An Introduction To Classical Real Analysis

AN INTRODUCTION
TO CLASSICAL REAL
ANALYSIS
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/chel/376
AN INTRODUCTION
TO CLASSICAL REAL
ANALYSIS
KARL R. STROMBERG
AMS CHELSEA PUBLISHING

American Mathematical Society Providence, Rhode Island
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 26-01, 28-01.
For additional information and updates on this book, visit

www.ams.org/bookpages/chel-376
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Stromberg, Karl R. (Karl Robert), 1931–1994.
An introduction to classical real analysis / Karl R. Stromberg.
pages cm
Originally published: Belmont, California : Wadsworth, 1981.
“Reprinted with corrections by the American Mathematical Society, 2015”–Galley t.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4704-2544-9 (alk. paper)
1. Mathematical analysis. I. American Mathematical Society. II. Title.
QA300.S89 2015
515—dc23
2015024928
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20 19 18 17 16 15
ABOUT THE AUTHOR xiii
R
OTHER WORK BY THE AUTHOR 569
INDEX 571
xi
xii
About the Author
Karl Stromberg (1 December 1931 — 3 July 1994) received his Ph.D.

in mathematics from the University of Washington under the direction of
Edwin Hewitt in 1958. After postdoctoral years at Yale University and
the University of Chicago, he served on the faculty of the University of
Oregon from 1960 until 1968. In 1966, he was given the Ersted Award as
the outstanding teacher at the University of Oregon. From 1968 on he was
Professor of Mathematics at Kansas State University where he received the
William L. Stamey Award for exceptional teaching in 1990. He lectured at
many universities in the United States and Europe; he spent 1966-7 at Up-
psala University (Sweden) and 1974-5 at the University of York (England)
as Visiting Professor. He also served on the National Research Council in
the United States. In addition to his many research papers in mathemat-
ical analysis (see “Other Work by the Author” in the backmatter of this
book), he wrote the well-known text Real and Abstract Analysis together
with Edwin Hewitt. His last major work was a high-level text, Probability
for Analysts, published in 1994.
xiii
xiv ABOUT THE AUTHOR
The absence of figures and the few typographical imperfections in this

present book should be attributed to the fact that for his whole professional
life the author was virtually (and, indeed, legally) blind.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/chel/376/01
f = {(x, x2 ) : x ∈ R}
b
a2 = . . . = an
N.
In
n1 < n2 < n3 < . . . < nk

A= i∈I Ai
k∈N
n0
n0
n
n0 n0
k0
k0
n∈N
x j0
[cf. (2.27b)].
.

∞
If an = A and
n=0
i
H
{Jn−1,k }2n−1
k=1 of closed intervals, each
as
limn→∞ (αn − [αn ]) = 1,
sup
that ,
n1 < n2 < . . . < nk−1
0
x
= lim f (dn ).]
{B11,,B
{B B22pP}}
B22,,......,,B
Q3
semicontinuous and thus continuous on X. Write
z
(x),
x∈U
is
are
A Space-Filling Curve.
xk ∈ [0, 1] for 1 ≤ k ≤ n},
space-
z
self-adjoint
X[1 ∈ A].
x ∈ X.
A ⊂ C r ([a, b])
Qn (n ≥ 0)
h(z)| < for all z ∈ X.
∅ = E ⊂ X,
.
[−1, 1]

n
Vab f = Vxxk−1
k
f n < ∞.
k=1
f v = |f (a)| + Vab f
Plainly, the sequence (fn )∞
n=1 converges
sequence (Jk )∞
k=1 of
Find a
[= ∞ or − ∞]
lim(u · v) = (lim u)(lim v)

n
αj = 1. Then
j=1
f (x) = (log(1/x))−1

∞
and check that R \ L = Q ∪ Am ]
m=1
and the sum of the lengths of these intervals does not exceed (4k + 1)
Obviously, (ii) obtains when h = 0 and α < a < β.
Rn (h) =
a < η < b − h such that
xk−1 < αx x βx < xk ,
converges in R for each x ∈ [a, b]. Then
f (x) − f (c) g(x) − g(c)

