References

Following is a limited sampling of references supporting the use of

hair tissue mineral analysis in the research and healthcare fields.

Several research programs for studying and establishing hair trace mineral
concentrations have been implemented since 1965 by the International
Atomic Energy Agency. These research programs have been coordinated
under "Nuclear-based Methods for the Analysis of Pollutants in Human Hair."
Hair was chosen by the I.A.E.A. due to the concentration of minerals in the
hair and its reflection of both external and internal contamination. The bulk of
data on trace element concentrations has been reported from hair samples
obtained from the scalp.

Ryabukhin, T.S.: International Coordinated Program on Activation Analysis of

Trace Element Pollutants in Human Hair. Hair, Trace Elements, and Human
Illness. Brown, A. C.; Crounse, R. G., ed. Praeger Publications, 1980.

"Human head hair is a recording filament that can reflect metabolic changes
of many elements over long periods of time and thus furnish a print-out of
post nutritional events."

Strain, W. H.; Pories, W. J.; Flynn, A.; Hill, O. A.: Trace Element Nutriture and
Metabolism Through Head Hair Analysis. Trace Substances in Environmental
Health. Hemphill, D. D., ed. University of Missouri Press, Columbia, 1972.

"The consensus of most workers in the field is that if hair samples are
collected properly, cleaned and prepared for analysis correctly and analyzed
by the best analytical methods, using standards and blanks as required, in a
clean and reliable laboratory, by experienced personnel, the data are
reliable."

Toxic Trace Metals in Mammalian Hair and Nails. United States Environmental
Protection Agency Publication 1979; EPA-600/4: 79: 049

An example of how mineral intake is reflected in the hair was demonstrated

in a study of several thousand Iraqi peasants, whose diet contained grain
heavily treated with fungicides. The fungicides contained organic mercury,
which was reflected in higher concentrations in the hair when consumption
was highest and decreased when consumption was lowest. Hair
concentrations correlated directly with the extent of symptoms.

Al-Shahristani, H.; Al-Haddad, I. K.: Mercury Content of Hair From Normal and
Poisoned Persons. J Radioanalytical Chem 1973; 15.

Al-Shahristani, H.; Shihab, K. M.: Variation of Biological Half-Life of Methylmercury

in Man. Arch Environ Health 1974; 28.
"The proliferation of trace element analysis as a tool for biological
investigation of nutrition, growth and development, and disease processes
has led to consideration of (hair) trace element analysis as a means not only
of present evaluation and estimation, but also as a technique for the
reconstruction of past biological events in an organism."

Gilbert, R. I.: Trace Elements in Human Hair and Bone. Hair, Trace Elements and
Human Illness Brown, A.C.; Crounse, R. G. ed. Praeger Publications, 1980.

"The result of research studies indicate that hair mineral analysis can be
useful as a diagnostic tool in the examination of trace metal exposure,
including abnormal nutritional intake, and may assist in the study of certain
mental states. They (hair mineral analysis) may suggest mineral imbalances
present in the body that perhaps could be rectified by a mineral
supplemented diet."

"Hair metal testing is a fascinating new diagnostic tool and often gives
unexpected clues to mineral imbalances in the body. The authors would
support this statement from the results that they have accumulated to date."

Barlow, P. J.; Kapel, M.: Metal and Sulfur Contents of Hair in Relation to Certain
Mental States. Hair, Trace Elements, and Human Illness Brown, A.C.; Crounse, R.
G., eds. Praeger Publications, 1980.

The constituents of the hair is determined by the entry of substances from

external sources and from substances which enter it from the blood stream.

Hopps, H. C.: The Biological Bases for Using Hair and Nail for Analysis of Trace
Elements. Sci Tot Environ 1977; 7.

"The analysis of blood, excreted by-products, and human head hair

represents method for determining body element levels."

