Introduction and Vectors

CHAPTER OUTLINE

1.1 Standards of Length,

Mass, and Time
1.2 Dimensional Analysis ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
1.3 Conversion of Units
1.4 Order-of-Magnitude
Calculations Q1.1 Atomic clocks are based on electromagnetic waves which atoms emit.
1.5 Significant Figures Also, pulsars are highly regular astronomical clocks.
1.6 Coordinate Systems
1.7 Vectors and Scalars
1.8 Some Properties of Q1.2 Density varies with temperature and pressure. It would be necessary
Vectors to measure both mass and volume very accurately in order to use the
1.9 Components of a Vector
and Unit Vectors
density of water as a standard.
1.10 Modeling, Alternative
Representations, and Q1.3 (a) 0.3 millimeters (b) 50 microseconds (c) 7.2 kilograms
Problem-Solving Strategy

Q1.4 (b) and (d). You cannot add or subtract quantities of different dimension.

Q1.5 A dimensionally correct equation need not be true. Example: 1 chimpanzee = 2 chimpanzee is
dimensionally correct. If an equation is not dimensionally correct, it cannot be correct.

Q1.6 On February 7, 2005, I am 59 years and 39 days old.

F 365.25 d I + 39 d = 21 589 dFG 86 400 s IJ = 1.87 × 10

59 yr GH 1 yr JK H 1d K
9
s ~ 10 9 s .

Many college students are just approaching 1 Gs.

Q1.7 Zero significant digits. An order-of-magnitude calculation is accurate only within a factor of 10.

Q1.8 With one datum known to one significant digit, we have 80 million yr + 24 yr = 80 million yr.

Q1.9 No, the magnitude of the displacement is always less than or equal to the distance traveled. If two
displacements in the same direction are added, then the magnitude of their sum will be equal to the
distance traveled. Two vectors in any other orientation will give a displacement less than the
distance traveled. If you first walk 3 meters east, and then 4 meters south, you will have walked a
total distance of 7 meters, but you will only be 5 meters from your starting point.

Q1.10 Only force and velocity are vectors. None of the other quantities requires a direction to be described.
r
Q1.11 If the direction-angle of A is between 180 degrees and 270 degrees, its components are both
negative. If a vector is in the second quadrant or the fourth quadrant, its components have opposite
signs.

1
 2 Introduction and Vectors

Q1.12 The book’s displacement is zero, as it ends up at the point from which it started. The distance
traveled is 6.0 meters.

Q1.13 85 miles. The magnitude of the displacement is the distance from the starting point, the 260-mile
mark, to the ending point, the 175-mile mark.
r r
Q1.14 Vectors A and B are perpendicular to each other.

Q1.15 No, the magnitude of a vector is always positive. A minus sign in a vector only indicates direction,
not magnitude.

Q1.16 Any vector that points along a line at 45° to the x and y axes has components equal in magnitude.

Q1.17 Addition of a vector to a scalar is not defined. Think of apples and oranges.

Q1.18 If the direction of a vector is specified by giving the angle of the vector measured clockwise from the
positive y-axis, then the x-component of the vector is equal to the sine of the angle multiplied by the
magnitude of the vector.

Q1.19 (a) Rotation does not noticeably affect revolution: simplification.

(b) Geometric (c) Structural (d) Simplification
(e) Geometric (f) Simplification (g) Structural

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time
4 3 4
*P1.1 Modeling the Earth as a sphere, we find its volume as
3 3
e
π r = π 6.37 × 10 6 m j 3
= 1.08 × 10 21 m 3 . Its

m 5.98 × 10 24 kg
density is then ρ = = = 5.52 × 10 3 kg m3 . This value is intermediate between the
V 1.08 × 10 21 m3
tabulated densities of aluminum and iron. Typical rocks have densities around 2 000 to
3 000 kg m3 . The average density of the Earth is significantly higher, so higher-density material
must be down below the surface.

m
P1.2 Let V represent the volume of the model, the same in ρ = for both. Then ρ iron = 9.35 kg V and
V
m gold ρ gold m gold F
19.3 × 10 3 kg / m3 I
ρ gold =
V
. Next,
ρ iron
=
9.35 kg
and m gold = 9.35 kg GH
7.86 × 10 3 kg / m3
JK
= 23.0 kg .

4
P1.3 V = Vo − Vi =
3
e
π r23 − r13 j
m 4 3 3 FG IJ e
4π ρ r23 − r13
j e j
ρ = , so m = ρV = ρ π r2 − r1 =
V 3 H K 3
.
 Chapter 1 3
4 3 4
*P1.4 For either sphere the volume is V = π r and the mass is m = ρV = ρ π r 3 . We divide this equation
3 3
for the larger sphere by the same equation for the smaller:

m l ρ 4π rl3 3 rl3
= = = 5.
m s ρ 4π rs3 3 rs3

a f
Then rl = rs 3 5 = 4.50 cm 1.71 = 7.69 cm .

Section 1.2 Dimensional Analysis

P1.5 The term x has dimensions of L, a has dimensions of LT −2 , and t has dimensions of T. Therefore, the
equation x = ka m t n has dimensions of

e
L = LT −2 j aTf
m n
or L1 T 0 = Lm T n − 2 m .

The powers of L and T must be the same on each side of the equation. Therefore,

L1 = Lm and m = 1 .

Likewise, equating terms in T, we see that n − 2m must equal 0. Thus, n = 2 . The value of k, a
dimensionless constant, cannot be obtained by dimensional analysis .

P1.6 (a) Circumference has dimensions of L.