x−c x−c
lim
n→∞
I⊂R
φn (t) = (cn /λn )φ
x∈I
then (1) has no limit
[a1 , b1 ]
A = max{1, |a0 |, . . . , |an−1 |}
φ(rx) = (φ(x))r for all r ∈ Q, x ∈ R
and suppose that for some k0
for all n and k ≥ k0
[Mertens’ Theorem],
2
n> π |z|
[Hint: Use Exercise 3 and (5.38ii). Let z → 1/2.]
whenever a > 0 and cos(π/a) = 0.

1
exp −
exp − 1
6n+1
6n+1
..
φ ∨ 0, φ
Writing Ak = {x ∈ R : ψk (x) > 1/2k }, we see the Ak is the union of a finite
pairwise disjoint family Jk of bounded intervals. Since ξAk 2k ψk , it follows
from (1) that

f1 f2 a.e. implies f1 f2 .

If f1 f2 a.e.,
then g1 + h2 g2+ h1 a.e., g1 + h2 g2 +
h1 , f1 = g1 − h1 g2 − h2 = f2 , and so (ix) obtains. To check
(v), notice that
Proof For 1 k m, define
gk,m (x) = min{fn (x) : k n m} a.e.
and
gk (x) = inf{fn (x) : n k} a.e.
Since Lr1 is a lattice gk,m ∈ Lr1 . Also, gk,m −g a.e., and so

gk,m (−g) > −∞.
Notice that the nonincreasing sequence (gk,m )∞

m=k converges to gk a.e. It follows
from (6.21) that gk ∈ Lr1 and

gk = lim gk,m g < ∞
m→∞
for all k 1. By definition of limit inferior, we have

lim gk (x) = lim fn (x) = f (x) a.e.
k→∞ n→∞
Applying (6.20) to the nondecreasing sequence (gk )∞ r

k=1 ⊂ L1 and noting that
r
gk fk a.e. for all k, we obtain f ∈ L1 and

f = lim gk lim fk .
k→∞ k→∞
It was set forth by the great German geometer and analyst Bernhard Riemann
R
R
[Hint: Refer to (6.30). Let f = ξp , let fn = 1 on P , and let fn (x) = 0 if dist(x, P )
exists in R.
16|I ∩ In |2 .]
1[ ) ]. Then,
by f (t) = 0 if γ (t) = 0, f (t) = γ (t)/|γ (t)| if γ (t)
= 0. One checks that
v u + s a.e. To show that s = 0 a.e., first suppose h is real-valued. If Pn
s(b) − sn (b) < 2−n , so (4.53) yields s = lim (s − sn ) = 0 a.e.]

n→∞

|f (x)|dx λ(v(E)).
E
Moreover, equality is obtained if f is absolutely continuous on [a, b]. [Hints: Use (a)
and Exercise 3(b) applied to v and B = {x ∈ E : v is differentiable at x}. If f is a.c.,
so is v and (6.87) yields λ(v(B)) = λ(v(E)).]
f + g ∈ lp (X)

.
p

= bhi aij .
i=1
for all h ∈ Rn−1 . Thus, given > 0, Definition (6.129) provides δ1 > 0 such
Therefore, yi = φi (u) − xi
continuous functions (Dj φi ) ◦ ψ of which the denominator is Jφ ◦ ψ, which is
es sin t). [That is, if we write z = (s, t) = s + it, then φ(z) = ez = exp(z) = (Re(ez ),
function, let r > 1 be an integer, and let j = (j1 , . . . , jr ) be an ordered r-tuple of
has a derivative D1 f (x,
t y) that is continuous on I, and (3) there exists a function
Chain Rule (6.134) to the function F defined on I × E × E by
∞

