Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
• Heading
• Date
• Recipient's address
• Salutation
• Body
ts
• Closing
en
• End notations
ud
St
What are the basic strategies for writing bad-News Messages?
el m
VU
H .co
the two basic strategies described are:
•
p
To ing
The indirect plan, which presents supporting data before the main idea
• The direct plan, which presents the main idea before the supporting data
te .n
si at
eb nn
Document accuracy refers to the proper coverage of your topics in appropriate detail.
st //vu
preliminary outline.
These writing tools help you focus your writing effort by reducing your data in a way
Stylistic accuracy concerns the careful use of language to express meaning. Accurate language
requires the careful use of paragraph and sentence structure and word choice to describe and
analyze your topics effectively. As a writer, you gain command of accuracy by studying the
elements of style and by learning to apply those elements to your drafting, revising, editing, and
proofreading. Stylistic accuracy is also a matter of using words precisely.
1
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
Technical accuracy requires stylistic accuracy but is not based solely on it. The effective
document in science and technology must be grounded in a technically accurate understanding
and representation of the subject. Technical accuracy depends on the writer's conceptual
mastery of the subject and its vocabulary, as well as on his or her ability to analyze and shape
data with a minimum of distortion. In science and technology, enormous creative energy is given
to mastering this technical aspect of subject development.
• Structural Clarity
• Stylistic Clarity
• Contextual Clarity
ts
en
What is Structural Clarity and why is it important?At the level of the whole document, you can
promote structural clarity, making it easy
ud
for the reader to get the large picture. Use abstracts and other forecasting strategies such as
St
el m
introductions that state the purpose and scope of the document.
VU
H .co
Table of contents, problem statements, and even strategic repetition also promote
te .n
structural clarity. Graphs and tables, effectively designed and placed, help focus and clarify
si at
information. Descriptive titles and frequent subject headings guide readers and help keep the
eb nn
W ja
Stylistic clarity is promoted by simple, direct language. Simplicity in language is obtained with
directly worded sentences. Using simple sentences and avoiding overloaded sentences and
excessive normalization also contributes to clarity. Word choice is a factor in stylistic clarity: use
simple language wherever possible to counteract the abstract, highly specialized terms of science
and technology.
Contextual clarity, in which the importance, authorization, and implications of your work are made
available, also contributes to ease of understanding. All work has a context, and your readers
want to understand what the context of your document is:
What do you know about ‘Phantom Readers’?
Phantom Readers
In some situations most important readers may be hidden from you. Written communications
addressed to one person are used by others. These real but unnamed readers are called
phantom readers.
2
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
Future Readers
While identifying your readers you should keep in mind the possibility that your communication
may be used weeks, months or even years from now.
Complex Readers
Readers consisting of diverse groups with widely varying backgrounds and responsibilities, each
with a different agenda, each with a different way of functioning and communicating.
Stick to the point, the main idea, in the first paragraph. In the middle highlight the key features of
your stance. Eliminate redundancies
ts
en
Which characteristics are most important part of Correctness?
Correctness:
ud
St
The following things are at the core of concreteness.
el m
VU
H .co
• Grammar
• Punctuation
p
To ing
• Spelling
te .n
si at
eb nn
The term correctness applied to business messages, also means the following characteristics.
W ja
st //vu
Use the right level of language. Check accuracy of figures, facts and words. Maintain acceptable
writing mechanics
Be tp:
ht
Your message is complete when it contains all the facts, readers or listeners need for the reaction
you desire. Communication senders need to assess their message from eyes of the receivers to
be sure they have included all the relevant information.
Benefits of Completeness: Complete messages are more likely to bring the desired
results. They do a better job at building goodwill. Communication that seems inconsequential can
become very important if information they contain is complete and effective.Keep the following
guidelines in mind
3
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
Conciseness is saying what you want to say in the fewest possible words without sacrificing the
other C qualities. A concise message saves time and expense for both the sender and the
receiver. It increases emphasis in the message. It shows respect for the recipient, by not
cluttering them unnecessary information.
ts
What are Claims and Adjustments?
en
Requesting Claims and Adjustments:
ud
Claims (Formal Complaints) Adjustments (Claim settlements)
St
el m
You are entitled to request an adjustment whenever you receive a product or experience service
VU
H .co
that doesn’t live up to the supplier’s standards.
p
To ing
te .n
A Compound Sentence A compound sentence expresses two or more independent but related
thoughts. Wage rates have declined by five percent, and employee turnover has been high.
Subject is colored and predicate is underlined.
A Complex Sentence A complex sentence expresses one independent clause and one or more
dependent clauses. Although you may question Ali’s abilities, you must admit that his morals are
strong. Subject is colored and predicate is underlined.