(b) Volume has dimensions of L3 .

(c) Area has dimensions of L2 .

Expression (i) has dimension L L2 e j 1/2

= L2 , so this must be area (c).
Expression (ii) has dimension L, so it is (a).
e j
Expression (iii) has dimension L L2 = L3 , so it is (b). Thus, (a) = ii; (b) = iii, (c) = i .

P1.7 (a) This is incorrect since the units of ax are m 2 s 2 , while the units of v are m s .

(b) a f
This is correct since the units of y are m, and cos kx is dimensionless if k is in m −1 .

Section 1.3 Conversion of Units

P1.8 Apply the following conversion factors:

1 in = 2.54 cm , 1 d = 86 400 s , 100 cm = 1 m , and 10 9 nm = 1 m

FG 1 IJ b2.54 cm inge10 m cmje10

−2 9
nm m j=
H 32 in day
K 86 400 s day
9.19 nm s .

This means the proteins are assembled at a rate of many layers of atoms each second.
4 Introduction and Vectors

P1.9 (a) Seven minutes is 420 seconds, so the rate is

30.0 gal
r= = 7.14 × 10 −2 gal s .
420 s
(b) Converting gallons first to liters, then to m 3 ,

jFGH 3.1786galL IJK FGH 10 1 Lm IJK

−3 3
e
r = 7.14 × 10 −2 gal s

r = 2.70 × 10 −4 m3 s .

(c) At that rate, to fill a 1-m3 tank would take

F 1m 3 IF 1 h I =
t= GH 2.70 × 10 −4
m 3 JG J
s K H 3 600 K
1.03 h .

P1.10 It is often useful to remember that the 1 600-m race at track and field events is approximately 1 mile
in length. To be precise, there are 1 609 meters in a mile. Thus, 1 acre is equal in area to

a1 acrefFGH 6401 miacres IJK FGH 1 609 mI

2 2

mi K
J = 4.05 × 10 3 m 2 .

FG
ton 2 000 lb IJ FG 1 h IJ FG 1 min IJ =
P1.11 The weight flow rate is 1 200
h ton H K H 60 min K H 60 s K 667 lb s .

F 7 × 10 $ I F 1 h I FG 1 day IJ F 1 yr I = 220 years

12
P1.12 (a) GH 1 000 $ s JK GH 3 600 s JK H 24 h K GH 365 days JK
(b) e
The circumference of the Earth at the equator is 2π 6.378 × 10 6 m = 4.01 × 10 7 m . The length j
of one dollar bill is 0.155 m so that the length of 7 trillion bills is 1.08 × 10 12 m . Thus, the
7 trillion dollars would encircle the Earth

1.08 × 10 12 m
7
= 2.71 × 10 4 times .
4.01 × 10 m

V 3.78 × 10 −3 m 3
P1.13 V = At so t =
A
=
25.0 m 2
= 1.51 × 10 −4 m or 151 µm b g
mSun 1.99 × 10 30 kg
*P1.14 N atoms = = = 1.19 × 10 57 atoms
m atom 1.67 × 10 −27 kg

P1.15 To balance, m Fe = m Al or ρ FeVFe = ρ Al VAl

FG 4IJ π r 3 FG 4 IJ π r 3
ρ Fe
H 3K Fe = ρ Al
H 3K Al

FG ρ IJ = a2.00 cmfFG 7.86 IJ

Fe
1/3 1/3
rAl = rFe
Hρ KAl
H 2.70 K = 2.86 cm .
 Chapter 1 5

4π ρ Al rAl 3 4π ρ Fe rFe 3
P1.16 The mass of each sphere is m Al = ρ Al VAl = and m Fe = ρ FeVFe = . Setting these
3 3
masses equal,

4π ρ Al rAl 3 4π ρ Fe rFe 3 ρ
= and rAl = rFe 3 Fe .
3 3 ρ Al

The resulting expression shows that the radius of the aluminum sphere is directly proportional to
ρ Fe
the radius of the balancing iron sphere. The fraction is the factor of change between the
ρ Al
densities. Its cube root is a number much closer to 1. The relatively small change in radius implies a
change in volume sufficient to compensate for the change in density. The sphere of smaller density
has larger radius.

Fd I = 2.40 × 10 m FG 300 ft IJ = 6.79 × 10

P1.17 (a) d nucleus, scale = d nucleus, real GH d
atom, scale

atom, real
JK e jH 1.06 × 10 mK
−15
−10
−3
ft , or

e
d nucleus, scale = 6.79 × 10 −3 ft jb304.8 mm 1 ft g = 2.07 mm

Vatom
3
4π ratom
FG r IJ = FG d
3
IJ = F 1.06 × 10
3 −10
m I 3

K GH 2.40 × 10 JK
3 atom atom
= =
(b)
Vnucleus
3
4π rnucleus
3
Hr
nucleus K Hd nucleus
−15
m

= 8.62 × 10 13 times as large

Section 1.4 Order-of-Magnitude Calculations

P1.18 A reasonable guess for the diameter of a tire might be 2.5 ft, with a circumference of about 8 ft. Thus,
b gb gb
the tire would make 50 000 mi 5 280 ft mi 1 rev 8 ft = 3 × 10 7 rev ~ 10 7 rev . g
P1.19 Model the room as a rectangular solid with dimensions 4 m by 4 m by 3 m, and each ping-pong ball
as a sphere of diameter 0.038 m. The volume of the room is 4 × 4 × 3 = 48 m3 , while the volume of
one ball is

