Chapter 5

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

7.1
  2  − 4
=  
Ex 6：Determine whether 1   and v2 =  
v
1  − 4
 3 − 1
are eigenvector of A =  
 − 2 4 

If yes, find the corresponding eigenvalues.

 Solutions

 3 − 1  2   6 + (−1)   5 
Since Av1 =     =   =  
 − 2 4   1   − 4 + 4   0
 2
Therefore v1 =   is not an eigenvector for A
1

 3 − 1  − 4   − 12 + 4   − 8   − 4
Since Av2 =     =   =   = 2  
 − 2 4   − 4   8 − 16   − 8   − 4
 − 4
Therefore v2 =   is an eigenvector for A
 − 4

corresponding to the eigenvalue 2.

Ex 7：Find the eigenvalues of the matrix A and
find a basis for each of the corresponding
eigenspaces

1 0 0 0 
0 1 5 − 10
A=
1 0 2 0 
 
1 0 0 3 
 Solution : Characteristic equation:

※ According to the previous

 −1 0 0 0
slide, the dimension of the
0  − 1 −5 10 eigenspace of λ1 = 1 is at
I − A =
−1 0  −2 0 most to be 2

−1 0 0  −3
※ For λ2 = 2 and λ3 = 3, the
= ( − 1) ( − 2)( − 3) = 0
2
demensions of their
eigenspaces are at most to
be 1

Eigenvalues: 1 = 1, 2 = 2, 3 = 3
 0 0 0   x1  0 
0
0 0 −5 10   x2  0 
(1) 1 = 1  (1 I − A)x =  =
 −1 0 −1 0   x3  0 
    
 −1 0 0 −2   x4  0 

1 0 0 2  x1 + 2 x 4 = 0 x1 = − 2x4
  x3 = 2x4
 0 0 1 − 2 x3 − 2 x 4 = 0
G.J.E
0 0 0 0 
 
0 0 0 0  x2 = s x4 = t

x1 = − 2t x3 = 2t
1 0 0 2  x1 = − 2t
 
0 0 1 − 2 x2 = s
0 0 0 0  x3 = 2t
  x4 = t
0 0 0 0 

 x1   −2t  0   −2 
   s 
G.-J.E. x 1   0 
  2  =   = s   + t   , s, t  0
 x3   2t  0  2 
       
 4  
x t 0  1 
 0   − 2  
    
 1   0  
 ,  is a basis for the eigenspace
  0   2   corresponding to 1 = 1
   
0  1  

※The dimension of the eigenspace of λ1 = 1 is 2

 1 0 0   x1  0
0
0 1 −5 10   x2  0
(2) 2 = 2  (2 I − A)x =  =
 −1 0 0 0   x3  0
    
 −1 0 0 −1  x4  0

1 0 0 0 x1 = 0
 
G.J.E  0 1 − 5 10  x2 − 5 x3 + 10 x4 = 0 x2 = 5x3
0 0 0 0 x3 = t
 
0 0 0 1 
x4 = 0


therefore
 1 0 0 0 x1 = 0
 
0 1 − 5 10  x2 = 5t
0 0 0 0 x3 = t
 
0 0 0 1  x4 = 0

 x1   0  0 
  5t  5 
G.-J.E. x
  2 =   = t  , t  0
 x3   t  1 
     
 x4   0  0 
 0  
  
5  is a basis for the eigenspace
 
1  corresponding to 2 = 2
0 
※The dimension of the eigenspace of λ2 = 2 is 1
 2 0 0 0   x1  0
0 2 −5 10  x2  0
(3) 3 = 3  (3 I − A)x =  =
 −1 0 1 0   x3  0
    
 −1 0 0 0   x4  0

1 0 0 0 x1 = 0
 
0 1 0 5  x2 + 5 x4 = 0 x2 = − 5t
G.J.E 0 0 1 0 x3 = 0
 
0 0 0 0  x4 = t

 1 0 0 0 x1 = 0
 
0 1 0 5 x2 = − 5t
0 0 1 0 x3 = 0
 
0 0 0 0  x4 = t

 x1   0   0 
   −5t   −5
G.-J.E. x
  2 =   = t  , t  0
 x3   0   0 
     
 x4   t   1 

 0  
  
 −5 
    is a basis for the eigenspace
 0   corresponding to 3 = 3
 1  


※The dimension of the eigenspace of λ3 = 3 is 1

  Theorem. : Eigenvalues for triangular matrices

If A is an nn triangular matrix, then its eigenvalues are

the entries on its main diagonal

◼ Ex 7: Finding eigenvalues for triangular and diagonal matrices

 −1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

(a) A =  −1 1 0  (b) A =  0 0 0 0 0
 5 3 −3  
0 0 0 −4 0 
 0 0 0 0 3
 Sol:

 −2 0 0
(a)  I − A = 1  −1 0 = ( − 2)( − 1)( + 3) = 0
−5 −3  +3

 1 = 2, 2 = 1, 3 = −3

(b) 1 = −1, 2 = 2, 3 = 0, 4 = −4, 5 = 3

※According to Thm., the

determinant of a triangular
matrix is the product of the
entries on the main diagonal
TRY THIS..
1  3
1. Determine whether v1 =   and v2 =  
1  2

2 3
are eigenvector of A= 
 2 1

If yes, find the corresponding eigenvalues.

2. Find the eigenvalues of the matrix B and

find a basis for each of the corresponding
eigenspaces 1 − 3 3 
B = 3 − 5 3
6 − 6 4
THANK YOU