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• Slab Cache:
- structures of much less than one page in size
- generic slabs of predefined sizes (32, 64) plus slabs for
specific data structures
• Page Cache
- pages with actual contents of files (or block devices)
- usually the largest, by far
• Buffer Cache
- file system metadata
• ReiserFS
- mkreiserfs -j /dev/xxx -s 8193 /dev/xxy
- reiserfstune –journal-new-device /dev/xxx -s 8193
• Ext3
- mke2fs -O journal_dev /dev/xxx
- mke2fs -j -J device=/dev/xxx,size=8193 /dev/xxy
- tune2fs -J device=/dev/xxx,size=8193 /dev/xxy
• Best for file servers and desktop workloads with single IDE/SATA disks.
- Disk systems with large internal queues potentially destroy any
anticipatory accounting.
• Default in mainline kernels (as of SLES9)
• Gibabit Ethernet
- Significant interrupt overhead reduction
- Consider Jumbo Frames (larger than 1500 bytes)
- # ifconfig <DEV> mtu 9000
• NFS modes
- TCP (default) vs UDP
- NFSv3 (default) vs NFSv2
- rsize=<X>/wsize=<X>
• read/write in chunks of <X> bytes
• default is 1024, use 8192 for higher throughput
• Asynchronous I/O
- New model for concurrency
- Heavily used by databases
• Direct I/O (O_DIRECT) on block devices or files
- Databases like to use raw disks. Historically /dev/raw was
used, but O_DIRECT is more performant.
- Files should be preallocated (no holes, no appending); the
system falls back to buffered I/O otherwise!
- In both cases: cache pollution benefits
- Not specific to database workloads!
- Read /usr/src/linux/Documentation.
50 © Novell Inc, Confidential & Proprietary
Conclusions
- Novell/SUSE R&D
- Extensive QA (including benchmarks)
- QA and benchmarks by and with partners
User Communities
User Interface
Education
Management & Identity
Database
Operating
SUSE Systems10
Linux Enterprise
General Disclaimer
This document is not to be construed as a promise by any participating company to develop, deliver, or market
a product. Novell, Inc., makes no representations or warranties with respect to the contents of this document,
and specifically disclaims any express or implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular
purpose. Further, Novell, Inc., reserves the right to revise this document and to make changes to its content,
at any time, without obligation to notify any person or entity of such revisions or changes. All Novell marks
referenced in this presentation are trademarks or registered trademarks of Novell, Inc. in the United States and
other countries. All third-party trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Profiling
oprofile
• Powerful tool for profiling the entire system
• Can identify CPU hogs both in the kernel and userspace
• opcontrol --vmlinux=/boot/vmlinux-2.6.5-7.139-smp
• opcontrol --start
• <run test>
• opreport --symbols > output
RED
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