FG
4π 0.038 m IJ 3
= 2.87 × 10 −5 m3 .
3 H 2 K
48
Therefore, one can fit about ~ 10 6 ping-pong balls in the room.
2.87 × 10 −5
As an aside, the actual number is smaller than this because there will be a lot of space in the
room that cannot be covered by balls. In fact, even in the best arrangement, the so-called “best
1
packing fraction” is π 2 = 0.74 so that at least 26% of the space will be empty. Therefore, the
6
above estimate reduces to 1.67 × 10 6 × 0.740 ~ 10 6 .
6 Introduction and Vectors

P1.20 Assume the tub measures 1.3 m by 0.5 m by 0.3 m. One-half of its volume is then

a fa fa
V = 0.5 1.3 m 0.5 m 0.3 m = 0.10 m 3 . fa f
The mass of this volume of water is

e je
m water = ρ water V = 1 000 kg m3 0.10 m3 = 100 kg ~ 10 2 kg . j
Pennies are now mostly zinc, but consider copper pennies filling 50% of the volume of the tub. The
mass of copper required is

e je
m copper = ρ copper V = 8 920 kg m 3 0.10 m 3 = 892 kg ~ 10 3 kg . j
*P1.21 Assume: Total population = 10 7 ; one out of every 100 people has a piano; one tuner can serve about
1 000 pianos (about 4 per day for 250 weekdays, assuming each piano is tuned once per year).
Therefore,

F 1 tuner I F 1 piano I (10

# tuners ~ GH 1 000 pianos JK GH 100 people JK 7
people) = 100 .

P1.22 The typical person probably drinks 2 to 3 soft drinks daily. Perhaps half of these were in aluminum
cans. Thus, we will estimate 1 aluminum can disposal per person per day. In the U.S. there are
~250 million people, and 365 days in a year, so

e250 × 10 6
jb
cans day 365 days year ~ 10 11 cans g
1
are thrown away or recycled each year. Guessing that each can weighs around of an ounce, we
10
estimate this represents

e10 11
jb gb gb g
cans 0.1 oz can 1 lb 16 oz 1 ton 2 000 lb ≈ 3.1 × 10 5 tons year . ~ 10 5 tons

Section 1.5 Significant Figures

P1.23 (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2

P1.24 (a) 756.??

37.2?
0.83
+ 2.5?
796.5/ 3/ = 797

(b) a f a f
0.003 2 2 s. f. × 356.3 4 s.f. = 1.140 16 = 2 s. f. a f 1.1

(c) a f a f
5.620 4 s.f. × π > 4 s.f. = 17.656 = 4 s.f. a f 17.66
 Chapter 1 7
P1.25 We work to nine significant digits:
F 365.242 199 d I FG 24 h IJ FG 60 min IJ FG 60 s IJ =
GH 1 yr JK H 1 d K H 1 h K H 1 min K
1 yr = 1 yr 31 556 926.0 s .

*P1.26 r = a6.50 ± 0.20f cm = a6.50 ± 0.20 f × 10 m −2

m = a1.85 ± 0.02 f kg
m
ρ=
c hπ r
4
3
3

δ ρ δ m 3δ r
also, = + . In other words, the percentages of uncertainty are cumulative. Therefore,
ρ m r

δ ρ 0.02 3 0.20
= +
a f
= 0.103 ,
ρ 1.85 6.50
1.85
ρ= = 1.61 × 10 3 kg m 3
c hπ e6.5 × 10
4
3
−2
mj 3

and
a f a
ρ ± δ ρ = 1.61 ± 0.17 × 10 3 kg m3 = 1.6 ± 0.2 × 10 3 kg m3 . f
P1.27 V = 2V1 + 2V2 = 2 V1 + V2 b g
a fa fa f
V1 = 17.0 m + 1.0 m + 1.0 m 1.0 m 0.09 m = 1.70 m3
V = a10.0 mfa1.0 mfa0.090 mf = 0.900 m
2
3

V = 2e1.70 m + 0.900 m j = 5.2 m

3 3 3

δl
=
0.12 m
1 U
= 0.0063 |
FIG. P1.27
l
δw
119.0 m
0.01 m
|| δ V
= 1
= 0.010 V = 0.006 + 0.010 + 0.011 = 0.027 = 3%
w
δt
1 1.0 m
0.1 cm
|
|
V
= 1
= 0.011 |
t 19.0 cm W
*P1.28 The equation 2 x 4 − 3 x 3 + 5 x − 70 = 0 is quartic, so we do not attempt to solve it with algebra. To find
how many solutions the equation has and to estimate them, we graph the expression:
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y = 2 x 4 − 3 x 3 + 5 x − 70 158 –24 –70 –70 –66 –52 26 270

We see that the equation y = 0 has two roots, one around x = −2.2 and the y
other near x = +2.7 . To home in on the first of these solutions we compute
in sequence: When x = −2.2 , y = −2.20 . The root must be between x = −2.2
and x = −3 . When x = −2.3 , y = 11.0 . The root is between x = −2.2 and x
x = −2.3 . When x = −2.23 , y = 1.58 . The root is between x = −2.20 and
x = −2.23 . When x = −2.22 , y = 0.301 . The root is between x = −2.20 and
–2.22. When x = −2.215 , y = −0.331 . The root is between x = −2.215 and
FIG. P1.28
–2.22. We could next try x = −2.218 , but we already know to three-digit
precision that the root is x = −2.22 .
8 Introduction and Vectors

sin θ tan θ
*P1.29 We require sin θ = −3 cos θ , or = −3 , or tan θ = −3 . For
cos θ
a f a f
tan −1 −3 = arctan −3 , your calculator may return –71.6°, but
this angle is not between 0° and 360° as the problem θ
0 360°
requires. The tangent function is negative in the second
quadrant (between 90° and 180°) and in the fourth quadrant
(from 270° to 360°). The solutions to the equation are then
360°−71.6° = 288° and 180°−71.6 = 108° .
FIG. P1.29

