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MUSCLES OF THE THIGH

Muscle Proximal Attachment Distal Attachment Innervationa Main Action


Pectineus Superior ramus of pubis Pectineal line of femur, just Femoral nerve (L2, L3); may Adducts and flexes thigh;
(A & B) inferior to lesser trochanter receive a branch from assists with medial rotation of
obturator nerve thigh
Iliopsoas (A & C) Act conjointly in flexing thigh
Psoas Sides of T12–L5 vertebrae and discs Lesser trochanter of femur Anterior rami of lumbar at hip joint and in stabilizing
major between them; transverse processes of nerves (L1, L2, L3) this jointb
all lumbar vertebrae
Psoas Sides of T12–L1 vertebrae and Pectineal line, iliopectineal Anterior rami of lumbar
minor intervertebral disc eminence via iliopectineal nerves (L1, L2)
arch
Iliacus Iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, andTendon of psoas major, Femoral nerve (L2, L3)
anterior sacroiliac ligaments lesser trochanter, and femur
distal to it
Sartorius Anterior superior iliac spine and Superior part of medial Femoral nerve (L2, L3) Flexes, abducts, and laterally
(A & D) superior part of notch inferior to it surface of tibia rotates thigh at hip joint; flexes
leg at knee jointc

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Muscle Proximal Attachment Distal Attachment Innervationa Main Action
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus Anterior inferior iliac Via common tendinous (quadriceps tendon) and independent Femoral nerve Extend leg at knee joint;
femoris spine and ilium superior attachments to base of patella; indirectly via patellar ligament (L2, L3, L4) rectus femoris also
to acetabulum to tibial tuberosity; medial and lateral vasti also attach to tibia steadies hip joint and
Vastus Greater trochanter and and patella via aponeuroses (medial and lateral patellar helps iliopsoas flex thigh
lateralis lateral lip of linea aspera retinacula)
of femur
Vastus Intertrochanteric line and
medialis medial lip of linea aspera
of femur
Vastus Anterior and lateral
intermedius surfaces of shaft of femur

Group of adductors
Musclea Proximal Attachment Distal Attachment Innervationb Main Action
Adductor longus Body of pubis inferior to Middle third of linea aspera of Obturator nerve, branch of anterior Adducts thigh
(E & G) pubic crest femur division (L2, L3, L4)
Adductor brevis Body and inferior ramus of Pectineal line and proximal part of Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4), Adducts thigh; to some
(F & G) pubis linea aspera of femur branch of anterior division extent flexes it
Adductor Adductor part: inferior Adductor part: gluteal tuberosity, Adductor part: obturator nerve Adducts thigh
magnus (C, D, & ramus of pubis, ramus of linea aspera, medial supracondylar (L2, L3, L4), branches of Adductor part: flexes thigh
G) ischium line posterior division Hamstrings part: extends
Hamstrings part: ischial Hamstrings part: adductor tubercle Hamstrings part: tibial part of thigh
tuberosity of femur sciatic nerve (L4)

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Gracilis (H) Body and inferior ramus of Superior part of medial surface of Obturator nerve (L2, L3) Adducts thigh; flexes leg;
pubis tibia helps rotate it medially
Obturator Margins of obturator Trochanteric fossa of femur Obturator nerve (L3, L4) Laterally rotates thigh;
externus foramen and obturator steadies head of femur in
membrane acetabulum

Muscles from the posterior side of the Tight


Proximal
a
Muscle Attachment Distal Attachment Innervationb Main Action
Semitendinosus Ishchial tuberosity Medial surface of superior part of Tibial division of sciatic nerve part Extend thigh; flex leg and rotate
tibia of tibia (L5, S1, S2) it medially when knee is flexed;
Semimembranosus Posterior part of medial condyle of when thigh and leg are flexed,
tibia; reflected attachment forms these muscles can extend trunk
oblique popliteal ligament (to
lateral femoral condyle)
Biceps femoris Long head: ischial Lateral side of head of fibula; Long head: tibial division of Flexes leg and rotates it laterally
tuberosity tendon is split at this site by fibularsciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2) Short when knee is flexed; extends
Short head: linea collateral ligament of knee head: common fibular division of thigh (e.g., when starting to
aspera and lateral sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2) walk)
supracondylar line
of femur