= f (k),
k=a
√
sn = 1/ n ,

[Hints: For (a), use 2 cos w sin w = sin 2w to prove that k sin 2−k z =

∞
1
=
k12
k=1
√
showing that then 1 − z 2 = −a 0 and iz + 1 − z 2 = −b 0 are both impos-
cluster points of (sn ) lie in [α, β]. [Actually, each point of [α, β] is a cluster point
(am2 + 2bmn + cn2 )−α
2bmn
(a) If both f and φ are in L2 (T), then
√
we have sup{g(x, a, b) : x ∈ J} ω(2a, J) log(b/a), so take 2a = δ and 2b = δ.]
Sn (f ) → f uniformly on J as n → ∞.
the affirmative with φ = 0 in 1916 by the Russian analyst D. E. Menshov.* This
No. 13. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1960, 4th ed., 1996.
Burckel, R.B. An Introduction to Classical Complex Analysis. Basel: Birkhäuser
Verlag, 1979.
Sz-Nagy, B. Real Functions and Orthogonal Expansions. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1965.
Other Work by the Author
Stromberg, Karl, A note on the convolution of regular measures, Math. Scand. 7

(1959), 347-352.
Stromberg, Karl, Probabilities on a compact group, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 94

(1960), no. 2, 295-309.
Hewitt, Edwin; Stromberg, Karl, A remark on Fourier-Stieltjes transforms, An.

Acad. Brasil. Ci. 34 (1962), 175-180.
Ross, Kenneth A.; Stromberg, Karl, Baire sets and Baire measures, Ark. Mat. 6
(1965), 151-160 (1965).
Ross, Kenneth A.; Stromberg, Karl, Jessen’s theorem on Riemann sums for locally
compact groups, Pacific J. Math. 20 (1967), no. 1, 135-147.
Stromberg, Karl, Large families of singular measures having absolutely continuous

convolution squares, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 64 (1968), 1015-1022.
Stromberg, Karl, An elementary proof of Steinhaus’s theorem, Proc. Amer. Math.

Soc. 36 (1972), 308.
Hewitt, Edwin; Stromberg, Karl, Some examples of nonmeasurable sets, J. Austral.

Math. Soc. 18 (1974), no. 2, 236-238.
Dressler, R. E.; Stromberg, Karl, The Tonelli integral. Amer. Math. Monthly 81
(1974), 67-68.
Katznelson, Y.; Stromberg, Karl, Everywhere differentiable, nowhere monotone,

functions. Amer. Math. Monthly 81 (1974), 349-354.
Stromberg, Karl, The Banach-Tarski paradox, Amer. Math. Monthly 86 (1979),

151-161.
Saeki, Sadahiro; Stromberg, Karl, Measurable subgroups and nonmeasurable char-

acters, Math. Scand. 57 (1985), no. 2, 359-374.
Gan, Xiao-Xiong; Stromberg, Karl, On approximate antigradients, Proc. Amer.

Math. Soc. 119 (1993), no. 4, 1201-1209.
569
570 OTHER WORK BY THE AUTHOR
Stromberg, Karl, Universally nonmeasurable subgroups of R, Amer. Math.

Monthly 99 (1992), 253-255.
Stromberg, Karl; Tseng, Shio Jenn, Simple plane arcs of positive area, Exposition.
Math. 12 (1994), no. 1, 31-52.
Gan, Xiao-Xiong; Stromberg, Karl, On universal primitive functions, Proc. Amer.

Math. Soc. 121 (1994), no. 1, 151-161.
A(T), 524
A(T),
a-adic 524
expansions of real
a-adic expansions
numbers, 88 of real
Abel-Dini theorems,
403–404
Abel’s convergence
theorems, 421
Abel’s Limit Theorem, 425
Abel’s Theorem, 57
b-adic expansions, 18, 65, 88
Cantor sets, 81, 312
571
572
573
Fσ , 110
Gδ , 110
Gamma Function, 205,
394, 461
logarithm of, 467
Gauss’ kernel, 359
Gauss’ Multiplication
Formula, 470
Gauss’ Test, 408
Gelfand–Schneider Theorem,
242
Geometric Mean-
Arithmetic Mean
Inequality, 27, 183,
184, 344
Geometric progression, 18
Geometric series, 55
Gibbs phenomenon, 554
Goffman, 279
Goffman, 279
Hahn, 133
Euler’s constant, 401, 410, 433