*P1.30 We draw the radius to the initial point and the radius to the i
final point. The angle θ between these two radii has its sides
35.0°
perpendicular, right side to right side and left side to left
side, to the 35° angle between the original and final R f
N
tangential directions of travel. A most useful theorem from θ
geometry then identifies these angles as equal: θ = 35° . The W E
whole circumference of a 360° circle of the same radius is S
2π R 840 m
2π R . By proportion, then = . FIG. P1.30
360° 35°

360° 840 m 840 m

R= = = 1.38 × 10 3 m .
2π 35° 0.611

We could equally well say that the measure of the angle in radians is

FG 2π radians IJ = 0.611 rad = 840 m .

θ = 35° = 35°
H 360° K R

R = 1.38 km.

*P1.31 We use substitution, as the most generally applicable method for solving simultaneous equations.
We substitute p = 3 q into each of the other two equations to eliminate p:

R|3qr = qs
S| 1 3 qr + 1 qs
2 2
=
1 2
qt
T2 2 2

These simplify to
|RS3r = s . We substitute to eliminate s:
a f
3r 2 + 3r
2
= t2
. We solve for the
T|3r + s
2 2
=t 2
12r 2 = t 2
t t2
combination : = 12 .
r r2

t
= either 3.46 or − 3.46
r

Section 1.6 Coordinate Systems

P1.32 a f a fa f
x = r cos θ = 5.50 m cos 240° = 5.50 m −0.5 = −2.75 m
y = r sin θ = a5.50 mf sin 240° = a5.50 mfa −0.866f = −4.76 m
 Chapter 1 9
P1.33 The x distance out to the fly is 2.00 m and the y distance up to the fly is 1.00 m.

(a) We can use the Pythagorean theorem to find the distance from the origin to the fly.

distance = x 2 + y 2 = a2.00 mf + a1.00 mf

2 2
= 5.00 m 2 = 2.24 m

θ = tan −1
FG 1 IJ = 26.6° ; rr =
(b)
H 2K 2.24 m, 26.6°

P1.34 (a) d= bx 2 − x1 g + by
2
2 − y1 g 2
= c2.00 − −3.00 h + a−4.00 − 3.00f
2 2

d = 25.0 + 49.0 = 8.60 m

(b) r1 = a2.00f + a−4.00f = 20.0 =

2 2
4.47 m

F 4.00 IJ = −63.4°
= tan G − −1
θ1
H 2.00 K
r2 = a−3.00f + a3.00f 2 2
= 18.0 = 4.24 m

θ 2 = 135° measured from the +x axis.

We have r = x 2 + y 2 and θ = tan −1

FG y IJ .
P1.35
H xK
(a) The radius for this new point is

a− x f 2
+ y2 = x2 + y2 = r

and its angle is

tan −1
FG y IJ = 180°− θ .
H −x K
(b) ( −2 x) 2 + ( −2 y) 2 = 2r . This point is in the third quadrant if x , y is in the first quadrant b g
b g
or in the fourth quadrant if x , y is in the second quadrant. It is at an angle of 180°+ θ .

(c) ( 3 x) 2 + ( −3 y) 2 = 3r . This point is in the fourth quadrant if x , y is in the first quadrant b g

b g
or in the third quadrant if x , y is in the second quadrant. It is at an angle of − θ .
10 Introduction and Vectors

Section 1.7 Vectors and Scalars

Section 1.8 Some Properties of Vectors

r
P1.36 −R = 310 km at 57° S of W

(Scale: 1 unit = 20 km ) r
−R

FIG. P1.36
r
P1.37 (a) d = − 10.0 i$ = 10.0 m since the displacement is in a C
straight line from point A to point B. 5.00 m
B A
(b) The actual distance skated is not equal to the straight-line r
d
displacement. The distance follows the curved path of the
semi-circle (ACB).
FIG. P1.37

s=
1
2
b g
2π r = 5π = 15.7 m

r r
(c) If the circle is complete, d begins and ends at point A. Hence, d = 0 .

P1.38 To find these vector expressions graphically, we

draw each set of vectors. Measurements of the r
results are taken using a ruler and protractor. r r r Ar
(Scale: 1 unit = 0.5 m ) A+B B −B
r r
(a) A + B = 5.2 m at 60° r r
A−B
r
r r A
(b) A − B = 3.0 m at 330°
r
Ar
r r −2 B
(c) B − A = 3.0 m at 150°
r r
B−A
r r
(d) A − 2B = 5.2 m at 300° .
r
B r r r
−A A − 2B

FIG. P1.38
 Chapter 1 11

P1.39 The scale drawing for the graphical solution

should be similar to the figure to the right. The
magnitude and direction of the final
displacement from the starting point are
obtained by measuring d and θ on the drawing
and applying the scale factor used in making
the drawing. The results should be
(Scale: 1 unit = 20 ft )

d = 420 ft and θ = −3° FIG. P1.39

Section 1.9 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors

P1.40 Coordinates of the super-hero are:

a f a f
x = 100 m cos −30.0° = 86.6 m

y = a100 mf sina −30.0°f = −50.0 m

FIG. P1.40

P1.41 A x = −25.0
A y = 40.0

A = A x2 + A y2 = a−25.0f + a40.0f
2 2
= 47.2 units r
A
Ay
We observe that tan φ = . So
Ax

F A I = tan 40.0 = tan a1.60f = 58.0° .