4
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
Formal writing is often associated with scholarly writing. Examples: Doctoral dissertations,
scholarly articles, top-level government agreements etc. he style is unconventional, usually
impersonal, and contains long and involved sentences.
Informal Writing
This style of writing is more characteristic in business writing. An example is the communication
via E-mail, memos etc.
The subject and purpose are clear. All information is related to the subject and purpose. The
ideas are grouped and presented in a logical way. All necessary information is included.
ts
Which components are included in the Front matter of a Proposal?
en
Front Matter:
ud
St
The front matter of a proposal includes the following components:
el m
• VU
H .co
Letter of transmittal
• Title page
p
To ing
• Summary
te .n
si at
• Table of contents
eb nn
The resume is your statement of who you are, what you're looking for, your education, your job
experience, other skills, and references. The cover letter, which is addressed to the person or
company looking for an employee, accompanies the resume and basically says "I understand
your hiring for a certain position and I'm interested in applying, so my resume is attached and
outlines my qualifications." You would start making a cover letter by doing a business letter
addressed to the person/company who is hiring and just do a quick paragraph outlining your
qualifications and your desire to
What are the characteristics of a well organized message?
People simply don’t remember disassociated facts and figures, successful communicators rely on
organization to make their message meaningful.
What does good organization mean? Most disorganized communication suffers from problems
with Content Grouping Sequence Letter.
5
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
Your message is complete when it contains all the facts, readers or listeners need for the reaction
you desire. Communication senders need to assess their message from eyes of the receivers to
be sure they have included all the relevant information.
Benefits of Completeness
Complete messages are more likely to bring the desired results. They do a better job at building
goodwill. Communication that seems inconsequential can become very important if information
ts
they contain is complete and effective.
en
ud
St
el m
What is Clarity and how it can be achieved?
VU
H .co
Clarity:
p
To ing
Getting the meaning from your head accurately to the reader is the purpose if clarity.
te .n
Remember:
si at
6
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
Transitions: Such phrases as “to continue the analysis”, “on the other hand” and “additional
concept” are another type of structural clue .Additional Details - moreover, furthermore, in
addition, besides etc. Casual Relationship - therefore, because, accordingly, thus, hence etc
ts
en
What is meant by "concreteness"? Explain it with the help of examples.
ud
Communicating concretely means being specific, definite, and vivid rather than vague and
general. Often it means using denotative (direct, explicit, often dictionary-based) rather than
St
el m
connotative words.
VU
H .co
Instead of beginning a business message with a blunt no, which might keep your audience from
W ja
reading or listening to your reasons, use the indirect plan to ease your audience into the part of
st //vu
your message that demonstrates how you’re fair-minded and eager to do business on some other
terms.
Be tp:
• A buffer
Illustrations
7
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
Classifications
Length:Try for an average sentence length of 17 to 20 words. When the sentence length
increases try to chop it down to two sentences. Also if the sentences are too short then the
resulting language becomes overly simple and choppy.
Unity:In a sentence, unity means that you must have one main idea. In case of other ideas they
must be closely related. For example ‘I like Sohail and Eiffel Tower is in Paris’ is obviously not a
unified sentence.
Coherence:In a coherent sentence the words are arranged so that the ideas clearly express the
ts
intended meaning. Place the correct modifier as close as possible to word it is supposed to
en
modify.
ud
Emphasis:The quality that gives force to important parts of sentences and paragraphs is
St
emphasis. Most often put main ideas up front within a sentence. Writers must decide what needs
el m
emphasis, and then decide the correct sentence structure.
VU
H .co
Front Matter:
te .n
si at
• Letter of transmittal
W ja
• Title page
st //vu
• Summary
Be tp:
• Table of contents
ht
Being enthusiastic: Your excitement about the subject of your message can infect your audience.
Being sincere: Your honesty, genuineness, good faith, and truthfulness help you focus on your
audience’s needs.
Being an expert: Your knowledge of your message’s subject area (or even of some other area)
helps you give your audience the quality information necessary to make a decision.
Having good intentions: Your willingness to keep your audience’s best interest at heart helps you
create persuasive messages that are ethical.
Being trustworthy: Your honesty and dependability help you earn your audience’s respect.
8
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
Establishing common ground. Your beliefs, attitudes, and background experiences that are like
those of your audience help them identify with you
Letters of recommendation are extremely important in decisions to hire, admit an individual and to
award a scholarship or grant.
question 14:what is acceptance letter?
Acceptance Letters:
Letters accepting a job not only convey information, but also establish a contractual relationship
between you and the organization or person offering you the position. Consequently, acceptance
letters should accurately restate the key terms of employment.
