Zolai Gelhmaan Bu 1 (10 NOV 10 WED) PDF A-1a

Zolai Gelhmaan
Laigelhsate Kaihkhopna
Bu Khatna
Zolai Grammar
A Collection of Papers
Volume I
By Taang Zomi
Mailam-a hong suak lai dingte:1
Zolai Gelhmaan, Bu II (Zolai Grammar, Volume II)
Zomi Ngeina Pawlkhat (Some Points in Zomi Culture)
Zokam Awneenbulthu le Awbulthu (Zokam Phonetics and

Phonemics)
1 Laibu minte pen, a hun taktak ciangin, a tuamdang zong hong hi thei ding
hi.
Zolai Gelhmaan
Bu Khatna
Zolai Grammar
Volume I
By Taang Zomi
Published in commemoration of the J. H.
Cope Centennial Jubilee
(1910-2010)
Circulation of this book is restricted to

members of Zomi community
A publication of Zomi Linguistics Research Group
Sponsored by Zomi Innkuan Singapore
Distributed by Zomi Christian Literature Society

Copyright Page
Zolai Gelhmaan, Bu Khat
Zolai Grammar, Volume One
Copyright © 2010 by Taang Zomi

The author asserts the moral right to be identified as the
author of this work.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in

any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without written permission from the author, except for the inclusion of brief
quotations in a review.
Please contact the author at:

ZolaiGelhmaan@gmail.com
ZokamLinguistics@gmail.com
First Edition: November 2010

First Printing: November 2010
Printed in Yangon, Myanmar
This is a co-operative effort of Zomi Linguistics Research Group, Zomi

Innkuan Singapore, Zomi Christian Literature Society, and individuals who
are interested in, and concerned about, the improvement of the written
language of the Zomi.
The author has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of residential

addresses and URLs for external or third party internet websites referred to
in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such website is, or
remain, accurate or appropriate.
Colophon
Writing and manuscript building:
Manuscript preparation: OpenOffice.org Writer 3.2.1
Typesetting:
Body text: Times New Roman
Body text (some): Comic Sans MS, Lucida Sans Unicode, CharisSIL,
Couriet New, Arial, Curlz MT, Zawgyi-One
Prepress:
Editing: Tg. Pau Cin Thang
Proofreading:
Book design: Tg. Pau Cin Thang
Typography:
Production using OpenOffice.org Writer 3.2.1
Cover Design: Tg. Nang Sawm Piang
Book consultants: Tg. Raymond Pau Lian Mang, Tg. Nang Sawm Piang
Conversion: OpenOffice.org Writer to PDF, and PrimoPDF
Printing:
Offset printing done in Yangon, Myanmar by
Shwe Sabai Sarpay,
368 First Floor (Right), Maha Bandoola Park Street (Upper),
Kyauktada Township,
Yangon;
Phone: 95-1-377861; Mobile: 01 73031557
Paper: 60 gsm
Cover: 10 pt C1S, four-color, lay-flat gloss film lamination
Binding: Perfect-bound (adhesive, softcover)
Book publication:
Zomi Linguistics Research Group, Atlanta, GA, USA
Book sponsoring:
Zomi Innkuan Singapore, Singapore
Book distribution:
Zomi Christian Literature Society, Kalaymyo, Sagaing Division,
Myanmar
Zolai Gelhmaan
A Sung-a Om Thute
Table of Contents
Copyright Page ..........................................................4
Colophon.....................................................................5
A Sung-a Om Thute....................................................7
Acknowledgments ....................................................11
Thumasa (Foreword):..............................................15
Kohnop Lungdamhuai Thu............................................15
By Rev. Dr. Tg. S.Pau Khan En .................................15
Thupatna (Introduction):........................................19
Hih Laibu A Kibawlna A Hang, A Kibawl Zia, cihte....19
Zolai Gelhziate Pawlkhat ........................................23

Thupatna: Zolai Telkan Un! ..........................................23
Pawfi Zatna (The Use of the Apostrophe) .....................24
Thupatna ....................................................................24
Theihding Bulpite (Basic Rules) ...............................25
Namkhenna (Classification) ......................................27
Khawknote (Sections) ................................................29
Thukhupna (Conclusion) ...........................................55
Nungthuap (Appendix): Theih thak ...........................56
Noun Pian’sakna (Formation of Nouns) .......................56
Page 7 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Theih Masak Dingte ..................................................57
Theihding Bulpite (Basic Rules) ...............................58
Malgawm leh Awsuah Kiheel Lo-a Noun Pian’sakna
....................................................................................59
Malgawm Kikheel Lo-a Awsuah Bek Kikheel-a Noun
Pian’sakna ..................................................................61
Malgawm leh Awsuah Kikheel-a Noun Pian’sakna ...63
Thukhupna: Hih Lai (Article) Tawh Kisai) ..................73
Zolai Bulpite Pawlkhat ...........................................75