φ = tan −1 GH A JK 25.0
y

x
−1

FIG. P1.41

The diagram shows that the angle from the +x axis can be found by subtracting from 180°:

θ = 180° − 58° = 122° .

r
P1.42 (a) See figure to the right. −B
r r r r
(b) C = A + B = 2.00 i$ + 6.00 $j + 3.00 i$ − 2.00 $j = 5.00 i$ + 4.00 $j r B
r r A
A−B
r
C = 25.0 + 16.0 at tan −1
4 FG IJ
5 HK
= 6.40 at 38.7°
r r
A+B
r r r
D = A − B = 2.00 $i + 6.00 $j − 3.00 i$ + 2.00 $j = −1.00 i$ + 8.00 $j r
B
r
D= a−1.00f + a8.00f at tan FGH −81.00.00 IJK
2 2 −1

FIG. P1.42
r
D = 8.06 at b180° − 82.9°g = 8.06 at 97.2°
12 Introduction and Vectors
r r r
P1.43 We have B = R − A :
r
A x = 150 cos120° = −75.0 cm B

A y = 150 sin 120° = 130 cm r r r r

A R=A+B
Rx = 140 cos 35.0° = 115 cm
Ry = 140 sin 35.0° = 80.3 cm
FIG. P1.43
Therefore,
r
a f e j
B = 115 − −75 i$ + 80.3 − 130 $j = 190 i$ − 49.7 $j cm
r
B = 190 2 + 49.7 2 = 196 cm
FG
θ = tan −1 −
49.7 IJ
H 190 K
= −14.7° .

r r
P1.44 A = −8.70 $i + 15.0 $j and B = 13.2 i$ − 6.60 $j
r r r
A − B + 3C = 0 :
r r r
3C = B − A = 21.9 i$ − 21.6 $j
r
C = 7.30 $i − 7.20 $j

or
C x = 7.30 cm ; C y = −7.20 cm

r r
P1.45 (a) eA + Bj = e3i$ − 2$jj + e− i$ − 4$jj = 2 i$ − 6 $j

r r
(b) eA − Bj = e3 i$ − 2 $jj − e− i$ − 4$jj = 4i$ + 2 $j

r r
(c) A + B = 2 2 + 6 2 = 6.32

r r
(d) A − B = 4 2 + 2 2 = 4.47

θ Ar + Br = tan −1 −
FG 6 IJ = −71.6° =
(e)
H 2K 288°

θ Ar − Br = tan −1
FG 2 IJ = 26.6°
H 4K
r r r r
P1.46 (a) D = A + B + C = 2 $i + 4$j
r
D = 2 2 + 4 2 = 4.47 m at θ = 63.4°

r r r r
(b) E = −A − B + C = −6 i$ + 6 $j
r
E = 6 2 + 6 2 = 8.49 m at θ = 135°
 Chapter 1 13
r
P1.47 d1 = 100 $i
r
d 2 = −300 $j
r
a f a
d 3 = −150 cos 30.0° $i − 150 sin 30.0° $j = −130 i$ − 75.0 $j
r
f
a f a
d 4 = −200 cos 60.0° $i + 200 sin 60.0° $j = −100 $i + 173 $j f
r r r r r
R = d 1 + d 2 + d 3 + d 4 = −130 i$ − 202 $j m e j
r
R= a−130f + a−202f =
2 2
240 m

φ = tan G
F 202 IJ = 57.2°
−1
FIG. P1.47
H 130 K
θ = 180 + φ = 237°

r r
P1.48 A = 3.00 m , θ A = 30.0° B = 3.00 m , θ B = 90.0°
A x = A cos θ A = 3.00 cos 30.0° = 2.60 m A y = A sin θ A = 3.00 sin 30.0°= 1.50 m
r
e j
A = A x $i + A y $j = 2.60 i$ + 1.50 $j m
r
Bx = 0 , By = 3.00 m so B = 3.00 $j m
r r
e
A + B = 2.60 i$ + 1.50 $j + 3.00 $j = j e2.60i$ + 4.50$jj m
P1.49 Let the positive x-direction be eastward, the positive y-direction be vertically upward, and the
positive z-direction be southward. The total displacement is then
r
e j e j e
d = 4.80 i$ + 4.80 $j cm + 3.70 $j − 3.70k$ cm = 4.80 i$ + 8.50 $j − 3.70k$ cm . j
2 2 2
(a) The magnitude is d = ( 4.80) +(8.50) + (−3.70) cm = 10.4 cm .