Pihl, R. O.; Drake, H.; Vrana, F. Department of Psychology, McGill University,

Montreal, Quebec, Canada.: Hair Analysis in Learning and Behavior Problems.
Hair, Trace Elements, and Human Illness. Brown, A. C.; Crounse, R. G., eds.
Praeger Publications, 1980.

Dietary levels of some of the essential micro-elements have been reported to

correspond to hair concentrations of the elements.

Reinhold, J. G.; Kfoury, G. A.; Ghalambor, M. A.; Jean, C.: Zinc and Copper
Concentrations in Hair of Iranian Villagers. Am J Clin Nutr 1966; 18.
Strain, W. H.; Steadman, L. T.; Lankau, C. A.; Berliner, W. P.; Pories, W. J.:
Analysis of Zinc Levels in Hair for the Diagnosis of Zinc Deficiency in Man. J Lab
Clin Med 1966; 68.

"One such procedure which has shown great potential, at least for the
determination of micro-element nutriture..., is the use of hair as the biological
sample. Perhaps an even more important advantage would be that hair, by
the very nature of the sample, should reflect a rather long-term nutritional
state rather than recent (i.e. previous meal or day) dietary intake."

Sauberlich, H. E.; Scala, J. H. Department of Nutrition, Letterman Army Institute of

Research, San Francisco, California.

Dowdy, R. P. Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Food Systems

Management, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri

"Hair may provide a continuous record of nutritional status."

Maugh, T. H. Hair: A Diagnostic Tool to Complement Blood Serum and Urine.

Science1978; 202.

Menkes disease (an inherited copper metabolism disorder) is one which can
be diagnosed by coupling the clinical history with the microscopic
appearance of the hair.

Potter, J. L.; Timmons, G. D.; West, R; Silvidi, A.: Argininosuccinicacidemia- The

Hair Abnormality. Am J Dis Child 1974; 127.

"The elemental analysis of hair is becoming increasingly popular for the

assessment of nutritional status."

Katz, S. A. Professor of Chemistry, Rutgers University.: The Use of Hair as a

Biopsy Material for Trace Elements in the Body. Am Lab 1979; Feb.

"Research literature supports the view that trace element content of the hair
and nail reflect body intake...from which one can conclude that hair and nail
are suitable samples for evaluating body stores."

Hopps, H. C.: The Biological Bases for Using Hair and Nail for Analysis of Trace
Elements. Trace Substances In Environmental Health VIII. Hemphill, D.D., ed.
University of Missouri, Columbia. 1974.

"Hair concentrations may provide useful information on longer term

nutrition."

Casey, C. E.; Hambidge, K. M.: Trace Element Deficiencies in Man. Advances In

Nutritional Research Vol.3. Draper, H. H., ed. Plenum Pub., 1980.

Hambidge, K. M.; Walravens, P.A.: Trace Elements in Nutrition. Prac Ped 1974,
1:1
"There is now a considerable body of literature on the use of hair in forensic
science, in the diagnosis of disease states, and in the assessment of
nutritional status."

Stevens, B. J.: Determination of Aluminum, Copper, and Zinc in Human Hair.

Atomic Spectroscopy 1983; 4:45

Additional References
Trace Elements and Other Essential Nutrients. Watts, D.L. T.E.I., 1995.

Hair, Trace Elements, and Human Illness. Eds. Brown, A.C., Crounse, R.G.
Praeger Pub.1980.

Hair Analysis. Applications in the Biomedical and Environmental Sciences.

Chatt, A., Katz, S.S. VCH Pub. 1988.

Human Hair Vol. 1. Fundamentals and Methods for Measurement of Elements

Composition. Valkovic, V. CRC Press. 1988.

Human Hair, Vol II. Trace-Element Levels. Valkovic, V. CRC Press. 1988.

Laboratory Tests For The Assessment Of Nutritional Status. Sauberlich, H.E.,

et al. CRC Press. 1984.

Trace Substances in Environmental Health. Ed. Hemphill, D.D. Univ. Mo.