Thupatna: Zolai It Un! ...................................................75
Tat-Huh Pian’sakna ........................................................77
Awbul Tawh Kisai Theih-Huai Pawlkhat .....................83
(Some Points on Phonemes) ...........................................83
Thukhupna: Ngaihsutna Hong Pia Un .........................90
Manglai leh Zolai-a Ih Khialh Khaak Pahpahte

Pawlkhat....................................................................91
Mun-awng (Space) .................................................101
1. Khialhna (Error)........................................................101
2. Computer leh Word Processing Program zangh-a lai
gelhna..............................................................................102
3. Punctuation Mark-te.................................................104
4. Mun-awng (Space) koih zia.......................................105
Tomlaakna (Abbreviation).....................................117
Tomlaak (Abbreviation) zat zia....................................119
Comma, Semicolon, Colon, Dash, Period leh Space

Zat Zia Pawlkhat....................................................127
Bang Kammalte Kinaaisak Ding? (1)...................145
Page 8 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
A. Thupatna....................................................................145
1. Thu Masa..............................................................145
2. Khialhna (Error)....................................................146
3. Computer leh Word Processing Program zangh-a lai
gelhna........................................................................148
B. Bang Kammalte Kinaaisak Ding?...........................149
C. Nungthuap (Appendix).............................................162
Zomi Polysyllabic Words..........................................162
Magazine Bawlna-a Zat Zia Pawlkhat.................171
Malgawm Zia pawlkhat.................................................171
Min malgawm zia.....................................................171
Beh min malgawm zia..............................................172
Khua min malgawm zia............................................172
Minam min malgawm zia.........................................173
Kammal Kinaaisak zia leh Kihalsak zia......................173
Zat zia pawlkhat.............................................................176
A Nostalgic Small Piece of Zolai Grammar.........179

Zolai Gelhmaan Bulpi Pawlkhat...........................191
Gelhmaan (Grammar) Telkan (Research) Ka Bawl
Dan...........................................................................199
I am Proud of Being a Zomi..................................201
Tedim Labu a Lui le a Thak Etkaakna Tawmno
(01)...........................................................................205
Noun pen Capital Letter tawh Gelh Ding Vai le
Zolai Vai Tuamtuam...............................................215
Awmung Nih Kithuap le Pawfi Zatna..................219
Awmung Nih Kithuap le Pawfi Zatna – 2............223
Page 9 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Zolai Vai Pawlkhat le Zokam Tone Vai................229
Tone Marks for Zolai................................................235
Diagrams.........................................................................237
Tables...............................................................................238
Title Suan’na, Degree Suan’na, Apostrophe Zatna,

etc.............................................................................243
Zomi Mimal Minnote Vai.......................................257
Zomi Mimal Minte.................................................261
Minpite............................................................................261
Minnote...........................................................................265
Zolai Awbulte..........................................................267
Index........................................................................281
Thu Ciaptehna........................................................287
Page 10 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Acknowledgments
I would like to express my thanks:
1. To YHWH Elohim ([‫ ]יהוה אלהים‬or [‫ים‬O‫ לה‬Q‫ה א‬M‫הו‬N ‫)]י‬

for enabling me to play a small role in the maintenance and
improvement of Zolai;
2. To the late Rev. Dr. Joseph Herbert Cope, for reducing

Zokam to Roman script and for educating Zomi people;
3. To my father’s second cousin, the late Rev. Tg. Sukte T. Hau

Go, for translating many hymns and booklets into Zolai; and
To Rev. Dr. Tg. Kam Khaw Thang, for translating The Child's
Story Bible by Catherine F. Vos (Lai Siangtho Tangthu Naupang
T’a), the reading of which launched me into studying the Bible,
and for translating the whole Bible;
4. To my father, the late Pastor-General Tg. Thang Za Kam (Tg.