8.50
(b) Its angle with the y-axis follows from cos θ = , giving θ = 35.5° .
10.4
r
P1.50 B = B x i$ + B y $j + B z k$ = 4.00 i$ + 6.00 $j + 3.00k$
r
B = 4.00 2 + 6.00 2 + 3.00 2 = 7.81

θ x = cos −1
FG 4.00 IJ =
H 7.81 K 59.2° is the angle with the x axis

θ y = cos −1
FG 6.00 IJ =
H 7.81 K 39.8°

θ z = cos −1
FG 3.00 IJ =
H 7.81 K 67.4°
14 Introduction and Vectors
r
P1.51 (a) A = 8.00 $i + 12.0 $j − 4.00k$

r
r A
(b) B = = 2.00 $i + 3.00 $j − 1.00k$
4
r r
(c) C = −3A = −24.0 $i − 36.0 $j + 12.0k$

r
P1.52 (a) a f a f
E = 17.0 cm cos 27.0° $i + 17.0 cm sin 27.0° $j y
r
E= e15.1$i + 7.72$jj cm r
27.0°

F r
r
(b) a f a f
F = − 17.0 cm sin 27.0° $i + 17.0 cm cos 27.0° $j E
27.0°
r x
e
F = −7.72 $i + 15.1$j cm j r
G
27.0°
r
(c) a f a f
G = − 17.0 cm sin 27.0° i$ − 17.0 cm cos 27.0° $j
r
e
G = −7.72 i$ − 15.1$j cm j
FIG. P1.52

P1.53 (a) Rx = 40.0 cos 45.0°+30.0 cos 45.0° = 49.5 y

Ry = 40.0 sin 45.0°−30.0 sin 45.0°+20.0 = 27.1 r r
r A B
R = 49.5 $i + 27.1$j

r
(b) R= a49.5f + a27.1f = 56.4
2 2 O
45°
45°
x

θ = tan G
F 27.1 IJ = 28.7°
−1 r
H 49.5 K C

FIG. P1.53

P1.54 Taking components along $i and $j , we get two equations: 6.00 a − 8.00b + 26.0 = 0 and
a f
−8.00 a + 3.00b + 19.0 = 0 . Solving simultaneously, a = 1.33b − 4.33 ; −8 1.33b − 4.33 + 3b + 19 = 0

a = 5.00 , b = 7.00 .

r r r
Therefore, 5.00A + 7.00B + C = 0 .
 Chapter 1 15
Section 1.10 Modeling, Alternative Representations, and Problem-Solving Strategy
x
P1.55 tan 35.0° =
100 m
x
a f
x = 100 m tan 35.0° = 70.0 m
35.0°
100 m

FIG. P1.55

*P1.56 We note that − $i = west and − $j = south. The given mathematical representation of the trip can be
written as 6.3b west + 4b at 40° south of west + 3b at 50° south of east + 5b south .

(a) i (b) The total odometer distance is the sum of

the magnitudes of the four displacements:
r N 6.3b + 4b + 3b + 5b = 18.3b .
R W E
S
= 1 block
f
r
(c) a f a
R = −6.3 − 3.06 + 1.93 b $i + −2.57 − 2.30 − 5 b $j f
= −7.44b $i − 9.87b $j

= a7.44bf + a9.87bf
2 2
at tan −1
9.87
7.44
south of west

= 12.4b at 53.0° south of west

= 12.4b at 233° counterclockwise from east

P1.57 From the figure, we may see that the spacing between diagonal planes is half the distance between
diagonally adjacent atoms on a flat plane. This diagonal distance may be obtained from the
Pythagorean theorem, Ldiag = L2 + L2 . Thus, since the atoms are separated by a distance
1 2
L = 0.200 nm , the diagonal planes are separated by L + L2 = 0.141 nm .
2

Additional Problems

P1.58 It is desired to find the distance x such that

x 1 000 m
=
100 m x

(i.e., such that x is the same multiple of 100 m as the multiple that 1 000 m is of x). Thus, it is seen that

a fb g
x 2 = 100 m 1 000 m = 1.00 × 10 5 m 2

and therefore

x = 1.00 × 10 5 m 2 = 316 m .
16 Introduction and Vectors

F I
P1.59 a fe j FG VV IJ e A j = GG V JJ e4π r j
Atotal = N A drop = total total 2

H K drop H K
drop 4π r 3
3

F 3V IJ = 3FG 30.0 × 10 m IJ = 4.50 m

=G total
−6 3
2
A total
H r K H 2.00 × 10 m K −5

P1.60 One month is

b gb gb
1 mo = 30 day 24 h day 3 600 s h = 2.592 × 10 6 s . g
Applying units to the equation,

e j e
V = 1.50 Mft 3 mo t + 0.008 00 Mft 3 mo 2 t 2 . j
Since 1 Mft 3 = 10 6 ft 3 ,

e j e
V = 1.50 × 10 6 ft 3 mo t + 0.008 00 × 10 6 ft 3 mo 2 t 2 . j
Converting months to seconds,

1.50 × 10 6 ft 3 mo 0.008 00 × 10 6 ft 3 mo 2
V= t+ t2.
2.592 × 10 6 s mo
e2.592 × 10 6
s mo j 2

e j e
Thus, V [ft 3 ] = 0.579 ft 3 s t + 1.19 × 10 −9 ft 3 s 2 t 2 . j
P1.61 The actual number of seconds in a year is

b86 400 s daygb365.25 day yrg = 31 557 600 s yr .

The percent error in the approximation is

eπ × 10 7
j b
s yr − 31 557 600 s yr g × 100% = 0.449% .
31 557 600 s yr

P1.62 α ′(deg) α (rad) tan αaf sin α af difference between α and tan α
15.0 0.262 0.268 0.259 2.30%
20.0 0.349 0.364 0.342 4.09%
30.0 0.524 0.577 0.500 9.32%
33.0 0.576 0.649 0.545 11.3%
31.0 0.541 0.601 0.515 9.95%
31.1 0.543 0.603 0.516 10.02%

tan α − α
Thus 31.0° is the largest angle for which < 0.1.
tan α
 Chapter 1 17
P1.63 (a) The speed of rise may be found from

v=
aVol rate of flowf = 16.5 cm 3
s
= 0.529 cm s .
(Area:
πD 2
) a
π 6 .30 cm f 2

4 4

(b) Likewise, at a 1.35 cm diameter,

16.5 cm3 s
v= = 11.5 cm s .
a
π 1.35 cm f 2

*P1.64 (a) 1 cubic meter of water has a mass

e
m = ρV = 1.00 × 10 −3 kg cm3 1.00 m3 10 2 cm m je je j 3
= 1 000 kg .