Format: Begin the first paragraph by enthusiastically accepting the job. Be sure to state the
exact title of the job and the salary. The second paragraph usually discusses details about the
ts
position, especially the date that you will begin work.
en
ud
question 15:what is concrenate?3 marks
St
el m
Communicating concretely means being specific, definite, and vivid rather than vague and
VU
general. Often it means using denotative (direct, explicit, often dictionary-based) rather than
H .co
connotative words.
question 16: define memorandum and its purpose? 5 marks
p
To ing
Memoranda are brief, informal reports used to establish a record. They generalize the
te .n
communication process by transmitting the message from one or more authors to one or more
si at
recipients. E-mail messages typically take the form of memoranda. Memoranda are written for
eb nn
Direct requests get straight to the point because the audience usually wants to respond. Routine,
ht
Good-News and Goodwill Messages The direct approach is effective for messages that will
please the reader or will cause no particular reaction
Direct Request Format:The letter begins with the main idea. The midsection makes a request
and provides essential details. In closing the letter refers to the main point and states the desired
action.
Q= What is conciseness and How it can be achieved? 5 marks
Conciseness is saying what you want to say in the fewest possible words without sacrificing the
other C qualities. A concise message saves time and expense for both the sender and the
receiver. It increases emphasis in the message. It shows respect for the recipient, by not
cluttering them unnecessary information.
9
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
Use single-word substitutes instead of phrases whenever possible without changing meaning.
Q= What are the role of acceptance letter and its format? 5 marks
Acceptance Letters:Letters accepting a job not only convey information, but also establish a
contractual relationship between you and the organization or person offering you the position.
Consequently, acceptance letters should accurately restate the key terms of employment.
Format:Begin the first paragraph by enthusiastically accepting the job. Be sure to state the exact
title of the job and the salary. The second paragraph usually discusses details about the position,
especially the date that you will begin work.
ts
en
1 long Question
Difference b/w communication . School & . work (10)
ud
Writing at work differs from writing at school. To write successfully at work you will need to
St
develop new writing skills and even new ways of thinking about writing. That’s because on-the-
el m
job writing differs in some very fundamental ways from writing done at school.
VU
H .co
Purpose
p
To ing
As a student you communicate for educational purposes for example writing term papers or
taking a written exam etc. In contrast as an employee you will communicate for instrumental
te .n
purposes. Most of your communications will be designed to help your employer achieve practical
si at
business objectives.
eb nn
Example
W ja
At school, where your aim is to show how much you know, one of your major writing strategies is
st //vu
to write as much as you can about your subject. At work, your communications should only
include the information your readers need. Extra information would only clog your readers’ path to
Be tp:
• decreased efficiency
• increased frustration
Audience:
• At school your interaction is only one person, the instructor. In contrast at work, you will
often create communications that will address a wide variety of people with different
backgrounds. The audience might include who are different in familiarity with your subject
• The kinds of professional and personal concerns they will bring to your presentation
10
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
Answer: The primary differences between a resume and a curriculum vitae (CV) are the
length, what is included and what each is used for. A resume is a one or two page
summary of your skills, experience and education. While a resume is brief and concise -
no more than a page or two, a Curriculum Vitae is a longer (at least two page) and more
detailed synopsis.
A Curriculum Vitae includes a summary of your educational and academic backgrounds
as well as teaching and research experience, publications, presentations, awards, honors,
affiliations and other details. In Europe, the Middle East, Africa, or Asia, employers may
expect to receive a curriculum vitae.
In the United States, a curriculum vitae is used primarily when applying for academic,
education, scientific or research positions. It is also applicable when applying for
fellowships or grants.
ts
Explain Direct method of writing bad news msg(3)
en
Direct Plan: A bad news message organized on the direct plan would start with a clear statement
ud
of the bad news, proceed to the reasons for the decision, and end with a courteous close. Stating
the bad news at the beginning has two potential advantages:
St
el m
It makes a shorter message possible
VU
H .co
The audience needs less time to reach the main idea of the message, the bad news itself.
p
To ing
Courteous Close: Your message is most likely to succeed if your audience is left with
eb nn
Importance of Courtesy?(2)
True courtesy involves being aware not only of the perspectives of others, but also their feelings.
Be tp:
Knowing your audience allows you to use statements of courtesy.Be aware of your message
receiver Courtesy stems from a sincere you-attitude. It is not merely politeness with mechanical
ht
insertion of ‘please’ and ‘thank you’, although applying socially accepted manners is a form of
courtesy. Rather it is politeness that grows out of respect and concern for others.
11
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
Oral medium: oral medium is best when You want immediate feedback. Your message is
relatively simple.You don’t need a permanent record. You can assemble audience easily. You
want to encourage interaction.
Written medium: Written medium is best when You don’t need immediate feedback. Your
message is detailed and complex. You need a permanent record. You are trying to reach an
audience over a large distance. You want minimize the distortion when a message is passed from
person to person.