Columbia. 1972-1986

The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood. Needleman,

H., et al: NEJM 1990; 322(2):83-88.

Analysis of Zinc levels In Hair for the Diagnosis of Zinc Deficiency in Man. Strain,
W.H., et. al. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 1966.

Determination of Aluminum, Copper, and Zinc in Human Hair. Stevens, B.J.

Atomic Spectroscopy. 1983.

The use of Hair as a Biopsy Material for Trace Elements in the Body. Katz, S.A.
Am. Lab. 1979.

Hair Trace Element Levels and Environmental Exposure. Hammer, D.I., et. Al. Am.
J. Epid. 1971.

Hair Chromium Concentration of Human Newborn and Changes During Infancy.

Hambridge, K.M., Baum, J.D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1972.

Trace Element Nutriture and Metabolism Through Head Hair Analysis. Strain,
W.H., et al. Trace Substances in Environmental Health. Ed. Hemphill, D.D. Univ.
Mo., Columbia. 1974

Lead in Hair in Children with Chronic Lead Poisoning. Kopito, L., et al. New Eng. J.
Med. 1967.

Chronic Plumbism in Children: Diagnosed by Hair Analysis. Kopito, L., et al. J. Am.
Med. Assoc. 1968.

Magnesium Content of Hair in Alopecia Areata Atopica. Cotton, D., et al.

Dermatologica. 1976.

A case-control study on selenium, zinc, and copper in plasma and hair of subjects
affected by breast and lung cancer. Piccinini, L.; et al: Biol. Trace Elem. Res.
1996;51:23-27.

Hair Manganese Concentrations in Newborns and Their Mothers. Saner, G., et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1985.

Elevated Hair Copper Levels in Idiopathic Scoliosis. Pratt, W., Phippen, W. Spine.
1980.

Low levels of Zinc in Hair, Anorexia, Poor Growth, and Hypogeusia in Children.
Hambridge, K.M., et al. Peadiatr. Res. 1972.

Hair Mineral Levels and their Correlation with Abnormal Glucose Tolerance.
Tamari, G.M., Rona, Z. Cytobiological Rev. 1985.

Hair and Urine Chromium Content in 30 Hospitalized Female Psychogeriatric

Patients and Mentally Healthy Controls. Vobecky, J., et al. Nur. Rep. Intl. 1980.

Hair as an Indicator of Excessive Aluminum Exposure. Yokel, R.A. Clin. Chem.

1982.

Hair trace elements in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Oishi M, et al: Trace Elem.
Med. 1990;7(4):182-85.

Comparison of Concentrations of Some Trace, Bulk and Toxic Metals in the Hair of
Normal and Dyslexic Children. Capel, I.D., et al. Clin. Chem. 1981.

Hair Zinc Concentrations in Diabetic Children. Amodor, M., et al. Lancet. 1975.

Blood pressure in Young Adults as Associated with Dietary Habits, Body

Conformation, and Hair Element Concentrations. Medeiros, D.M., et al. Nutr. Res.
1982.

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium in Hair from Neonates with Cystic
Fibrosis and in Amniotic Fluid from Mothers of such Children. Kopito, L., et al.
Pediatrics. 1972.

Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Mercury, and Zinc Concentrations in the Hair of

Individuals Living in the United States. Interface. 1973.

Hair Analysis for the Observation of Magnesium Deficiency or Excess. Strain, W.

Magnesium in Health and Disease. Spectrum Pub. 1980.

Trace Elements in Scalp-Hair of Persons with Multiple Sclerosis. Ryann, D., et al.
Clin. Chem. 1980.

Concentration of Chromium in the Hair of Normal Children and Children with

Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus. Hambridge, K.M., et al. Diabetes. 1968.

Interrelationships of Blood and Hair Mercury Concentrations in a North American

Population Exposed to Methylmercury. Phelps, R.W., et al. Arch. Environ. Hlth.
1980.