Kampu), for teaching me one of the most fundamental — yet
one of the most neglected and ignored — elements of alphabetic
writing: placing a sufficient amount of space between two
words in handwriting, and placing one space between two
words in typing; and
To my late maternal grandfather, Sia Tg. Pau Za Dongh (Tg.

Donghkawi), for teaching me punctuation when I was in the
fourth standard (primary school);
5. To my mother, Lia Niang Za Dim (Lia Dimno), for teaching

me Lesson 1 of Zolai Sim Bu Tan Khat (“Ka dah mah mah”,
etc.) on the first morning before school where I was to study
Zolai for the first time. (Zolai was not taught in my kindergarten
Page 11 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
class in the mission school I attended the previous year.);
6. To my third cousin, the late Sia Tg. S. L. Hang Khan Pau (Tg.
Paupu), for teaching me diligence in handwriting, spelling,
punctuation and pronunciation in my fifth standard (middle
school); and
To my maternal uncle, Sia Tg. Kam Khen Cin, for encouraging

me to be proficient in English by buying me the The Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, one of the best
dictionaries in the world for students;
7. To Rev. Dr. Tg. Simon Enno (Tg. Pau Khan En), for inviting
me to attend the founding meeting of Zomi Christian Literature
Society (ZCLS), and to participate in its research activities; and
To Rev. Tg. Paul Thuam Thang, for encouraging me to delve

into research on Zolai, especially on tones and tone sandhi, and
share the findings of my research, and for allowing me (along
with him) to represent ZCLS to other organizations;
8. To the late Siapi Tg. Vul Za Thang, and
To the late Sia Tg. J. Gin Za Twang,
for inspiring me — by compiling Chin English Dictionary

(Tiddim-Chin) — to study tones in our language;
9. To My brother-in-law, Lt.-Col. (Dr.) Tg. Kam Khan Thawng,

and
To my doctoral mentor, Rev. Dr. Colin Brown (professor of

systematic theology, director of the Center for Advanced
Theological Studies, and associate dean of the School of
Theology, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California,
USA),
Page 12 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
for inspiring me to greater diligence, meticulousness, and

consistency in reading and writing;
10. To Tg. Pau Lian Nun (Tg. Nunpi) for giving me many of his
books and magazines for use in my research;
11. To Tg. Michael Suan Lian Pau for implementing the

principles of punctuation written in this book;
12. To Rev. Tg. Go Khan Pau (Fort Lauderdale, Florida),
To Tg. Thang Khaw Pau (Cumming, Georgia), and
To Tg. Sing Pi (Clarkston, Georgia)
for willingly and proactively letting me use their computers;
13. To my son Tg. Kam Sian Tung (Tg. Tungpi) for helping me
acquire my own laptop computer;
14. To Tg. Tual Khan Suan (USA),
To Tg. Disciple Kap Sian (Sianpu) (Malaysia),
To Tg. Paul Khaipu (Australia), and
To Tg. Joshua Gin Khaw Mang Shoute (Canada)
for encouraging me to write this kind of paper and this kind of

book;
15. To My brother, Tg. Raymond Pau Lian Mang (Tg.

PLMangno), and
To brother-in-law, Tg. Nang Sawm Piang, for helping me in
Page 13 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
printing and publishing this book;
16. To Zomi Innkuan Singapore, for financially sponsoring me

in pubslishing this book; and
To Zomi Christian Literature Society, for taking the

responsibility of distributing this book;
and
17. To friends and family, and fellow language lovers, far and
near.
Taang Zomi
13 SEP 10 MON
Page 14 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Thumasa (Foreword):
Kohnop Lungdamhuai Thu

By Rev. Dr. Tg. S. Pau Khan En
Pasian’ bawlsa hih i leitung ah minam khat-a i pian’ nak

leh paulehaam nei tek hi hang. Tua i pau i haamte mah tawh
thupi lapi suutin thucin’ thutang i gen a, i lungsimte genkhia-in
mihingte i kizom hi. A mual a guam leh teen’na giahna
kilamdan’na, kigamlatna hangin paulehaam a cih nam tampi
hong pha-in hong khangtoto, hong tam seemseem hi. Tua
paulehaam kilamdan’na in minam tampi hong phasak-in hong
kaaktoto hi.
Paulehaam a manthan’loh nadingin minam khangto

