmonary arteries.

- In the systemic circulation, blood is carried

from the heart to the other parts of the body
except the lungs.

- The oxygenated blood from the lungs returns

to the left atrium and flows into the left
ventricle.

- The oxygenated blood is then pumped into

the systemic capillaries via the aorta.

- Double circulatory system (blood flows

through the heart twice)

Insects Fish Amphibian Humans

s
Open Closed Closed Closed
circulatory circulatory circulatory circulatory
system system system system
- Single Double Double
 - - Incomplete Complete
separation separation
of of
oxygenated oxygenated
and deO2 and deO2
blood blood
A single Heart of 2 Heart of 3 Heart of 4
blood vessel chambers chambers chambers
forms the
heart