Measurement of Mercury in Human Hair. Giovanoli-Jakubczak, T., et al. Arch.

Environ. Hlth. 1974.

On Nickel Contents in Urine and Hair in a Case of Exposure to Nickel Carbonyl.

Hagedom-Gotz, H. et al. Arch. Tox. 1977. Hair Chromium Concentration and
Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease. Cote. M., et al. Chromium in Nutrition and
Metabolism. Eds. Shapcott, D., Hubert, J. Elservier Press. 1979.

Arsenic Concentration in Drinking Water, Hair, Nails, Urine, Skin-Scale and Liver
Tissue of Affected People. Chatergee, D.D., et al. Analyst. 1995.
Arsenic Levels in Hair of Workers in a Semiconductor Facility. De Peyster, A., et al.
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. Vol. 56. 1995.

Studies on the Concentrations of Arsenic, Selenium, Copper, Zinc and Iron in the
Hair of Blackfoot Disease Patients in Different Clinical Stages. Wang, C.T., et al.
Eur. J. Clin. Biochem. 1994.

Mapping technique based on elemental hair composition and data. Zhuk, L., et al:
Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1990;26-27:307-320.

Beard Calcium Concentration as a Marker for Coronary Heart Disease as Affected

by Supplementation with Micronutrients including Selenium. MacPherson, A. Et al.
Analyst. 1995.

Hair Chromium Content of Women with Gestational Diabetes Compared with

Nondiabetic Women. Aharoni, A.., et al. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1992.

Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc Concentrations in Human Scalp and Pubic Hair.
Wilhelm, M., et al. Sci.Tot. Environ. 1990.

Lithium in Scalp Hair of Adults, Students, and Violent Criminals. Effects of

Supplementation and Evidence for Interactions of Lithium with Vitamin B12 and
with Other Trace Elements. Schrauzer, G.G., et al. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1992.

Concentration of Magnesium in Hair of Inhabitants of Down-Town Krakow, The

Protective Zone of Steel-Mill "Hutaim Sendzimira" and Tokarania Village. Solarska,
K., et al. Przel Lek. 1995.

Iron, Copper, Cadmium, Zinc and Magnesium Contents of Urinary Tract Stones
and Hair From Men with Stone Disease. Durak, I., et al. Euro. Urol. 1990.

Effects of Long-Term Anticonvulsants Therapy on Copper, Zinc, and Magnesium in

Hair and Serum of Epileptics. Suzuki, t., et al. J. Biol. Psychiatry. 1992.

Hair zinc and copper concentrations and zinc:copper ratios in pediatric

malignancies and healthy children from southeastern Turkey. Donma, M., et al:
Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1993;36:51-63.

Metals in Hair as Biological Indices for Exposure. Foo, S.C., et al. Int. Arch.
Occup. Environ. Hlth. 1993.

Mercury Levels in Hair from People Eating Large Quantities of Swedish Freshwater
Fish. Okarsson, A., et al. Food Addit. Contam. 1990.

Mercury in human hair due to environment and diet: a review. Airey, D. Env Health
Perspectives 1983;52:303-316.

Use of Hair Analysis for Evaluating Mercury Intoxication of the Human Body. Katz,
S.A., Katz, R.B. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1992.

Nickel in Nails, Hair and Plasma from Nickel-Hypersensitive Women.

Gammelgaard, B., et al. Acta. Derm. Venereol. 1990.

Platinum in the Human Diet, Blood, Hair and Excreta. Vaughan, G.T., Florence,
T.M. Sci. Tot. Environ. 1992.

Determination of Hair Trace Elements in Childhood Celiac Disease and in Cystic

Fibrosis. Varkonyi, A., et al. Acta. Ped. 1992.

Study of Correlation of Selenium Content in Human Hair and Internal Organs by

INAA. Cheng, Y.D., et al. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1990.