masa ahi Babylon mite, Egypt mite cih bangin a khangkhangin
lai na pankhia uh a, lai na nei tek uh hi. Tua a patkhiatte uh na
gina zo pah saam lo-in tungman tungah lim peuhin suai-in na
ciamteh uh hi. Tuate panin savun tung leh pumpeng tung ah na
gelh uh a, pau panin lai-in a bawl uh hi.
Minam dangte mah bangin ei Zosuan tate in zong pau i

nei, haam i nei hi. Tua paulehaamte tawh i khang tangthute i
suut a, la-in phuakin paunakin i thute i ciing hi. Lai kici i nei kei
hi. Ahi zongin Zosuan tate adinga Tedim tual ah hong bual masa
Tuiphum Sangmang Rev. Dr. Joseph Herbert Cope-te nupa in
lai hong patkhiatsak uh hi. I hamphat mahmahna khat ah minam
pawlkhatte’ aa bangin tualsung laimal hong zatsak lo-in leitung
bup-a kizang Zawmah laimal (Roman alphabet) hong zatsak
pah ek a, leitung bup tawh manlang takin a kalsuan khawm thei
i suak pah hi. Hampha kisa ing!
Page 15 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Ahi zongin tua Sangmang Cope topa’ hong patsak laite

zangin thupi lapi i gelh ciangin laigelhzia ding hong kisam a,
bulphuhzawk ding i neihloh manin eimau’ ut bangin i gelh
ziazua hi. I gelhziate kibang lo hi. Kilamdang hi. A sintuam a
siamtuam om k’hang, ci-in eimau’ atzia tek maanpeen hoihpeen
sa-in i din’pih tentan thong hi. Tua bangin pai toto mawk lehang
laikip laikho i nei thei ngei kei ding hi.
Hih bang hun lian laitakin paulelai lamah Pasian in

siamtuamna a piak Rev. Pau Cin Thang (Sia Thangbawi) in a
hun a phaat leh a siamna neihtawp zangin Zolai Gelhmaan cih
laibu hong suahkhiat ciangin Pasian in Zosuan tate dong hong
hukna hi, ka cih pah hi. Amau unau pen paulehaam leh
laigelhzia lamah Pasian in pian’pih siamna, uukna leh veina a
guatte uh hi a, hih laigelhzia bawl dingin muan’lah dingte hi lo
uh hi. Uuk uh hi. Vei uh hi. Kan beh uh hi. I minam bup
aadingin i go i gamhpi ding khat hong bawlsaksak ahi hi.
Zosuan tate’ lai ding hong bawlsak Sangmang Cope

topate hong tun’ leh Zolai i neih kum zakhat (1910-2010) a cin’
kum kekkek-a hih Zolai Gelhmaan laibu hong suah theih,
Zosuan tate bup aadingin a lungdamhuai bel ahi hi. I nuam hi. I
kipaak hi. Hih laibu hong bawlkhia Sia Thangbawi leh laibu
hong suahkhiat nadinga a seppih a bawlpihte, a thuthu a
lamlam-a a pan’pih i sanggam itte tungah Zosuan tate bup in
lungdam thu i ko hi. Kammal zakhat leh laimal khat kikim cih
Kawl paunak khat om hi. Tua hi a, hih laigelhzia laibu zangin i
minam sungah laigelh siam tampi hong pian’ nading, laibu
tampi suahkhia-a thumaan thutak tawh a nungta Zosuan tate i
hih nadingin Van Pasian kiangah thu ka ngenngen hi.
Tung Pasian in hih laibu a gelhte, a pian’zawh nadinga a

munmun a ciangciang pan-a a pan’pihte, a lei a simte leh a zang
ding Zosuan tate khempeuh thupha hong pia ta hen! Tua mah
bangin Tung Pasian mahmah in hih laibu leh a sunga om thute
Page 16 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
humopin thupha pia henla, laigelh mi khempeuh’ lungsim
khoihin laigelh lai-at a siam mi tampi hong pholhkhia-in Ama’
minthan’ nadingin hong zatsak hoh hen, ci-in ka thu ka khum hi.
Kipak takin,
Rev. Tg. S. Pau Khan En, Ph.D.

