SY, Ahcy Mari P.

Business Logic
BSA 2-12 Exercises
Exercise 8.1
1. Hasty Generalization, one can’t just come up with a conclusion after using one, small
data. The sample size is too small to generalize such outcomes. A sampling bias is also
present from this statement: even if plenty of people from Silverton, CO drove pickups, it
doesn’t mean that they all do. It just so happens that Silverton has rough roads it requires
large vehicles like trucks.
2. Biased sample: even though he has enough sample size, Tom still needs to sample to
different times in the morning to make sure that the sample he has is representative. If
morning doves do not have representative sample, his conclusion would be biased.
3. Biased sample: with the same reason as #2, because morning doves are typically seen in
the morning than other kinds of birds.
4. This one corrects the problems stated in #2 and #3: Tom has already sampled differently
by examining his sample during various days. As long as he keeps on observing them on
a daily basis, and by season, even better, then his sample will be representative, and his
generalization wouldn’t be biased, because it is based on a series of findings.
5. Biased sample, same problem as #3.
6. This item can be a good generalization however, his generalization only covered the birds
that land in his tree during the night without covering the entirety of the day.
7. Biased sample. Because the policy cuts of property taxes, it’s quite normal that the home
owners support it for the benefit of their own. If this was offered to non-home owners,
results would have been different.
8. Good generalization, because telephone polls are one of the great ways on how to get a
random sample size, and it is also large enough to provide information that may help
people to come up with better conclusion.
9. Sampling bias, because of how bias the question sounds, especially with the use of the
phrase “killing innocent children” which is quite triggering, influencing how people’s
responses would be, making them favor option b over option a.
10. Biased sample: a small percentage of concert-goers tout court, like Ani Difranco concert-
goers, don’t represent the entire group of people. Because of Ani Difranco’s political and
feministic views, it’s not surprising the more people want to hear her speak, contrasting
Tom Petty who’s apolitical.
11. Biased sample: because the principal only sampled for students who are in detention, any
student who finds themselves being punished by isolating them in a room full of strangers
who probable did the same thing would be unsatisfied compared to students who are in
their room, learning a subject that they want, making this sample size unrepresentative.
12. Good generalization, because her sample cover “all Pistons games”, from attending many
games year after year, making the sample representative and large enough.
13. Unlike our previous example, Alice’s generalization now applies to all NBA games, but
she still uses her experience from Pistons games. We can’t just assume that Pistons
games represent NBA games, because the sample is biased, impairing our conclusion.
 14. Biased sample: unless provided with a sensible and convincing reason to treat Pistons
games represent all professional sporting events, this example shall still be biased.
15. Hasty generalization, since he associated one experience from Burger King to all Burger
King all the time.
Exercise 8.2
1. Can be depth, by asking why would aliens have kidnapped him and then returned him to
his home. It can also be power, by incorporating amnesia as a better explanation of
what’s happening to him, and simplicity, because if they don’t have other possible
explanation about the aliens’ existence, so amnesia got to be the reason.
2. Modesty, because there’s no reason why she should have posited all of those specific
details about the badger, even if it was just a badger.
3. Power, because it raises more questions than it answers.
4. Conservativeness: people don’t die and come back to life, as far as we know.
5. Depth, because we would want to know why you had never seen or heard of Tom’s son
for 20 years.
6. Lacks falsifiability, because Elise says that there is no way to prove that this happened,
she just knows it.
7. Falsifiability: there is no way, within current science, to show that there wasn’t such a
being.
8. Modesty, because the explanation is way more specific that it needs to be, making it
lacking in modesty.
9. Same as #8, this as well, lacks modesty. Because instead of just describing it as “an
animal”, she chose “an escaped zoo animal” without proper hypothesis.
10. Simplicity: Bill was speeding, not that they had tracked his overdue library book.\
11. Lacks nothing.
12. Modesty, because of the specification of the speed of 13.74mph, rather than just saying
that they were going beyond the speed limit.