A case-control study on selenium, zinc, and copper in plasma and hair of subjects
affected by breast and lung cancer. Piccinini, L.; et al: Biol. Trace Elem. Res.
1996;51:23-27.

Emission Spectrophotometric Analysis of Titanium, Aluminum, and Vanadium

Levels in the Blood, Urine, and Hair of Patients with Total Hip Replacement.
Trinchi, V., et al. J. Orthop. Traumatol. 1992.

Hair Zinc and Copper Concentrations and Zinc: Copper Ratios in Pediatric
Malignancies and Healthy Children from Southeastern Turkey. Donma, M.M., et al.
Biol. Trace Elem.Res. 1993

Hair Zinc and Dietary Zinc Intake During Pregnancy and Puerperium. Carbone, P.,
et al. J. Obstet. Gyn. Reprod. Biol. 1992.

Relationship Between Zinc in Serum and Hair and some Hormones During Sexual
Maturation in Humans. Vivoli, G., et al. Sci. Tot. Environ. 1990.

Trace Elements Nutritional Status. Use of Hair as a Diagnostic Tool. Contiero, E.,
Folin, M. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1994.

Trace Elements in the Hair of Healthy and Malnourished Children. Weber, C.W., et
al. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1990.

Selenium levels in new growth hair and in whole blood during ingestion of a
selenium supplement for 6 weeks. Gallagher, M., et al: Nutr. Res. 1984;4:577-82.

Study on the Relation of Selenium, Manganese, Iron, Strontium, Lead, Zinc,

Copper, and Calcium to Liver Cancer Mortality from Analysis of Scalp Hair. Wang,
Y.X., et al. Sci. Tot. Environ. 1990.

Trace Elements in Hair as Related to Exposure in Metropolitan New York.

Creason, J.P., et al. Clin. Chem. 1975.

Analysis Of Copper And Lead In Hair Using The Nuclear Microscope; Results From
Normal Subjects, and Patients With Wilsonís Disease and Lead Poisoning. Watt,
F., et al. Analyst Vol.120, 1995

Hair Iron Content: Possible Marker to Complement Monitoring Therapy of Iron

Deficiency in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Bisse, E., et al:
Clin.Chem. Vol.42, 1996.

Arsenic levels in human blood, urine, and hair in response to exposure via drinking
water. Valentine, J., et al: Env. Res. 1979; 20:24-32.

Monitoring of Cadmium, Copper, and Lead and Zinc Status in Young Children
Using toenail: Comparison with Scalp Hair. Wilhelm, M., et al: Sci.Tot.Environ.
Vol.103, 1991.

Traceelements in Full-Term Neonate Hair. Moro, R. et al: J. TraceElem.

Electrolytes Health Dis. Vol.6, 1992.

Effects of low levels of cadmium and lead on cognitive functioning in children.

Thatcher, R., et al: Arch. Environ. Health 1982;37(3):159-66.

Coronary Atherosclerosis and Chemical Traceelements in the Hair. A Canonical

Correlation Study of Autopsy Subjects, Using and Atherometric System and the X-
ray Flurorescence Analysis. Fernandez-Britto, J.E., et al: Zentralbl Pathol.
Vol.139, 1993.

Hair Analysis of Spastic Children in Hong Kong. Man, C.K., et al: Sci.Tot.Environ.
Vol.191, 1996.

Age-Related Decreases in Chromium Levels in 51,665 Hair, Sweat, and Serum

Samples from 40,872 PatientsóImplications for the Prevention of Cardiovascular
Disease and Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Davies, S., et al: Metabolism. Vol. 46,
1997.

Impact of Reduction of Lead in Gasoline on the Blood and Hair Lead Levels in the
Population of Tarragona Province, Spain, 1990-1995. Schuhmacher, M., et al:
Sci.Tot.Environ. Vol.184, 1996.

Hair Lead Levels Related to Childrenís Classroom Attention-Deficit Behavior.

Tuthill, R.W. Arch. Environ. Health. Vol.51, 1996.

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