380 CHURCH HISTORY

ed bishop counsels moderation, preferring mortification of the will to

bodily austerities. Incorporation with Christ in His Mystical Body, is
the beginning and end of all perfection; bishops and priests should be
models to their flocks; kings and nobles ought to be humble and manifest
a solicitude for the welfare of those under them; the religious state af-
fords the best opportunity for divine contemplation. There is no evidence
that Isidore, himself, had any personal mystical experience.
At times, the author renders Isidore's graceful Latin in a clumsy man-
ner (e. g. 100) or misses the meaning of a word entirely, as when she
translates "lascizriam" as "pride" (185), but, in general, she has done a
commendable piece of work. The book is equipped with an up-to-date
bibliography and an index.
Xavier University, Cincinnati, O. Raymond J. Gray, S. J.

TORQUEMADA: SCOURGE OF THE JEWS

By THOMAS HOPE. London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd.; New York:
W. W. Norton and Company, Ltd., Distributors, 1939. 245 pages.
$2.50.
In this age of notorious and new order bigots, who are destroying the
historical foundations of civilization, it is profitable to read this study of
anti-Semitism, nationalism, and persecution in Spain during the fifteenth
century, the period when there was being firmly established the principle
of nationalism, which is, in its current repulsive form, one of the harass-
ing factors in the existing world crisis. This fifteenth century zealot, Tor-
quemada (1420-1498), who became Inquisitor-General of Spain in 1483,
collaborated with Ferdinand and Isabella in making Spain a strong, polit-
ically united country by using the Inquisition to eliminate through the
auto da fe more than two thousand Jews who, having been converted to
Christianity, became apostates. One chapter of the book contains an an-
alysis of the trial of certain Jews for "ritual murder," which was effec-
tively used by Torquemada to secure the expulsion of the Jews from Spain,
just as Hitler was helped to power by the Reichstag fire and the subsequent
trial at Leipzig. The persecution of the Jews in Spain, cruel and mis-
guided as it was, was a factor in bringing about nationalism in Spain at the
expense of feudal anarchy, whereas the policy of Hitler, the current anti-
Semite, is wholly disastrous and retrogressive.
Mr. Hope's introductory chapters portray the Spanish conditions of
political disunity that were transformed into unity under Ferdinand and
Isabella. The author shows how the pope since the middle of the thir-
teenth century had far more authority in Spain than in any other country,
but then narrates how that problem was finally solved by reducing the
Church to the position of a branch of the state, by establishing the Inqui-
sition under the control of Torquemada. Torquemada, a Dominican monk,
having an ordinary career during the first sixty years of his life, came
to be the most powerful man in Spain, in charge of the Inquisition, a re-
ligious corrective and unifying institution. Being a descendant of a Jew-
ish grandmother, Torquemada wished to make expiation therefor by fol-
lowing a policy of antagonism to those Jews who, having become Christian
 BOOK REVIEWS 381

converts, later relapsed into apostasy. Having achieved that purpose, he

completed his expiation by driving the Jews from Spain entirely. Tor-
quemada, in formulating his plan of establishing a Spanish Inquisition,
wholly directed and controlled in Spain, had the hearty support of Isa-
bella, who was unwilling to have any foreign interference in Spain. The
co-operation of Ferdinand was easily won, since the confiscation of Jewish
property would meet royal financial needs incident to the war against the
Moors. There is a good portrayal of papal efforts to restrict and nullify
the Spanish Inquisition, and to use that institution to pontifical material
advantage.
The Inquisition that Torquemada set up was unlike the Inquisition
that had previously existed in Spain since the thirteenth century. The
earlier Inquisition was a means of enhancing the authority of the pope
and of combating wrong interpretations of Christian doctrine. The ob-
jectives of the Inquisition under Torquemada were to destroy not so much
heresy as the apostasy of the Jewish converts to Christianity, and to
achieve this through an institution that remained independent of the pope.
To accomplish this Torquemada had to remain dependent on the crown;
the Inquisition became a department of the Spanish state, and the laws
stating the purposes and regulating the actions of the Inquisition were
made by Torquemada without any approval of the Papacy.
Mr. Hope's long, clear account of the LaGuardia trial incorporates
all new evidence and shows how it was utilized in 1492 to expel from
Spain all Jews that would not accept Christianity. An interesting side-
light on the expulsion is the fact that the refugees went, among other
places, to Rome, "where they were treated with enlightened tolerance by
the Pope, a Catalan himself, Alexander VI."
Torquemada, having achieved his purpose as Inquisitor General by
1492, lived six years longer, retaining a clear mind, but, as ironic fate
would have it, he who racked the lives of so many victims with physical
pain and mental anguish, had to suffer the sharpest pains owing to gout,
which usually does not afflict those living lives of abstemiousness, as did
Torquemada.
There is a brief but splendid concluding chapter summarizing the
character and work of Torquemada, and harmonizing through an inte-
grating interpretation the apparently conflicting estimates of four previous
commentators. There is a bibliography of sources and other works, and
a useful index. There are eight pertinent illustrations.
University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. C. C. Eckhardt.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCHLEIERMACHER

By RICHARD B. BRANDT. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1941. 350
pages. $3.00.

This volume is a scholarly, instructive, and important contribution to

the question: what is modern church history ? It is important because an
answer is suggested in terms of the inner development of the Church's life
and thought rather than in terms of the shifting tides of secular culture