Announcement

• Class on Thursday, September 23rd

– Types of fluid flow
– Application of Bernoulli Equation
PRESSURE : Static FLUID
1. Pressure is the same over any
horizontal plane

2. Assumption: Density is same over

any horizontal plane
dp   g
dz

3. Pressure at a point is independent

of the direction of the PLANE/AXIS
used to define it.
Pressure at a point is independent of the
direction of the surface used to define it.

3
Pressure at a point is independent of the
direction of the surface used to define it.

P B

4
PRESSURE : Definition

Pressure = Force exerted

Area

p = F/A p *A = F

Under static conditions a fluid will

exert a force normal to a solid
boundary or any plane drawn through
the fluid.
5
Variation of Pressure with
Position in a Fluid

Hydrostatic
forces normal to
the planes of the
element

F = p * A

An Element of fluid

6
Variation of Pressure with
Position in a Fluid Assuming UP as +ve
“Z”.

(p+p) A
z+ z
Q

z 
P
pA
gAL
Datum
Figure
7
1
Resolving forces along the length of the cylinder

p  pA  pA  gAL cos   0

Since fluid is static resultant force is equal to zero
and there is no shear forces because there is no
motion.

p  gz  0 As the element

reduces to a
z  0
point.

p
  g That is Pressure decreases
z as elevation increase.
8
 Fluid surface
z
+ve
p/z Z is the axis of
elevation.
Pressure decreases
as elevation increase.
+ve p

h = depth
+ve
Depth is + [+h]
In the direction
-ve of negative
z elevation [-Z] 9
Variation of Pressure with
Position in a Fluid
Points P and Q are vertically apart by a distance
of Z. The pressure difference p = gZ.

Q z+ z

z P

10
Same Pressure on Horizontal Plane

All the points on a horizontal plane are at

the same elevation i.e. Z = 0
Therefore p = 0 and all the points have
the same pressure value.

Q T
R S
P

Horizontal plane through fluid

11
Variation of Pressure with Position

A B

D C

pA = pB = FB = FA If ratio AA:AB is 10
then FA = 10*FB .
AB AA 12
Same Density on Horizontal Plane
p
p z
z

Q S
P R

δz

p dp
  g   g
z dz 13
PRESSURE
1. Pressure at a point is independent of
the direction of the surface used to
define it.

2. Pressure same over any horizontal

plane

3. Assumption: Density same over any

horizontal plane

4. dp   g
dz
 Density of liquid water

Density
Temp (°C)
(kg/m3)[10][11]
+100 958.4
Change in Density
+80 971.8 of water with
+60 983.2 Temperature
+40 992.2
+30 995.6502 See graph in next slide
+25 997.0479
+22 997.7735
+20 998.2071
+15 999.1026
+10 999.7026
+4 999.9720
0 999.8395
−10 998.117
−20 993.547
−30 983.854
The values below 0 °C refer 15
to supercooled water
(kg/m3) Density of water VS Temperature
1005
1000
995
990
985
980
975
970
965
960
955
-50 0 50 100 150
T (oC)
16
dp PRESSURE
  g
dz

p    gdz p  gz  cons tan t

patm +ve
At Q,  z  h
pa -ve
ph  gh h
-Z
Q
pa  gh  p Q

Pressure at Q = atmospheric pressure +

water pressure at depth h
MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE

Gauge pressure

Atmospheric pressure
Vacuum = negative
Absolute
gauge pressure pressure A
Barometer reading
(varies with altitude
and slightly with
Absolute weather)
pressure B

18
Pressure Head

p  gh

p
h
g 19
1. Piezometer

PP

h = Pressure Head
20
 Piezometric Pressure
and Head
(h = p/g)

gh = p piezometric
 p  gz
pressure

piezometric p  gz
 hz
head g
Pressure, p z
= total from Datum

DATUM 21
2. U-Tube Manometer

pP  pQ C
A
y
pQ  m gx
x
pP  pC  w gy P Q

pC  mgx  w gy B

22
 Pressure Difference
y
p2 p1

Q x P pP  pQ
Mercury
manometer
pQ  p2  w gy  mgx pP  p1  w g y  x 

p1  p2   m 
   1 x
w g  w  23
Announcements
 HYDROSTATIC THRUSTS ON
SUBMERGED SURFACES
• Magnitude of the force

• Direction of the force

• Line of action

25
HYDROSTATIC THRUSTS ON
SUBMERGED SURFACES

26
Statistics
•Construction period: 1931 to 1936
•Construction cost: $49 M (= $676 M)

•Volume of water: 35.2 km³ (35.2 x 109 m3)

•Area: 639 km², backing up 177 km behind the dam.

