SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING PULSE WIDTH MODULATION :

SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING PULSE WIDTH MODULATION Submitted by

SHAKTI MOHAN PATNAIK(06-3261) ABINASH PADHI(06-3273) RITESH KUMAR
LENKA(06-3262) EIE, 7th SEM Under Guidance of Mr. Rakesh Kumar Patnaik

Content : :

Content : Introduction D.C. motor Working principle Types of motor Method of speed control
Pulse width modulation Circuit diagram & its description Advantages & Disadvantages
Application Conclusion

Introduction : :

Introduction : Almost all the machine in industries operated using electrical motors. Among them
most of motors are DC motors. DC series motor is specially used for traction, electric
locomotive, trolley systems, cranes and conveyor belt. All these works require frequent speed
control for preparation of job. A PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) wave can be used to control
the speed of the motor.

Working Principle: :

Working Principle: A machine that convert d.c power into mechanical power. It is based on
electromagnetism i.e. when a current carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic field there is
some mechanical force exerted on the current carrying conductor which is perpendicular to both
the conductor and the magnetic filed. The most common DC motor types are the shunt wound
and series wound types.

Shunt wound motor : :

Shunt wound motor : Shunt wound motor are used for driving constant speed shafts, centrifugal
pumps, blower & pumps etc. The characteristics of a DC shunt wound motor give it very good
speed regulation, and it is classified as a constant speed motor, even though the speed does
slightly decrease as load is increased. Shunt-wound motors are used in industrial and automotive
applications where precise control of speed and torque are required.

Series wound motor : :

Series wound motor : The advantage of a Series Wound Motor is that it develops a large torque
and can be operated at low speed. It is a motor that is well-suited for starting heavy loads; it is
often used for industrial cranes and winches where very heavy loads must be moved slowly and
lighter loads moved more rapidly. DC series motor is specially used for traction, electric
locomotive, trolley systems, cranes hoists and conveyor

Speed control of dc motor : :

Speed control of dc motor : The purpose of a motor speed controller is to take a signal
representing the required speed, and to drive a motor at that speed. Motor speed can be
controlled by controlling- Armature voltage (Va) Armature current (Ia)

Cont……… :

Cont……… It is obvious that the speed can be controlled by varying (Flux Control)flux/pole,
resistance Ra of armature circuit (Rheostatic Control) applied voltage V (Voltage Control)

Cont… :

Cont… The above methods have some demerits i.e A large amount of power is wasted in the
controller resistance. Hence, efficiency is decreased. It needs expensive arrangement for
dissipation of heat produced in the controller resistance. It gives speeds below the normal speed.

Electronic Speed Control Methods for DC Motors : :

Electronic Speed Control Methods for DC Motors : compared to the electric and
electromechanical systems of speed control, the electronic methods have higher accuracy greater
reliability quick response higher efficiency

Principle : :

Principle : The main principle is control of power by varying the duty cycle. Here the conduction
time to the load is controlled. Let for a time t1, the input voltage appears across the load ie ON
state. for t2 time the voltage across the load is zero. The average voltage at output is given by Va
= 1/T vodt = t1/T Vs = ft1 Vs = kVs the average load current Ia = Va/R = KVs/R where T is the
total time period =t1+t2 k = t1/T is the duty cycle

Cont…… :

Cont…… V02 dt ) ½ = k VsThe rms value of output voltage is V0 = ( i/T The output power
and is given by v02/R dt = kVs2/R v0idt = 1/T Pi = 1/T The duty cycle can be varied from 0
to 1 by varying t1, T or f. Therefore, the output voltage V0 can be varied from 0 to Vs by
controlling k, and the power flow can be controlled. As the time t1 changes the width of pulse is
varied and this type of control is called pulse width modulation (PWM) control.

Pulse Width Modulation : :

Pulse Width Modulation : Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a method for binary signals
generation, which has 2 signal periods (high and low). The width (W) of each pulse varies
between 0 and the period (T). The duty cycle (D) of a signal is the ratio of pulse width to period.
D=(t1+t2) / T

Pictures of the Waveform : :

Pictures of the Waveform : The motor is on for most of the time and only off a short while, so
the speed is near maximum The switch is on 50% and off 50%. The motor will only rotate
slowly.

High Speed Signal (90%) :

High Speed Signal (90%) The signal at the right shows the motor on for most of the time. The
white dips indicate when the motor isn’t receiving power.

Signal With The Motor Half Speed (50%) :

Signal With The Motor Half Speed (50%) The signal at the right shows the motor receiving
power half the time.

Low Speed Signal (10%) :

Low Speed Signal (10%) The signal at the right shows the low speed signal which turns the
motor slowly

Circuit Description : :

Circuit Description : Power supply Motor Controller

Power Supply : :

Power Supply :
Circuit Description: :

Circuit Description: The transformer is a center tap 12-0-12V 500mA and supply 12v to the
circuit. The i/p sine wave is rectified by using full wave rectifier which convert it to one constant
polarity. Fcapacitor is used forA 1000 filtration purpose. The three terminal voltage regulators
7812 provides regulated DC 12 v outputs for the operation of the circuit.

Circuit Diagram : (Motor Controller Sections) :

Circuit Diagram : (Motor Controller Sections)

Circuit Description : :

Circuit Description : The design is based on astable multivibrator IC1a. output is low for a period
determined by R1 and high for a period set by R2 and P1. When C1 is discharged, the level at the
input of IC1a is below the lower threshold, so that the output of this stage is high. The capacitor
is then charged rapidly via D1 and R1, and reaches the upper threshold in about t = ln(2)RC =
ln(2).(22k).(100nf) =1.5 ms

Cont….. :

Cont….. As output of IC1a goes low, whereupon C1 is discharged via D2, R2, and P1. The
discharge time could be set between 0.2ms and 25ms. the duty factor of the output signal may be
varied between 5% and 90%. The signal is inverted again and then applied to the input of
transistor BC557 through 4k7. The transistor Bc557 act as a buffer which transfer electrical
impedance from one circuit to another circuit i.e. it act as a pre amplifier.

Cont… :

Cont… The o/p of Bc557 is given to the power transistor 2N3055 which is used in a circuit as an
amplifier, detector, or switch. The diode connected across the motor is for freewheeling purpose
i.e. the diode used to eliminate flyback, the sudden voltage spike seen across an inductive load
when its supply voltage is suddenly reduced or removed. The resistance of P1(Potentiometer) is
at a minimum, the rotary speed of the motor is at a maximum.

Advantage : :
Advantage : PWM duty cycle control techniques enable greater efficiency of the DC motor .
PWM switching control methods improve speed control and reduce the power losses in the
system. The pulses reach the full supply voltage and will produce more torque in a motor by
being able to overcome the internal motor resistances more easily.

Disadvantages : :

Disadvantages : The main Disadvantages of PWM circuits are the added complexity and the
possibility of generating radio frequency interference . It can give speed below the full speed, not
above. It cannot be used for fast controlling of speed.

Applications : :

Applications : Traction application Conveyor Belt carrying loads Various motors requiring
smooth speed control DC motors of all range can be controlled, which are used for the
production of materials Electric locomotives DC motor using precise job preparations

Conclusion :

Conclusion The present project is practical one and high feasibility according to economic point
of view, reliability & accuracy. It is programmable one therefore it can control various motors
ranging small one to several hp motors.