Mechanical Theory I

MET3405

1. Thermodynamics

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 Lecture 1

1.1 Fundamental Concepts

of Thermodynamics

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1.1.1 Introduction

Thermodynamics

Therme Dynamis

Heat Force
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 Thermodynamics

capacity of hot bodies to produce work

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Thermodynamics
It is a branch of engineering science
that deals with the relationship
between

energy associated to heat

and other forms of energy
• mechanical
• electrical
• chemical
• …. 5
Resources in nature

Fossil Fuels
Radioactive Substances 6
People’s needs for energy

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People’s needs for energy

Air conditioning

Heating
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Provision of energy is one
of the main tasks of ME

The branch of science that

explains how much energy people
may extract from various sources

and predicts how efficiently people
may use the extracted energy in a
particular situation is called:

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1.1.2 Basic Concepts

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Fluids

Fluids are substances that:

• flow, even under the action of small
forces;
• and take the shape of their
container.

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 Liquids Gases

Incompressible Compressible
Fluids Fluids
Volume = const Volume ≠ const 12
Thermodynamic
System

System is the subject of analysis.

It may include:
• single simple body,
• or very complex assembly
of many component and parts.

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Schematic presentation
of a System

Surroundings

System

System Boundary

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Closed System
Closed Reservoir
The substance
m = const in the reservoir
m : mass cannot leave.
of the New substance
substance cannot enter in
the reservoir.
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Cylinder - Piston Assembly

Cylinder
m = const
System:
Working
Fluid

Piston
Boundary V ≠ const
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 V2 > V1 Expansion

V1 V2

State 1 State 2

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V1 > V2 Compression

V1 V2

State 1 State 2

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Cylinder - Piston Assembly

This device has very important role

in engineering practice and is
commonly used in many gas power
cycles such as internal combustion
engines.

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Closed System ≡ Control Mass

In some textbooks, the closed system

is also called
Control Mass
because in a closed system the mass
of the working substance is under
consideration.

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Open System

Pipe

Control Volume
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Open System

Examples of open system include

pipes,
nozzles and diffusers,
boilers,
heat exchangers,
valves,
turbines,
pumps and compressors.

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Thermodynamic
Property

Properties are quantities that can be

measured,
so their values can describe the
condition of the system
without knowing how the system
came to that condition.

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Examples of Properties

• Mass of the working fluid

employed in the process
• Volume occupied by the working
fluid
• Temperature of the working fluid
• Pressure of the working fluid

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State

State is a term for a condition

of the system
as it is described by
its properties.

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Example for a State
• Closed System
Our lecture theatre
• Working Fluid in the lecture theatre:
Air
• Temperature of Air: 20oC
• Pressure of Air: 1 bar
• The state of the system is
given with: 20oC and 1 bar.
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Process

Process is a transformation of
the system
from one state
to another state.

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Example for a Process

• Closed System: Our Lecture Theatre

• Initial State: 20oC, 1 bar
• Air-conditioning system switched off
• Process: Heating of the air (due to
transfer of heat from outside and
from students)
• Final State: 30oC, 1 bar

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1.1.3 The SI System of Units
in Thermodynamics

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International System
of Units: Basic Units

Mass Length Time

Symbol m L t
(Note)
Unit kilogramme metre second

Symbol kg m s
for unit

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Note (Very Important!)

Quantity mass with unit kg is
characteristic for Closed Systems.

For Open System, corresponding
quantity is
called Mass Flow Rate
the symbol is &
m
and the unit is kg/s
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Additional Basic Unit
for Heat Interactions:
Kelvin Scale Temperature
Only positive values for temperature

Temperature (T) expressed in

Kelvin degrees: K

Absolute Zero Temperature

No negative values for temperature

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Additional Basic Unit
for Heat Interactions:
Celsius Scale Temperature
Positive values for temperature

Zero Temperature

Negative values for temperature

Temperature (t) expressed in

Celsius degrees: oC 33
Relation between Kelvin
and Celsius Scales

0 K = - 273.15 oC
0 oC = 273.15 K

T (K) = t (oC) + 273.15

t (oC) = T (K) - 273.15

∆T (K) = ∆t (oC)
∆T = T2 - T1; ∆t = t2 - t1
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SI System of Units:
Derived Units

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Examples

• Area
A=a2 a
A=d2π/4

A=ab a d

b
Unit: m2
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Examples

Volume

c V = abc
Unit: m3

b
a
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Examples: Volume

Liter (l)
• 1 liter = 1 dm3
• 1 dm = 10 cm
• 1 m = 10 dm
• 1 m3 = 1000 dm3 = 1000 l

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Force

F = ma
F: force acting on the body;
m: mass of the body, kg;
a: acceleration, m/s2;
Unit for force: Newton (N)
m
Unit for force F = kg X
s 2
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Weight

w = mg
w: weight of the body, N;
m: mass of the body, kg;
g: acceleration due to gravity, m/s2;
g = 9.81 m/s2

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Density

ρ = m/V
ρ: density, kg/m3;
m: mass of the body, kg;
V: volume occupied by the mass, m3;

m = ρV
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Specific Volume

ρ = V/m
v = 1/ρ
v: specific volume, m3/kg;
V: volume, m3;
m: mass of the body, kg;

m = V/v
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Relative Density

s = ρsubstance/ρ
ρwater
s: relative density, no unit;

Example:
ρmercury = 13595 kg/m3;
ρwater = 1000 kg/m3;
⇒ s = 13595/1000 = 13.595
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Pressure
p = F/A
p: pressure
F: normal component of the force acting over
the body, N;
A: area over which the force acts, m2;
Unit for pressure = N/m2 = Pascal = Pa

1 bar = 105 Pa
1 atmosphere pressure = 101325 Pa
= 1.01325 bar
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Reference: Basic Thermodynamics
by K. Iynkaran and D. J. Tandy

Suggested Additional Reading

Chapter 1:
Introduction to Thermodynamics

Suggested Examples
1.1 - 1.5

Suggested Tutorial Problems
1.1 - 1.8

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