•Dam height: 221.4 m.

•Dam length: 379.2 m.
•Dam thickness:
•200 m at its base;
•15 m thick at its crest. 27
28
 Pivot & and
Location midMagnitude
point coincide when force
of Resultant Forceis
evenly distributed

Evenly distributed force

Pivot
Mid point
29
 Pivot, center &
resultant force
coincide
Resultant force
Evenly
distributed
force

30
Location and Magnitude of Resultant Force

Pivot Mid point

31
 Pivot & resultant
force coincide BUT
not mid point

Force not uniformly distributed

32
 Fluid surface

Hydrostatic force
distribution. Force
increase with depth

33
Location and Magnitude of
Resultant Force

Resultant force below mid point

34
Hydrostatic Forces
patm

3m water,  = 997 kg/m3

0.5 m diameter

p  997  9.81 3.0  29.34kN / m 2

F  p  A  5.76kN 35
Magnitude of Thrust on a Submerged Plane
Free surface (atmosphere) O

-h F h X

-y

C O

Edge view
of plane
View normal to
plane
Y 36
Magnitude of Force on a Submerged Plane
Free surface (atmosphere)

F h
Free surface (atmosphere)
O

h
h- 
F -y

C Increasing Force with

Edge depth ‘h’
view
View
of
normal to
plane 37
plane
Magnitude of Thrust on a Submerged Plane
Determine Resultant force F
Free surface (atmosphere) O

-h F h X
y
F
-y

A
C O
P (x, y)
Edge view
of plane F  pA  g (h)A  g ( y sin )A
View normal to
plane F  A gy sindA  g sin A ydA
Y F  g sinAy  gA
38 h
 Location of Free surface (atmosphere) O

Resultant -h F h
y X
F
Force -y
M  gy 2 sinA y'

Fy'  A gy 2 sindA A O

C
P (x, y)
F  g sin Ay

g sin  A y 2 dA Ak 2 OX

y'  
g sin Ay Ay Y

y' 
Ak 
2
C  Ay 2
y
Ak2

C
39
Ay Ay
 River Circular Gate D = 0.6 m
45
1.0 m

Sewer Gate 0.6 m

F  gAh

h  1.0  0.3 cos 45  1.212m

 
F  997  9.81  0.3  1.212  3.352kN
2

40
 River
45
1.0 m

Ak 
Sewer Gate 0.6 m
2
y'  y  C

Ay

Ak  2
C  R 4

4
y1
cos 45
 0.3  1.714m

y'  y 
Ak  2
C
y
R2
 1.727m
Ay 4 y
41
 End

Tutorial

42
Hydrostatic Thrust on Curved Surfaces

Submerged plate

43
Free surface Volume of fluid above
of fluid curved surface

FR

FV FR
FH 44
Free surface Volume of fluid above
of fluid curved surface

45
Free surface
Volume of fluid above
of fluid
curved surface

Distribution of
W hydrostatic force
Fh

46
Free surface
Volume of fluid above
of fluid
curved surface

h h
F1 F2a
h/3

h h
F1  g A = F2a  g A
2 2
47
No influence on the curved surface
  
F2b  FH  g h  L LB [Horizontal projection]
2

FV  W  gV
W [Weight of fluid
F2a h above curved
F1
surface]

L/2
F2b L

FV FR
Force on curved surface
FH resolved into Vertical and 48
horizontal components
Hydrostatic Thrust on Curved Surface
with Fluid Below it

APRIL 2004
A sluice gate AB, 1.0 m wide and having a
circular cross-section of radius 1.0 m, is
hinged at one edge B to a vertical plate as
shown in the figure.

If the depth of water, h, to the bottom of the

sluice gate is 2.0 m, determine the horizontal
and vertical components of the resultant
hydrostatic force acting on the sluice gate.
49
Hence determine the resultant
hydrostatic force, its line of action, and
its direction from the horizontal.