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Muscles from the Gluteal Region
Muscle Proximal Attachment Distal Attachment Innervationa Main Action
Gluteus Ilium posterior to posterior Most fibers end in iliotibial Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, Extends thigh (especially from
maximus (A gluteal line; dorsal surface tract, which inserts into lateral S2) flexed position) and assists in its
& C) of sacrum and coccyx; condyle of tibia; some fibers lateral rotation; steadies thigh and
sacrotuberous ligament insert on gluteal tuberosity assists in rising from sitting position
Gluteus External surface of ilium Lateral surface of greater Superior gluteal nerve (L5, Abduct and medially rotate thigh;
medius (A, C, between anterior and trochanter of femur S1) keep pelvis level when ipsilateral
& E) posterior gluteal lines limb is weight bearing and advance
Gluteus External surface of ilium Anterior surface of greater opposite (unsupported) side during
minimus between anterior and trochanter of femur its swing phase
(A–D) inferior gluteal lines
Tensor of Anterior superior iliac Iliotibial tract, which attaches to
fascia lata (J) spine; anterior part of iliac lateral condyle of tibia
crest
Piriformis (F Anterior surface of sacrum; Superior border of greater Branches of anterior rami of Laterally rotate extended thigh and
& G) sacrotuberous ligament trochanter of femur S1, S2 abduct flexed thigh; steady femoral
Obturator Pelvic surface of obturator Medial surface of greater Nerve to obturator internus head in acetabulum
internus (H) membrane and surrounding trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of (L5, S1)
bones femurb
Superior and Superior: ischial spine Medial surface of greater Superior gemellus: same nerve
inferior Inferior: ischial tuberosity trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of supply as obturator internus
gemelli (H) femurb Inferior gemellus: same nerve
supply as quadratus femoris
Quadratus Lateral border of ischial Quadrate tubercle on Nerve to quadratus femoris Laterally rotates thigh;c steadies
femoris (I) tuberosity intertrochanteric crest of femur (L5, S1) femoral head in acetabulum
and area inferior to it

Muscles of the Leg

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Musclea Proximal Attachment Distal Attachment Innervationb Main Action
Anterior        
compartment
Tibialis anterior Lateral condyle and superior half of lateral Medial and inferior surfaces of Deep fibular nerve Dorsiflexes ankle and
(1) surface of tibia and interosseous membrane medial cuneiform and base of 1st (L4, L5) inverts foot
metatarsal
Extensor Lateral condyle of tibia and superior three Middle and distal phalanges of Deep fibular nerve Extends lateral four
digitorum longus quarters of medial surface of fibula and lateral four digits (L5, S1) digits and dorsiflexes
(2) interosseous membrane ankle
Extensor hallucis Middle part of anterior surface of fibula and Dorsal aspect of base of distal Deep fibular nerve Extends great toe and
longus (3) interosseous membrane phalanx of great toe (hallux) (L5, S1) dorsiflexes ankle
Fibularis tertius Inferior third of anterior surface of fibula Dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal Deep fibular nerve Dorsiflexes ankle and
(4) and interosseous membrane (L5, S1) aids in inversion of foot
Lateral        
compartment
Fibularis longus Head and superior two thirds of lateral Base of 1st metatarsal and medial Superficial fibular Everts foot and weakly
(5) surface of fibula cuneiform nerve (L5, S1, S2) plantarflexes ankle
Fibularis brevis (6)Inferior two thirds of lateral surface of Dorsal surface of tuberosity on Superficial fibular Everts foot and weakly
fibula lateral side of base of 5th nerve (L5, S1, S2) plantarflexes ankle
metatarsal

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Musclea Proximal Attachment Distal Attachment Innervationb Main Action
Gastrocnemius Lateral head: lateral aspect of lateral condyle Posterior surface of Tibial nerve Plantarflexes ankle when knee is
(1) of femur calcaneus via calcaneal (S1, S2) extended; raises heel during walking;
Medial head: popliteal surface of femur, tendon flexes leg at knee joint
superior to medial condyle
Soleus (2) Posterior aspect of head of fibula; superior Plantarflexes ankle independent of
quarter of posterior surface of fibula soleal position of knee; steadies leg on foot
line, medial border, and of tibia
Plantaris (3) Inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of Weakly assists gastrocnemius in
femur; oblique popliteal ligament plantarflexing ankle