Pastor
Tedim Baptist Church – Yangon
June 2, 2010
Page 17 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Page 18 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
08 SEP 10 WED
Thupatna (Introduction):
Hih Laibu A Kibawlna A Hang, A

Kibawl Zia, cihte
1. 1968 kum pawl-a a kibawl Zomi sangnaupang magazine khat

ka sim ciangin, khialhna tampi om-a, khialh khaak pakte bek hi
lo-in, theih loh man-a khialhnate zong kihel hi, cih ka mu hi.
Tua ahih manin, article gelh leng, kei mahmah coypeditor ka
hih ciang, a’ihke’h proofreader ka hih ciang bekin, magazine-ah
puak ka sawm hi. Tua khialhna tuamtuamte ka muhna hangin,
Zolai gelh zia a maan thu, ka gelh nopna lungsim hong piang-a,
“Zolai Gelhziate Pawlkhat” cih article khat gelh ka kipan hi.
Editor ka sepna, Chin Magazine 1973-74 sungah ka suaksak hi.
2. 2000 kum-in ZoNet (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/zomi/)

hong kiphuat ciang leh, tua khit-in yahoogroup tuamtuam hong
kiphuat ciangin, lai kigelh ziahziah-a, tampi tak khial hi.
Leitung pilna saang pipi a neite nangawn in punctuation zatna
ciang nangawn maan tak-a hong zat theih loh uh ciangin, veiina
ka nei-a, tua yahoogroup-te-ah, Zolai gelh zia pawlkhat ka gelh
hi.
3. Laibu khat ka bawl ding a deih lawm le gualte’ hanthotna

tungtawn-in hih laibu k’ong bawl hi.
4. Hih laibu pen, magazine-te-a a kisuaksaksate le Zomite’

yahoogroup-te-a a kisuaksak khinsate kaihawm-a, a kibawl ahi
hi.
Page 19 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
5.1 A thu a khial kha tawmtawm longal, ahi bang lian-in
kisuaksak hi.
Gentehna-in, ka laigelhna pawlkhat-ah “ih” (“ih gam ih lei”) ci-

in ka zangh-a, pawlkhat-ah “i” (“i gam i lei”) ci-in ka zangh hi.
[Word processing progam-ah, “i” (small letter) i khet ciangin,
“I” (capital letter) hong suak hi. Tua ahih manin, “ih” ka zangh
hi. Tu-in, “i” (small) ka khet ciangin, “I” (capital letter) a suak
lo dingin, bawl thei ta ka hih manin, “i” ka zangh kik hi.] Tuate
pen, ka gelh laitak-a bang lian-in, hih laibu sung-ah kitei kik hi.
Tua bangmah-in, pawlkhat-ah “leh” (“and”) ka ci-a, pawlkhat-
ah “le” (“and”) ka ci hi.
5.2 Pawlkhat-ah, ka gelh masa-te, a hi bang lian-in la leng, ka

gelh nunung-te tawh kikhentel thei lo thei-in lungsim buaina a
piang kha thei ding om hi. Tuate pen, a nunung lam-a ka gelh
dan-in ka puah hi.
Gentehna-in, 1970-1980 lai-in vowel pen “lai-aw” ka ci-a, tu

(2006-2010) ciangin, “laimung” ka ci hi. Nidang-a “lai-aw” ka
cihna mun teng-ah “laimung” ci-in ka kheel hi. Tua bangmah-
in, tua lai-in, phoneme pen “awmal” ka ci hi. Tu-in, syllable pen
“awmal” ci ka hih manin, phoneme pen “awmal” ci lai leng,
buai huai ahih manin, phoneme pen “awbul” ka ci hi. Tua ahih
manin, tua hun lai-a phoneme pen “awmal” ci-a ka gelh pen, hih
laibu sung-ah “awbul” ci-in, ka laih hi.
6. Ka laigelhte pawlkhat pen, mi pawlkhatte’ laigelhte ka dawn’

kikna ahi hi. Tua munte-ah, amau’ laigelhte, ka suaksak (quote)
hi. Tua bangte-ah, amau’ gelh bang lian-in, ka suaksak hi. Kei’n
maan ka sak bang, hi lo hi.
7. Yahoogroup-te-ah lai ka gelh ciangin, a sim mite in baihno

tak-a a tel pah theih nading-un, a khial kammalte pen a san (red
font) tawh ka lak-a, a khial ka bawlphatna pen vanmeel (blue
font) tawh ka lak hi.
Page 20 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Laibu-a i bawl ding ciangin, color tuamtuam om leh sum tam

bei-a, black and white bek hi leh, sum tawm bei hi. Tua ahih
manin, red font teng pen Comic Sans MS Bold Italic tawh ka
laih-a, blue font pen Times New Roman Bold Italic tawh ka
laih hi.
8. Color zatna a dangdangte zong, hih laibu bawlna-a a kizang

