CELL SITE ANTENNAS AND MOBILE ANTENNAS

Authorised By
SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY
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ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS:

Received power & Gain :

Power Pt originates at transmitting antenna and radiates out into space. Assume that
source Pt is used and that the power in the spherical space will be measured as the power
per unit area. This power density called the poynting vector ρ or the outward flow of
electromagnetic energy through a given surface area, is expressed as
ρ = Pt/4 W/m.
a receiving antenna at a distance r from the transmitting antenna with an aperture A will
receive power Pr = ρA = PtA/4 W
Also we have gain G = 4 A/

Effective radiated power:

There is a standard way of specifying the power radiated within a given geographic area.
The radiated power that can be transmitted should be converted to th amount of power
radiated from an omnidirectional antenna . If a high gain antenna is used, the transmitted
power should be reduced. There is a term called Effective isotropic radiated power(EIRP)
It is referenced to an isotropic point source.The difference between ERP and EIRP is2db.

Gain and pattern relationship:

ANTENNAS AT CELL SITE:

High gain antennas:
There are standard 6db and 9 db gain omnidirectional antennas. The antenna patterns for
6 db gain and 9 db gain are shown in figure.
Start up system configuration: In this omnicell consisting of omnidirectional transmitting
antennas are used. Each antenna can transmit signals from 16 radio transmitters have
three transmitting antennas which serve 45 voice radio transmitters simultaneously. Each
sending signal is amplified by its own channel amplifier in each radio transmitter, then 16
channels pass through a 16 channel combiner and transmit signals means of a
transmitting antenna.
Two receiving antennas are commonly can receive all 45 voice radio signals
simultaneously. Then in each channel, tow identical signals received by two receiving
antennas pass through a diversity receiver of that channel. The receiving antenna
configuration on the antenna must is shown in figure.

Abnormal antenna configuration: Usually, the call traffic in each cell increases as the
number of customers increases. Some cells require a greater number of radios to handle
the increasing traffic. An omnicell site can be equipped with up to 90 voice radios. In
such cases six transmitting antennas should be used as shown in figure . In meantime,
receiving antennas is still two. In order to reduce the number of transmitting antennas, a
hybrid ring combiner to combine two 16 channels is found.
Cell site antennas for omnicells (a) for 45 channels (b) for 90 channels

For interference reduction use – directional antennas: when the frequency reuse scheme
must be used, cochannel interference will occur. The co channel interference reduction
factor q = d/r = 4.6 is based on the assumption that the terrain is flat. A 120 corner
reflector or 120 place reflector can be used in a 120 sector cell. A 60 corner reflector can
be used in a 60 sector cell. A typical pattern for a directional antenna of 120 is shown in
the figure.

Azimuthal pattern of 8 db directional antenna.

Location antennas: In each cell site a location receiver connects to the respective location
antenna. This antenna can be either omnidirection or shared directional . The location
receiver can tune a channel to one of 333 channels either upon demand or periodically.

Setup channel antennas: It is used to page a called mobile unit or to access a call from a
mobile unit. It transmits only data. The setup channel antenna can be an omnidirectional
antenna or consist of several directional antennas at one cell site. In general, in both
omnicell and sector-cell systems, one omnidirectional antenna is used for transmitting
signals and another for receiving signals in each cell site.

Space diversity antennas used at cell site: Two branch space diversity antennas are used
at the cell site to receive the same signal with different fading envelopes, one at each
antenna. The degree of correlation between two fading envelopes is determined by the
degree of separation between two receiving antennas. When the two fading envelopes are
combined, the degree of fading is reduced;
Equation is presented as an example for the designer to use.

Where h = antenna height, D = antenna separation. It should be aligned as shown in the

figure . The use of the space diversity antennas is at the base station.

Diversity antenna spacing at the cell site (a) b) proper arrangement

Umbrella- pattern antennas: In certain situations, umbrella- pattern antennas should be

used for the cell site antennas.
Normal umbrella- pattern antenna: For controlling the energy in a confined are, the
umbrella-pattern antenna can be developed by using a monopole with a top disk as shown
in the figure
Broadband umbrella pattern antenna: The parameters of discone antenna in which one of
the cones is extended to 180 to form a disk are shown in the figure.

Vertical-plane patterns of quarter-wavelength stub antenna on

infinite
ground plane (solid) and on finite ground planes severalwavelengths in diameter (dashed
line) and about one wavelength in diameter (dotted line).

High gain broadband umbrella pattern antennas: A high gain antenna can be constructed
by vertically stacking a number of umbrella pattern antennas as shown in figure

E0 =sin[(Nd/2λ) cos φ]/sin[(d/2λ) cos φ] · (individual umbrella pattern)

where φ = direction of wave travel
N = number of elements
d = spacing between two adjacent elements

Figure shows the Discone antennas (a) Single antenna. (b) An array of antennas.
Interference reduction Antenna:
A design for an antenna configuration that reduces interference in two critical directions
is shown in figure. The parasitic element is about 1.05 times longer than the active
element.

MOBILE ANTENNAS: The requirement of a mobile antenna is an omnidirectional

antenna which can be located as high as possible from the point of reception. However,
the physical limitation of antenna height on the vehicle restricts this requirement.
Generally the antenna should at least clear the top of the vehicle.
Roof mounted antennas: The antennas pattern of a roof mounted antenna is more or less
uniformly distributed around the mobile unit when measured at an antenna range in the
free space as shown in the figure . The 3 db antenna shows 3 db gain over the quarter
wave antenna. However, the gain of the antenna used at the mobile unit must be limited
to 3 db because the cell site antenna is rarely as high as the broadcasting antenna and out
of sight conditions often prevail. The mobile antenna with a gain of more than 3 db can
receive only a limited portion of the total multipath signal in the elevation as measured
under the out of sight condition.

Mobile antenna patterns. (a) Roofmounted 3-dB-

gain collinear antenna versus roof-mounted quarter-wave antenna. (b) Window
mounted“on-glass” gain antenna versus roof-mounted quarter-wave antenna.

Glass mounted antennas:

In this energy is coupled through the glass; therefore, no need to drill a hole. However,
some energy is dissipated on passage through the glass. Its gain range is 1- 3 db
depending on frequency. Its position is lower than roof mounted antenna. It also cannot
be installed on shaded glass found in motor vehicles.

Mobile high gain antennas: A high gain antenna used on a mobile unit has been studied.
It should be distinguished from a directional antenna. In directional antenna the pattern is
suppressed horizontally, in high gain antenna, the pattern is suppressed vertically. In a
mobile radio environment the scattered signals at the mobile unit from every direction
with every probability. That is why an omnidirectional must be used. Moreover
measurements reveal that elevation angle for scattered signals received in urban areas in
greater than in suburban areas.

Horizontally oriented space diversity antennas: The two branch space diversity receiver
mounted on a motro vehicle has the advantage of reducing fading and thus can operate at
a lower reception level. The discussion here concerns a space diversity scheme in which
two vehicle mounted antennas separated horizontally by 0.5 wavelength can achieve this
diversity.

Vertical separation between two mobile antennas.

Vertically Oriented Space-Diversity Antennas:

The vertical separation between two space-diversity antennas can be determined from the
correlation between their received signals. The positions of two antennas X1 and X2 are
shown in Fig. 8.51. The theoretical derivation of correlation is71
ρ(d/ λ, θ) = sin[(πd/λ) sin θ]/(πd/λ) sin θ

A set of measured data was obtained by using two antennas vertically separated by 1.5λ
wavelengths.