(b) As a rough calculation, we treat each item as if it were 100% water.

FG 4 π R IJ = ρFG 1 π D IJ = e1 000 kg m jFG 1 π IJ e1.0 × 10

3 3 3 −6
j 3
cell: m = ρV = ρ
H3 K H6 K H6 K m

= 5.24 × 10 −16 kg

FG 4 π R IJ = e1.00 × 10
3 −3
kg cm3 jFGH 34 π IJK (4.0 cm) 3
kidney: m = ρV = ρ
H3 K
= 0.268 kg

FG π D hIJ = e1 × 10
2 −3
kg cm3 jFGH π4 IJK a2.0 mmf a4.0 mmfe10
2 −1
j 3
fly: m=ρ
H4 K cm mm

= 1.26 × 10 −5 kg

P1.65 The volume of the galaxy is

e
π r 2 t = π 10 21 m j e10
2 19
j
m ~ 10 61 m3 .

If the distance between stars is 4 × 10 16 m , then there is one star in a volume on the order of

e4 × 10 16
j 3
m ~ 10 50 m3 .

10 61 m3
The number of stars is about ~ 10 11 stars .
10 50 m3 star
18 Introduction and Vectors
r r r
P1.66 Let θ represent the angle between the directions of A and B . R
r r r r r r r r
Since A and B have the same magnitudes, A , B , and R = A + B B
θ
form an isosceles triangle in which the angles are 180°−θ , , and r
2 A
θ r θ FG IJ r
A
2
. The magnitude of R is then R = 2 A cos
2 H K
. [Hint: apply the

law of cosines to the isosceles triangle and use the fact that B = A . ] r r
r r r r r D −B
Again, A , – B , and D = A − B form an isosceles triangle with apex
angle θ. Applying the law of cosines and the identity
FIG. P1.66

a1 − cos θ f = 2 sin FGH θ2 IJK

2

r θ FG IJ θ θ FG IJ FG IJ
gives the magnitude of D as D = 2 A sin
2 H K
. The problem requires that R = nD or cos
2
= n sin
2 H K H K
giving θ = 2 tan −1
1 FG IJ
n H K
.

r r r
P1.67 (a) F = F1 + F2
r
a f a f a
F = 120 cos 60.0° $i + 120 sin 60.0° $j − 80.0 cos 75.0° $i + 80.0 sin 75.0° $j
r
f a f
e
F = 60.0 $i + 104$j − 20.7 $i + 77.3 $j = 39.3 $i + 181$j N j
r
F = 39.3 2 + 181 2 = 185 N

θ = tan −1
FG 181 IJ =
H 39.3 K 77.8°

r r
(b) F3 = −F = e−39.3 $i − 181$jj N
P1.68 The position vector from the ground under the controller of the first airplane is
r
a fa f a fa
r1 = 19.2 km cos 25° $i + 19.2 km sin 25° $j + 0.8 km k$ f a f
= e17.4$i + 8.11$j + 0.8k$ j km .

The second is at
r
a fa f a fa
r2 = 17.6 km cos 20° $i + 17.6 km sin 20° $j + 1.1 km k$ f a f
= e16.5 i + 6.02 $j + 1.1k$ j km .
$

Now the displacement from the first plane to the second is

r r
e
r2 − r1 = −0.863 $i − 2.09 $j + 0.3k$ km j
with magnitude
2 2 2
(0.863) +( 2.09) +(0.3) = 2.29 km .
 Chapter 1 19

P1.69 (a)
r r
You start at point A: r1 = rA = 30.0 $i − 20.0 $j m . e j
The displacement to B is
r r
rB − rA = 60.0 $i + 80.0 $j − 30.0 $i + 20.0 $j = 30.0 $i + 100 $j .

e
You cover half of this, 15.0 i$ + 50.0 $j to move to j
r
r2 = 30.0 $i − 20.0 $j + 15.0 $i + 50.0 $j = 45.0 $i + 30.0 $j .
Now the displacement from your current position to C is
r r
rC − r2 = −10.0 $i − 10.0 $j − 45.0 $i − 30.0 $j = −55.0 $i − 40.0 $j .

You cover one-third, moving to

1
r r r
e j
r3 = r2 + ∆ r23 = 45.0 $i + 30.0 $j + −55.0 $i − 40.0 $j = 26.7 $i + 16.7 $j .
3
The displacement from where you are to D is
r r
rD − r3 = 40.0 $i − 30.0 $j − 26.7 $i − 16.7 $j = 13.3 $i − 46.7 $j .

You traverse one-quarter of it, moving to

r r 1 r r
b 1
g e j
r4 = r3 + rD − r3 = 26.7 $i + 16.7 $j + 13.3 $i − 46.7 $j = 30.0 $i + 5.00 $j .
4 4

The displacement from your new location to E is

r r
rE − r4 = −70.0 $i + 60.0 $j − 30.0 $i − 5.00 $j = −100 $i + 55.0 $j

of which you cover one-fifth the distance, −20.0 i$ + 11.0 $j , moving to

r r
r4 + ∆ r45 = 30.0 $i + 5.00 $j − 20.0 $i + 11.0 $j = 10.0 $i + 16.0 $j .