If the gate is now held closed at its lower

end, A, by a horizontal force determine
the magnitude of this force.

(Note the 2nd Moment of area of a

rectangle of width b and depth d is
given by: )
3
bd
12
50
 Horizontal Force is given by the height of
the submerged curved surface.

water B
2.0 m

FH 1.0 m
A
Shaded area represent equivalent
[vertical] force acting on curved surface

FV
water 2.0 m B

A
FH  gh A
 997  9.81 (1  1 / 2)  11  14.67kN

 
FV  gV  997  9.81 (11)  1.0  / 4 1  17.46kN
2

FR  14.67 2
 17.46   22.81kN
2

1 17.46  
FV FR
tan    49.96
 14.67 
53
FH
 Additional Review

y
h y' h

L/2
C L
P F

hy when axis vertical

F  gh A  g h  L 2
LB
2
( Ak ) C
y'  y 
Ay 54
Buoyancy and Stability
Relevance: Stable designs of structures
(boats, rafts, submarines, etc.) totally
submerged or floating in fluids.

Examples: Hot air balloons that are wholly

immersed in air and submarines and
diving bells, which are wholly immersed in
water; Rafts, boats, which are floating
vessels.
Buoyancy and Stability
Buoyancy is the tendency of a fluid to exert
a supporting force on a body placed
in the fluid.

Stability refers to the ability of a body to

return to its original position after being
tilted out of ist initial position.
Buoyancy
A body in a fluid, whether floating or submerged, is
buoyed up by a force equal
to the weight of the fluid displaced.

The buoyant force acts vertically upward through

the centroid (= center of buoyancy B) of the
displaced volume (Vd) and can be defined
mathematically by Archimedes’ principle as:
Fb  gVd
where, Fb is the buoyant force, ρ is the density of the
fluid, Vd is the displaced volume of fluid.
Buoyancy (floating bodies)
a) If W=Fb: Body is in equilibrium
b) If W<Fb: Body will rise until equilibrium (a) is reached
c) If W>Fb: Body will sink until equilibrium (a) is reached
Fb Fb Fb
Vd
W Vd
W W
Vd

a) W=Fb b) W<Fb c) W>Fb

Stability of Bodies in Fluids
• A body is in stable equilibrium if it returns to its
original position after being given a small
displacement.
• It is in unstable equilibrium if it continues to move
away from its original position on being given a
small displacement.
• It is in neutral equilibrium if it adopts a new
equilibrium position at the small displacement it was
given.

There are two cases to consider:

(1) for bodies completely submerged in a fluid; and
(2) for bodies only partially submerged, that is, for
bodies that float in a fluid.
Stability
Bodies Completely Submerged in a Fluid
• e.g. a hot air balloon
• two forces acting on it
- weight vertically down (constant)
- buoyancy vertically up (since Vd is constant)
Fb=W Fb=W
x Wx
B B
G
G
W
G G Fb=W Fb=W
W
W W B
B
x

Wx
Stable equilibrium (G below B) Unstable equilibrium (G above B)
Stability
Bodies Completely Submerged in a Fluid
For a body completely submerged in a fluid,
stable equilibrium is achieved once the centre
of gravity is below the centre of buoyancy.

Fb=W Fb=W
x Wx
B B
G
G
W
G G Fb=W Fb=W
W
W W B
B
x

Wx
Stable equilibrium (G below B) Unstable equilibrium (G above B)
Stability
Bodies Partially Submerged (Floating) in a Fluid
• two forces acting on it
- weight vertically down (constant)
- buoyancy vertically up (not necessarily constant)

M = metacentre Fb=W
M
Fb=W

Fb W M
Fb
Vd
W
Vd Fb Fb
W W Vd Vd

G B G B (old/new) G B G B (old/new)
Stable equilibrium (G below M) Unstable equilibrium (G above M)
Stability
Bodies Partially Submerged (Floating) in a Fluid
For a body partially submerged (floating) in a fluid,
the condition for stable equilibrium is that the
metacentre be located above the centre of gravity.

M = metacentre Fb=W
Fb=W
M

Fb W M
Fb
Vd Vd W
Fb Fb
W W Vd Vd

G B G B (old/new) G B G B (old/new)
Stable equilibrium (G below M) Unstable equilibrium (G above M)