Euler’s cotan expansion, 251
Euler’s formulas, 227
Euler’s numbers, 453
Euler’s Summation
Formula, 432
574
Integral Test, 399

Integration by parts, 275
283, 323
Integration by substitution,
275, 325, 391
Integration of Fourier
series, 511
Interior of a set, 96
Interior point, 96
Intermediate Value
Theorem, 123
for derivatives, 186
for Lebesgue measure,
Katznelson, 217
Rn , 357
L’Hospital’s Rule, 180, 188,

225
Limaçon, 428
Limit comparison tests for
integrals, 278
for series, 402
Limit inferior, 47
one-sided, 170
Limit of a function at a
point, 114
Limit of a sequence. See
575
Convergence of
sequences
Limit point, 96
Limit superior, 47
one-sided, 170
Lindemann, 241
337, 531
576
(Cesáro), 474
σ-algebra, 308
577
Volterra’s example, 312
Tower of powers, 185

Transcendental number, 37
187, 241
Triangle inequalities, 24, 91
Trigonometric functions, 227 Value of an infinite
Trigonometric polynomial, product, 411
503 Van der Waerden, 174
Trigonometric series, 503 Vanish at infinity, 153
Vanishes nowhere, 148
Variation
bounded, 159
finite, 159
total, 159
Variation norm, 163
Vieta’s product, 419
Vitali-Carathéodory
Theorem, 310
Uniform continuity, 123
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AN INTRODUCTION

AMS CHELSEA PUBLISHING

For additional information and updates on this book, visit

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Karl Stromberg (1 December 1931 — 3 July 1994) received his Ph.D.

The absence of ﬁgures and the few typographical imperfections in this

n1 < n2 < n3 < . . . < nk

h(z)| < for all z ∈ X.

lim(u · v) = (lim u)(lim v)

whenever a > 0 and cos(π/a) = 0.

Notice that the nonincreasing sequence (gk,m )∞

for all k 1. By definition of limit inferior, we have

Applying (6.20) to the nondecreasing sequence (gk )∞ r

s(b) − sn (b) < 2−n , so (4.53) yields s = lim (s − sn ) = 0 a.e.]

Chain Rule (6.134) to the function F defined on I × E × E by

Stromberg, Karl, A note on the convolution of regular measures, Math. Scand. 7

Stromberg, Karl, Probabilities on a compact group, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 94

Hewitt, Edwin; Stromberg, Karl, A remark on Fourier-Stieltjes transforms, An.

Stromberg, Karl, Large families of singular measures having absolutely continuous

Stromberg, Karl, An elementary proof of Steinhaus’s theorem, Proc. Amer. Math.

Hewitt, Edwin; Stromberg, Karl, Some examples of nonmeasurable sets, J. Austral.

Katznelson, Y.; Stromberg, Karl, Everywhere diﬀerentiable, nowhere monotone,

Stromberg, Karl, The Banach-Tarski paradox, Amer. Math. Monthly 86 (1979),

Saeki, Sadahiro; Stromberg, Karl, Measurable subgroups and nonmeasurable char-

Gan, Xiao-Xiong; Stromberg, Karl, On approximate antigradients, Proc. Amer.

Stromberg, Karl, Universally nonmeasurable subgroups of R, Amer. Math.

Gan, Xiao-Xiong; Stromberg, Karl, On universal primitive functions, Proc. Amer.

b-adic expansions, 18, 65, 88

Cantor sets, 81, 312

Euler’s constant, 401, 410, 433

Integral Test, 399

L’Hospital’s Rule, 180, 188,

Volterra’s example, 312

Tower of powers, 185

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