13. Conservativeness, because of the lack of legitimate reason of positing some whole new
breed of rats, especially when they’re claiming that they evolved in her apartment only.
14. Conservativeness, we have not known any cases or stories about how someone or some
animal, or any other living thing to be immortal, because nothing is.
15. Conservativeness, a better explanation would be that what Bob had put in his gun turned
out to be blanks.
Exercise 8.3
1. Weak: Rembrandt isn’t hanged in high schools, despite palette sharing, Rembrandts
are hanged in galleries, therefore what they have in their high school isn’t a
Rembrandt.
2. Weak. Yes, both of them are poodles, but we can’t just conclude that their
“poodleness” is the one to blame for their attitude. Maybe I have done something
wrong to make them feel irritable like invading their private space, looking at them
directly in the eye, and more.
3. Strong. Unlike #2, this one provides a strong analogy between previous events,
poodle-encounters and poodle-bittings, and the current event which is poodle-
encounter.
4. Strong. Relevant similarities are provided: 1) Van Cleave’s class doesn’t change
much from semester to semester, 2) the person has the same abilities has the same
abilities as their friend who got the A.
5. Weak. Both are classified as crimes, but they’re completely different from each other.
6. Weak. There was no particular relationship between having seats, wheels, and brakes,
on the one hand, and being safe while driving, on the other. Therefore, having seats,
wheels, and brakes is not a relevant similarity between two cars if safety is our
interest.
7. Strong. The company possess relevant similarity between cars coming from the same
line of car company. Similar quantity among car types is expected, given that they are
from one company. In contrast, wheels, brakes, and seats are completely irrelevant in
knowing how’s the quality of the car, and whether it’s safe to use or not.
8. Strong.
9. Weak. Birthdays are different from funerals, normally, more relatives attend in a
funeral, rather than a birthday party. The same shouldn’t be applied to the professor’s
absence policy when we’re comparing two completely different events.
10. Weak. Both may influence happiness, but we should note that heart and brain
surgeries have higher levels of risk than cosmetic surgeries. Obviously, heart and
brain surgeries are more important, therefore it’s only quite fitting that there are
prioritized by insurance rather that surgeries that concern aesthetic.
11. Weak. Knife and spoon do belong in the kitchen, under the label ‘utensils’, but both
of them have different functionalities. A spoon is used to scoop out food, while a
knife is used to cut things. However, a spoon isn’t capable of cutting like a knife, and
a knife isn’t capable of scooping food like a spoon.
12. This item is considered to be one of the most popular topics in debates, one might say
that it’s a weak analogy, because of the disanalogy between artificial and natural
objects, since complex natural objects are capable of evolving on their own for
survival, without being designed by a creator. On the other hand, artificial objects
aren’t capable of changing their physical appearances.
13. Weak. Running the same number of miles as an elite runner is not a relevant
similarity for determining how fast one will run a race. Rather than considering the
number of miles, we should focus on the pace at which one runs, which is a better
predictor to know who runs faster.
14. Strong. Yes, humans are capable of sharing the pain with one another, but we’re not
quite sure if the pain that you and I are feeling is identical. This can be influenced by
our mental state, which indicate how painful it is for us, but not too painful for other
people.
15. It’s only quite fitting to say that this analogy is strong, because, just like what I said in
the first one, humans are capable of feeling the same emotions, because we perceive
 the world in the same way, physically speaking. However, it becomes different when
it comes to our mental state, as explained in #14.

Exercise 8.4
1. C is sufficient, because any time it is present, the target G is present. Both C and D are
necessary, since any time the target G is present, they are present.
2. A and C are sufficient; A and C are also necessary.
3. C and D are necessary. All candidates are sufficient.
4. No one candidate is sufficient. Only C is necessary.
5. C is sufficient; B, C, and D are necessary.
6. None are sufficient; A and D are necessary.
7. B is sufficient; A, B and D are necessary.
8. C is sufficient; A, B, C, and D are all necessary.
9. B and C are sufficient; C and D are necessary.
10. A and C are sufficient; D is necessary.