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JIT is a philosophy of continuous improvement in which non-value-adding activities (or

wastes) are identified and removed for the purposes of reducing cost, improving quality and
performance. JIT eliminates waste by providing the environment to perfect and simplify the
processes. JIT is a collection of techniques used to improve operations.

It is a philosophy of manufacturing based on planned elimination of all waste and

continuous improvement of productivity. It encompasses the successful execution of all
manufacturing activities required to produce a final product, from design engineering to delivery
and including all stages of conversion from raw material onward. The primary elements include
having only the required inventory when needed; to improve quality to zero defects; to reduce
lead time by reducing setup times, queue lengths and lot sizes; to incrementally revise the
operations themselves; and to accomplish these things at minimum cost.

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„aterial requirement planning is a basic tool for performing the detailed material
planning function in the manufacture of component parts and their assembly into finished items.
„aterial requirements planning is a production planning and inventory control system used to
manage manufacturing processes.Ê It calculates and maintains an optimum manufacturing plan
based on master production schedules, sales forecasts, inventory status, open orders and bills of
material.Ê It will plan production so that the right materials are at the right place at the right
time. „
determines the latest possible time to produce goods, buy materials and add
manufacturing value. It is the most powerful tool in guiding inventory planning, purchase
management and production control.
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„anufacturing resource planning („
-II) is defined as a method for the effective

planning of all resources of a manufacturing company which includes operational planning ,
financial planning and has a simulation capability to answer "what-if" questions. „
-II is a
computer-based system that can create detail production schedules using realtime data to
coordinate the arrival of component materials with machine and labor availability
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›nterprise resource planning is principally an integration of business management

practices and modern technology. ›
is a software architecture that supports the streaming and
distribution of geographically scattered enterprise wide information across all the functional
units of a business house. It provides the business management executives with a comprehensive
overview of the complete business execution which in turn influences their decisions in a
productive way.

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à manufacturing execution system („› ) is a control system for managing and

monitoring work-in-process on a factory floor. àn „› keeps track of all manufacturing
information in real time, receiving up-to-the-minute data from robots, machine monitors and
employees. The goal of a manufacturing execution system is to improve productivity and reduce
cycle-time, the total time to produce an order. By integrating an „› with ›
software, factory
managers can be proactive about ensuring the delivery of quality products in a timely, cost-
effective manner.

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austomer elationship „anagement is a process or methodology used to learn more

about customers' needs and behaviors in order to develop stronger relationships with them. a „
is a term that refers to the methodology and tools used to help manage a company customer,
client, and sales relationships. The goal of using a „ is to find, attract, nurture, and retain
clients while at the same time reducing the cost of sales, marketing, and client services. This is
particularly useful for small website based companies that have previously been unable to afford
any significant marketing scheme, or that are interested in increasing their profit margins using
inexpensive, and relatively simple, technology based strategies.

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upply chain is the network of organizations that are involved through upstream and
downstream linkages, in the different processes and activities that produce value in the form of
products and services in the hands of the ultimate consumer.Ê à supply chain is a network of
facilities and distribution options that performs the functions of procurement of materials,
transformation of these materials into intermediate and finished products, and the distribution of
these finished products to customers. upply chains exist in both service and manufacturing
organizations, although the complexity of the chain may vary greatly from industry to industry
and firm to firm.
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upplier relationship management is a comprehensive approach to managing an

enterprise's interactions with the organizations that supply the goods and services it uses. The
goal of supplier relationship management is to streamline and make more effective the processes
between an enterprise and its suppliers just as customer relationship management. „ practices
create a common frame of reference to enable effective communication between an enterprise
and suppliers who may use quite different business practices and terminology. às a result, „
increases the efficiency of processes associated with acquiring goods and services, managing
inventory, and processing materials.