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The Central Dogma of genetics is DNA to RNA to protein. DNA is the hard-copy of
genetic material. RNA is the intermediary between DNA and the protein making parts, the
ribosomes. RNA serves to carry information from the genome, located in the nucleus of the cell,
to the ribosomes, which are located outside of the nucleus either in the cytosol or on the
endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins are macromolecule that contains carb, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen. They are needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes.
In the Central Dogma, DNA preforms replication in which the DNA replicates its
information in a process that involves many enzymes. Then the DNA codes for the production of
messenger RNA (mRNA) during transcription. In eukaryotic cells. the mRNA is processed and
migrates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. the Messenger RNA carries coded information to the
ribosomes. Finally, the ribosomes “read” this information and use it for protein synthesis. This is
called translation.
In DNA replication it begins when helicase unwinds the DNA forming a “replication
fork”. Multiple replication forks form along a DNA molecule and create replication bubbles. A
primase then adds a complimentary RNA primer to each template strand as a starting point for
replication. DNA polymerase then read the template strand and adds new complimentary
nucleotides.The DNA is synthesized until every strand of the RNA has its complimentary
nucleotide. A different type of DNA polymerase then removes the RNA primer and replaces it
with DNA. Each new DNA molecule is then rewound by helicase so now each molecule is
identical.
RNA synthesis is the next step (transcription). RNA is necessary to carry the instructions
of the DNA out of the nucleus and to the ribosomes. The messenger RNA carries the actual code
that specifies the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide (protein). Making mRNA starts with a
protein encoding gene on a template strand of DNA. The RNA polymerase binds to a promoter
and the double helix unwinds and is ready to be transcribed. RNA polymerase moves along the
protein encoding gene adding new RNA nucleotides to add complimentary nucleotides to the
DNA template. RNA polymerase reaches the terminator region of the protein encoding gene and
The last step is the protein synthesis (translation). The language of nucleic acids is
translated into the language of proteins. The mRNA binds to the ribosome. A site is open and
read to receive new tRNAs. New amino acids are added. Now everything can be read and
translated. A stop codon is reached and all parts are released. In the protein synthesis it’s
important for there to be no mutation. Deletion or insertion are mutations that change the reading