Musclea Proximal Attachment Distal Attachment Innervationb Main Action


Popliteus Lateral surface of lateral condyle of Posterior surface of tibia, Tibial nerve Weakly flexes knee and unlocks it by
femur and lateral meniscus superior to soleal line (L4, L5, S1) rotating femur 5° on fixed tibia;
medially rotates tibia of unplanted limb
Flexor hallucis Inferior two thirds of posterior Base of distal phalanx of great Tibial nerve Flexes great toe at all joints; weakly
longus (4) surface of fibula; inferior part of toe (hallux) (S2, S3) plantarflexes ankle; supports medial
interosseous membrane longitudinal arches of foot
Flexor Medial part of posterior surface of Bases of distal phalanges of Flexes lateral four digits; plantar flexes
digitorum tibia inferior to soleal line; by a lateral four digits ankle; supports longitudinal arches of
longus (5) broad tendon to fibula foot
Tibialis Interosseous membrane; posterior Tuberosity of navicular, Tibial nerve Plantarflexes ankle; inverts foot
posterior (6) surface of tibia inferior to soleal line;cuneiform, and cuboid; bases of (L4, L5)
posterior surface of fibula 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals

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Muscles of Foot
Muscle Proximal Attachment Distal Attachment Innervationa Main Actionb
1st layer        
Abductor Medial tubercle of tuberosity of Medial side of base of proximal Medial plantar nerve Abducts and flexes 1st digit (great
hallucis calcaneus; flexor retinaculum; phalanx of 1st digit (S2, S3) toe, hallux)
plantar aponeurosis
Flexor Medial tubercle of tuberosity of Both sides of middle phalanges Medial plantar nerve Flexes lateral four digits
digitorum brevis calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis; of lateral four digits (S2, S3)
intermuscular septa
Abductor digiti Medial and lateral tubercles of Lateral side of base of proximal Lateral plantar nerve Abducts and flexes little toe (5th
minimi tuberosity of calcaneus; plantar phalanx of 5th digit (S2, S3) digit)
aponeurosis; intermuscular septa
2nd layer        
Quadratus Medial surface and lateral Posterolateral margin of tendon Lateral plantar nerve Assists flexor digitorum longus in
plantae margin of plantar surface of of flexor digitorum longus (S2, S3) flexing lateral four digits (toes)
calcaneus
Lumbricals Tendons of flexor digitorum Medial aspect of expansion over Medial one: medial Flex proximal phalanges, extend
longus lateral four digits plantar nerve (S2, S3) middle and distal phalanges of lateral
Lateral three: lateral four digits (toes)
plantar nerve (S2, S3)
3rd layer        
Flexor hallucis Plantar surfaces of cuboid and Both sides of base of proximal Medial plantar nerve Flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit
brevis lateral cuneiforms phalanx of 1st digit (S2, S3)
Adductor Oblique head: bases of Tendons of both heads attach to Deep branch of lateral Traditionally said to adduct 1st digit;
hallucis metatarsals 2–4 lateral side of base of proximal plantar nerve (S2, S3) assists in transverse arch of foot by
Transverse head: plantar phalanx of 1st digit metatarsals medially
ligaments of metatar-

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sophalangeal joints
Flexor digit Base of 5th metatarsal Base of proximal phalanx of 5th Superficial branch of Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit,
minimi brevis digit lateral plantar nerve thereby assisting with its flexion
(S2, S3)
4th layer        
Plantar Bases and medial sides of Medial sides of bases of Lateral plantar nerve Adduct digits (2–4) and flex
interossei (three metatarsals 3–5 phalanges of 3rd–5th digits (S2, S3) metatarsophalangeal joints
muscles)
Dorsal interossei Adjacent sides of metatarsals 1st: medial side of proximal Lateral plantar nerve Abduct digits (2–4) and flex
(four muscles) 1–5 phalanx of 2nd digit; 2nd–4th: (S2, S3) metatarsophalangeal joints
lateral sides of 2nd–4th digits

Muscle Proximal Attachment Distal Attachment Innervationa Main Action


Extensor Calcaneus (floor of tarsal sinus); Long flexor tendons of Deep fibular nerve Aids the extensor digitorum longus in
digitorum interosseous talocalcaneal ligament; four medial toes (digits (L5 or S1, or both) extending the four medial toes at the
brevis stem of inferior extensor retinaculum 2–5) metatar-sophalangeal and interphalangeal
joints
Extensor In common with extensor digitorum Dorsal aspect of base of Aids the extensor hallucis longus in
hallucis brevisbrevis (above) proximal phalanx of great extending the great toe at the metatarso-
toe (digit 1) phalangeal joint

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