font (Times New Roman) ahi lo font dangdang tawh ka laih hi.
Color a nei lim (drawing; figure)-te pen, bold line, dotted line,
broken line, dashed line, etc. tawh ka laih hi.
9. Teen’na mun (residential address), website URL cihte zong,

ka gelh hun-a ka gelh bang lian-in, hih laibu sung-ah kigelh hi.
Tampi tak, maan nawn lo ding hi.
10. Laibu khat peuh i bawl ciangin, laigelhpa a khialh khakna

om thei tawntung hi. Press pan-in zong kikheen khial thei lai hi.
Tua ahih manin, khialhna na muh uh leh, hih a nuai-a munte-ah,
n’ong zaaksak ding uh, k’ong thuum hi.
Second edition-ah a maan zaw-in i bawl ding hi.
11. Hih laibu pen, Zolai a thei nai lo khat in a theih nading
ngimna tawh a gelh ka hi kei-a, a thei khinsa khat in a maan-a a
theih nading ngimna tawh a gelh, ka hi hi. Zolai Tan IV ciang a
zo khin-a Kawllai le Manglai a kilawm ciang khat a thei khin
(high school a’ihk’eh college a zo khin)-te’ aading-a ka gelh,
ahi hi.
12. Hih laibu pen, a sim nop ding, a zaak nop ding-in, ka gelh
kei-a, a maan, a kician a kitheih nadingin ka gelh hi. Beautiful
Page 21 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Zolai dingin ka gelh kei-a, Correct Zolai dingin, ka gelh hi.
13. A zaak nop ding-a a kigelh hi lo, ngaihsut ding le sin (study)
ding-a a kigelh ahih man-in, sim (read) ziau lo-in, laidal le
laikung zangh-in, ciapteh ding, sin ding, ahi hi. Computer a
zanghte in, computer mai-ah tu pah-in, kisin (practise) ding, ahi
hi. Tua hi kei leh, tel mun meel om lo-in, lai sim thaman om lo
thei ding hi.
14. Topa Pasian in, hih laibu tungtawn-in, Zolai a maan-in gelh
theihna hong piangsak hen.
Page 22 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Grammar & Linguistics:
Zolai Gelhziate Pawlkhat2
Khenpi I (Part I)
Thupatna: Zolai Telkan Un!
Mahatma Gandhi in, “Lai a nei lo minam a om leh
mangthang ding hi,” ci hi. Tua ahih leh ei Zomite i mangthang
ding hiam? Kimangthang lo ding hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh,
ei’n lai nei hi hang. Tua ahih leh, tua i lai neih a kicing hiam?
Kicing nai lo hi. A kicin’ na’ng-a tavuan nei kuate hiam?
Minam dangte hi lo-in, Zomite mah hi pah hi.
Tu hun laitak-in, leitung bup-a a kizang lai in Manglai ahi hi.

Leitung mun tuamtuam-ah Manglai a kisinna pen, Manglai-ah,
kammal leh zatna a kicin’ man ahi hi. Tua bang-a a kicin’
na’ngin Mangkangte in na hanciam uh hi.
Kammal i hauh theih na’ngin lampi tuamtuam om hi. Tuate

in:
(1) A omsa i lai, kepcingna (preservation)

(2) A kimangngilh khinsate phot (phong) kikna (revival)
(3) A om nai lo kammalte, phuat thakna (invention or
coinage)
(4) Minam dangte’ kammalte, ei’ aa suahsakna (adoption)
2 Tg. Pau Cin Thang, “Zolai Gelhziate Pawlkhat,” Rangoon Universities

Chin Literature and Culture Subcommittee Annual Magazine (1973-
1974), Rangoon: Rangoon Universities Chin Literature and Culture
Subcommitte, 1974, Tedim Section, pp.12-26
Page 23 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
(5) I neihsa laite, khan’tohsakna leh lim tak-a kepna
(development and nurture)
cih bangte ahi hi.
Zolai a khan’toh theih na’ngin, Zolai i telkan ding kisam hi.