Electronic Message: Electronic Message is best when You don’t need immediate feedback, but
you do need speed. You don’t need a permanent record, but want to overcome time zone
barriers. You want to minimize oral distortion.
ts
1. Readers create meaning
en
2. Readers responses are sharpened by situation
3. Readers react on a moment-by-moment basis.
ud
Readers create Meaning
St
Instead of receiving the message, people interact with the message to create meaning.
el m
While reading, we build larger structures of knowledge from small fragments of
VU
H .co
sentences. These structures are not the words we have just read but our own creation.
p
To ing
te .n
Bad-News Messages
st //vu
If you have bad news, try to put it somewhere in the middle, cushioned by other, more
positive ideas.
Bad-News Message Format
Be tp:
The letter begins with a neutral statement that provides a transmission to the
ht
refusal. The midsection explains the reason for refusal and then states the bad
news. The writer takes care to introduce a positive thought. The letter closes on a
cordial note.
What do you understand by the phrase ‘Readers responses are sharpened by situation’?
Responses to a communication are shaped by a total situation surrounding the
message such as factors as their purpose of reading the readers’ perceptions of
the writer’s aims, their personal interest and stake in the subject discussed past
relations with the writer.
Sharpening Your Skill:
Sharpening Your Skill (Overcoming the fear of Blank page)
Use positive self talk
Know your purpose.
Visualize your audience.
Create a productive environment.
12
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
Make an outline.
Just start.
Write the middle first.
Push obstacles aside.
Readers react on a moment-to-moment basis
On job people react to each part of the memo, report or other business communication
as soon as they come to it.
Write a letter to your Branch Manager [previous employer] in order to obtain a Letter of
Recommendat
ts
These questions are 10 marks
en
Define 5 characteristic of Consideration?(10)
ud
Consideration:
St
Consideration means preparing every message with the message receiver in mind.
el m
VU
H .co
Don’t loose your temper.
p
To ing
Don’t accuse.
You are foremost aware of their desires, problems, circumstances, emotions and probable
W ja
reaction to your thoughts. Handle the matter from their point of view. This thoughtful consideration
st //vu
is also called the ‘you-attitude’, the human touch or understanding human nature.
13
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
Direct Approach(deductive)
Putting the main idea first followed by evidence.
Indirect Approach (inductive)
Putting the main idea later and evidences first. Use direct order if the audience’s reaction
is to be positive and indirect order if it is likely to be negative. Short messages follow one
of four organizational plans, depending on the audience’s probable reaction.
Direct requests:
Direct requests get straight to the point because the audience usually wants to respond.
Routine, good-News and Goodwill Messages The direct approach is effective for that
will please the reader or will cause no particular reaction.
Direct Request Format
The letter begins with the main idea. The midsection makes a request and provides
essential details. In closing the letter refers to the main point and states the desired
action.
Routine, Good-News and Goodwill Message Format
The letter begins with the good news. All necessary details are provided in the middle
ts
part. This paragraph gives additional specifics. In closing the letter refers to the main
en
point and states the desired action.
ud
Bad-News Messages
If you have bad news, try to put it somewhere in the middle, cushioned by other, more
St
positive ideas.
el m
Bad-News Message Format VU
H .co
The letter begins with a neutral statement that provides a transmission to the refusal.
The midsection explains the reason for refusal and then states the bad news. The writer
p
To ing
takes care to introduce a positive thought. The letter closes on a cordial note.
te .n
Persuasive Messages
Using the indirect approach gives you an opportunity to get your message
si at
The letter begins with questions to catch the reader’s attention. The letter leads up to the main
st //vu
point by arousing the reader’s interest. This section gives the reader a motive for complying with
the request. The letter closes with an appeal.
Be tp:
ht
Ans: You may perceive the report in one of the following formats:
Preprinted form: Basically for ‘fill-in-the-blanks’ reports, deal with routine information,
often mainly numerical.
Letter: For reports of five or fewer pages that are directed to outsiders. They follow the
normal letter format.
Memo: The most common format for short informal reports within an organization.
Memos have four headings: To, From, Date and Subject.
14
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents
Manuscript: For a formal approach, manuscripts range from a few pages to several
hundred pages.
What is Agenda?(2)
Ans: Use meeting documents as tools to encourage productive and efficient meetings.
The two principal meeting documents are the agenda, which tells participants what
topics will be discussed at the meeting, and minutes, which record what actually
occurred.
Minutes can be formal or informal. Formal minutes are often required by federal, state,
or local law, by-laws, charters, or regulations. They are usually distributed to the
members of the group before the next meeting, and then approved (sometimes after
being amended).
ts
It was like this.
en
ud
St
el m
VU
H .co
p
To ing
te .n
si at
eb nn
W ja
st //vu
Be tp:
ht
15
http://vujannat.ning.com
Best Website To Help VUStudents