The treasure is at (10.0 m, 16.0 m) .

(b) Following the directions brings you to the average position of the trees. The steps we took
numerically in part (a) bring you to

g FGH IJ
r r
r +r
r 1 r r
rA + rB − rA = A B
2 2
b K
brr r
+ rB g + rr −
b rr
r r r
A + rB
rA + rB + rC
r
g
A C 2
then to =
2 3 3
br r r
rA + rB + rC
r
g
r −
b rA + rB + rC g
r r r
r r r r
r +r +r +r
then to + D 3
= A B C D
3 4 4
r b rrA + rrB + rrC + rrD g r r r r
and last to
b
r r r r
rA + rB + rC + rD
+ E
r − 4 g r
r +r +r +r +r
= A B C D E .
4 5 5

This center of mass of the tree distribution is the same location whatever order we take the
trees in.
20 Introduction and Vectors

P1.70 (a) Let T represent the force exerted by each child. The y
x-component of the resultant force is r
T
af a f a f
T cos 0 + T cos 120°+T cos 240° = T 1 + T −0.5 + T −0.5 = 0 . r
The y-component is T
x
r
T sin 0 + T sin 120 + T sin 240 = 0 + 0.866T − 0.866T = 0 . T
Thus,
r
∑F = 0 . FIG. P1.70

(b) If the total force is not zero, it must point in some direction. When each child moves one
360°
space clockwise, the total must turn clockwise by that angle, . Since each child exerts
N
the same force, the new situation is identical to the old and the net force on the tire must still
point in the original direction. The contradiction indicates that we were wrong in supposing
that the total force is not zero. The total force must be zero.

r r z
P1.71 (a) From the picture, R 1 = a$i + b$j and R 1 = a 2 + b 2 .
a b
r
(b) R 2 = a $i + b$j + ck$ ; its magnitude is
O r
r R2 c
r 2 x R1
R1 + c2 = a2 + b 2 + c 2 .

FIG. P1.71

P1.72 Since
r r r r
A + B = 6.00 $j , A+B
φ = 2θ
we have r θ r
A θ B
b g e j
A x + B x $i + A y + B y $j = 0 i$ + 6.00 $j

giving
FIG. P1.72
A x + B x = 0 or A x = −Bx [1]
and
A y + B y = 6.00 . [2]

Since both vectors have a magnitude of 5.00, we also have

A x2 + A y2 = B x2 + By2 = 5.00 2 .

From A x =−Bx , it is seen that

A x2 = Bx2 .
Therefore, A x2 + A y2 = Bx2 + B y2 gives

A y2 = By2 .
continued on next page
 Chapter 1 21
Then, A y = By and Eq. [2] gives

A y = By = 3.00 .
r r
Defining θ as the angle between either A or B and the y axis, it is seen that
Ay By 3.00
cos θ = = = = 0.600 and θ = 53.1° .
A B 5.00
r r
The angle between A and B is then φ = 2θ = 106° .

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P1.2 23.0 kg P1.36 310 km at 57° S of W

P1.4 7.69 cm P1.38 (a) 5.2 m at 60°; (b) 3.0 m at 330°;

(c) 3.0 m at 150°; (d) 5.2 m at 300°
P1.6 (a) ii; (b) iii; (c) i
P1.40 86.6 m and –50.0 m
P1.8 9.19 nm s
P1.42 (a) see the solution;
P1.10 4.05 × 10 m 3 2
(b) 5.00 $i + 4.00 $j , 6.40 at 38.7°,
−1.00 $i + 8.00 $j , 8.06 at 97.2°
P1.12 (a) 220 yr; (b) 2.71 × 10 4 times
P1.44 C x = 7.30 cm , C y = −7.20 cm
P1.14 1.19 × 10 57 atoms

P1.46 (a) 4.47 m at 63.4°; (b) 8.49 m at 135°

ρ Fe
P1.16 rAl = rFe 3
ρ Al r r
P1.48 e j
A + B = 2.60 i$ + 4.50 $j m

P1.18 ~ 10 7 rev or 10 8 rev r

P1.50 B = 7.81 , θ x = 59.2° , θ y = 39.8° ,
P1.20 ~ 10 2 kg ; ~ 10 3 kg θ z = 67.4°

~ 10 11 cans ; ~ 10 5 tons
P1.22 P1.52 e j
(a) 15.1$i + 7.72 $j cm ;

P1.24 (a) 797; (b) 1.1; (c) 17.66 (b) e−7.72 $i + 15.1$jj cm ;

P1.26 a1.61 ± 0.17f × 10 3

kg m 3 (c) e−7.72 $i − 15.1$jj cm

P1.28 see the solution P1.54 a = 5.00 , b = 7.00

P1.30 1.38 km
P1.56 (a) see the solution ;(b) 18.3 b;
(c) 12.4 b at 233° counterclockwise from
P1.32 (–2.75, –4.76) m
east
P1.34 (a) 8.60 m;
P1.58 316 m
(b) 4.47 m at −63.4°, 4.24 m at 135°
22 Introduction and Vectors

P1.60 0.579t ft 3 s + 1.19 × 10 −9 t 2 ft 3 s 2 P1.68 2.29 km

P1.62 0.541 rad P1.70 (a) zero; (b) zero

P1.72 106°
P1.64 (a) 1 000 kg; (b) 5.24 × 10 −16 kg , 0.268 kg ,
1.26 × 10 −5 kg

2 tan −1
FG 1 IJ
P1.66
H nK