Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis and Pentose Phosphate Pathway

PROBLEM SET
2021
1. Write the reactions of glycolysis, showing the structural formulas of the
intermediates and the names of the enzymes that catalyze the reactions.
2. Explain the chemical logic of converting glucose to fructose before aldolase
splits the sugar in two.
3. Explain the chemical logic of dehydrating 2-phosphoglycerate before its
phosphoryl group is transferred.
4. Describe the three possible fates of pyruvate.
5. Compare the ATP yields and rates of ATP production for anaerobic and
aerobic degradation of glucose
6. Describe how fructose, galactose, and mannose enter the glycolytic pathway.
Which glycolytic enzymes are used by these tributary pathways?
7. What are the substrates for gluconeogenesis? What role do fatty acids play
in gluconeogenesis?
8. Describe the reactions of gluconeogenesis. Which reactions are not shared
with glycolysis?
9. Why is the malate–aspartate shuttle system important for gluconeogenesis?
10. Describe the role of fructose-2, 6-bisphosphate in regulating
gluconeogenesis and glycolysis
11.Write the net equation for the pentose phosphate pathway.
12.Outline the reactions of each stage of the pathway.
13.Compare the transketolase and transaldolase reactions in terms of substrates,
products, mechanism, and cofactor requirement.
14. How does flux through the pentose phosphate pathway change in response
to the need for NADPH or ribose-5-phosphate?
15.What is the role of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in pentose
phosphate pathway as well as its relation with hemolytic anema.