Zomi i hih pen, zumna-in nei lo-in, ei’ pau, ei’ lai zong neu
ngaihsut lo ding hi hang. A khangto gam a kici peuhmah in,
amau’ lai, paampaih lo-in, a puah theih zah-un puah uh hi. Ei
zong i gam i khan’tohsak nop leh, Zolai telkan-in, puah ni.
Khenpi II
Pawfi Zatna (The Use of the
Apostrophe)
Khawkpi I (Chapter I)
Thupatna
Manglai bek-ah hi lo-in, Zolai-ah zong, Kamzepna
(Punctuation) i nei hi. Tua Kamzepnate (Punctuations) in, lai i
atna-ah, i cihnopna hong kicingsak hi; hong kilangsak hi; hong
kitelsak hi. Tua ahih manin, kamzepnate in, thu a pawlcingsak,
a zeem, a puah hong suak hi. Kamzepna om lo-in, lai i at leh, i
cihnopna kitel lo ding hi. Theih pak na’ngin gen ni ci leeng, lai i
atnate-ah, kamtawpna (full stop) zang kei leeng, bang suak-in
na um hiam? Kamtawpna in zong kamzepnate sungah khat ahi
hi.
Kamzepnate sungah, kamkhawlna (comma), kamhon’na

(open quotation mark), kamkhakna (closed quotation mark),
tawpna (full stop), kamkhenna (hyphen), kamdotna (question
mark or interrogation point), diipkuatna (exclamation point),
kualhon’ (open bracket), kualkhak (closed bracket), pawfi
(apostrophe), colon, semicolon, lamgiit (dash), lai-awn (oblique
stroke or virgule), aksi (star mark or asterisk)-a kipan, Zolai-a i
Page 24 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
zat ngei khol loh, a dang zong pawlkhat om lai hi.
Zolai-ah mantak-a i zat theih zawk deuh kamzepnate in,

kawmtawpna, kamkhawlna, kamhon’na, kamkhakna, leh
kamdotna-te ahi hi. A dang a om lai teng ahih leh, mantak-in
kizang thei nai lo hi. Tua ahih manin, hih kamzepnate koici
kizat hiam, i telkan (research) ding kul hi. Zolai-a i neih khol
loh ahi: Acute Accent, Grave Accent, Circumflex, Tilde,
Macron, Breve, Diaeresis, Cedilla, Caret, Brace, Ellipsis, Single
Dagger, Double Dagger, Section or Numbered Clause, Parallels,
Paragraph, Index or Fist, Asterism cihte pawl pen, tu-in i kikum
nai kei phot ding hi.
Tu-in hih san tak-ah, kamzepnate sung panin, Pawfi

(Apostrophe) zatna hong ki-at hi. I theihna, i ciaptehna leh i
zatnate, kibang kim khol lo kha ding hi. Tu-a pen i kipatciilna
ahih manin, hih sung-a hong ki-atte a man vive hi, cihna om lo
hi. Hong pai lai ding hunte-ah, Zolai a telkan (research) nuam
mi khat a om leh, tua pa’ etteh (reference) dingin, kimang kha
ding, cih lametna tawh, hong ki-at hi bek hi.
Tu-a hong ki-at “Pawfi Zatna” in Zolai Grammar laibu i neih

zawh hun ciangin, sehno khat-a kiman’na hong neih zawh leh, i
telkan (research) thaman hong om ding hi; a telkan taak mah
hong suak ding hi. Zogam-ah Thucing (Encyclopedia),
Dictionary, Grammar Book cihte i nei zo nai kei hi. Hih bang
laibu thupite i neih zawh na’ngin, khat guak’ tha tawh hi lo,
vekpi’ tha tawh, i sep ding kisam hi. Tua bang hun hong tun’
ciang-a a nuamtuam dingin, i kaikhawm khol ding hi. Inn i lam
nop leh, a sing a suang i kaihkhop masak ding kul hi.
Khawkpi II
Theihding Bulpite (Basic Rules)
1. Pawfi (Apostrophe) pen kammal (word) khat ahih kei leh
kammalte sung-a om laimal (letter) khat ahih kei leh laimalte’
Page 25 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
taangin, kizang hi.
(The Apostrophe is used to show the omission of a letter or
letters from a word or words.)
Khawkno I pan XLVII en in.
Gt. (1) mite in = mite’n

(2) ka hong = k’ong
(3) nading = na’ng
(4) hangna = han’na
2. Pawfi pen nimit (date) khat sung-a om simmal (figure)

khat ahih kei leh simmalte’ taangim, kizangh hi.
(The Apostrophe is used to show the omission of one or more
figures from a date.)
Khawkno XLVIII en in.
Gt. 1966 = ’66

1974 = ’74
3. Pawfi pen Neihsa Genna (Genitive Case)-ah kizang hi.

(The Apostrophe is used in the Genitive Case of Nouns or
Pronouns.)
Khawkno XI, XX, XXV, XXXVI, leh XXXVIII en in.
Gt. (1) Amah ii ta = Ama’ ta

(2) Nang ii thu = Nang’ thu
(3) Makaipa ii sepna = Makaipa’ sepna
4. Pawfi pen Neihsa Alak Kammalte (or) Neihsa Min-huhte

(Possesive Adjectives)-ah kizang LO hi.
Page 26 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
(The Apostrophe is NOT attached to the Possessive Adjectives.)
Khawkno XXXVIII en in.
Gt. (1) Ka inn

(2) I lo
(3) Na thu
5. Pawfi pen Neihsa Min-huhte (Possessive Adjectives) sung

pan, “A”, “Ko”, leh “No”-te-ah, kizang veve hi.
(The Apostrophe is exceptionally attached to the Possessive
Adjectives such as “A”, “Ko”, and “No”.)
Khawkno XXXVIII en in.
Gt. (1) Ama’ laibu = A’ laibu

(2) Koma’ inn = Ko’ inn
(3) Noma’ an = No’ an
Khawkpi III
Namkhenna (Classification)
Hih “Pawfi Zatna” limtak-a, a telkan (research) nuam ta
ding-a, a nuam tuam dingin, Khawkno (Section) sawmli leh giat
(48)-in hong kikhen hi. Tua Khawknote in a nuai-a bang ahi hi.
01 Laimal “-a” taang-a zatna

02 Laimal “-a-” taang-a zatna
03 Laimal “(-a)(h-)” taang-a zatna
04 Laimal “ah-” taang-a zatna
05 Laimal “-ai” taang-a zatna
Page 27 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
06 Laimal “-ang” taang-a zatna
07 Laimal “(-ang)(hi)” taang-a zatna
08 Laimal “-angin-” taang-a zatna
09 Laimal “-di-” taang-a zatna
10 Laimal “-e” taang-a zatna
11 Laimal “(-e)(ii)” taang-a zatna
12 Laimal “-eh” taang-a zatna
13 Laimal “-ei” taang-a zatna
14 Laimal “-g” taang-a zatna
15 Laimal “-gi-” taang-a zatna
16 Laimal “-gin-” taang-a zatna
17 Laimal “-h” taang-a zatna
18 Laimal “h-” taang-a zatna
19 Laimal “-h-” taang-a zatna
20 Laimal “(-h)(ii-)” taang-a zatna
21 Laimal “-hi” taang-a zatna
22 Laimal “hi-” taang-a zatna
23 Laimal “(-h)(hi-)” taang-a zatna
24 Laimal “(-h)(i-) taang-a zatna
25 Laimal “-ha-” taang-a zatna
26 Laimal “i-” taang-a zatna
27 Laimal “-i” taang-a zatna
28 Laimal “-i-” taang-a zatna
29 Laimal “(-i))(he-)” taang-a zatna
30 Laimal “(-i)(i-)” taang-a zatna
31 Laimal “(-i)(l-)” taang-a zatna
Page 28 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
32 Laimal “-i-a-” taang-a zatna
33 Laimal “-i-i-” taang-a zatna
34 Laimal “-ih” taang-a zatna
35 Laimal “ii” taang-a zatna
36 Laimal “(ii)(i-)” taang-a zatna
37 Laimal “-imi-” taang-a zatna
38 Laimal “(-mah)(ii)” taang-a zatna
39 Laimal “-ng” taang-a zatna
40 Laimal “-ng-” taang-a zatna
41 Laimal “(-ng)(a)” taang-a zatna
42 Laimal “-ng-a” taang-a zatna
43 Laimal “-ng-a-” taang-a zatna
44 Laimal “(-ng)(ah-) taang-a zatna
45 Laimal “-ng” “-h” taang-a zatna
46 Laimal “(-ng) (hi-)” taang-a zatna
47 Laimal “u-” taang-a zatna
48 Laimal Nambat taang-a zatna
Khawkpi IV
Khawknote (Sections)
Khawkno I
“-a”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen, laimal “-a” taangin,

kizangh hi.
(1) Ka ong = K’ong
Page 29 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
(2) Na ong = N’ong
(3) Ka hong = K’hong (=K’ong)
(4) Na hong = N’hong (=N’ong)
(5) Ka eek = K’eek
(6) Na eek = N’eek
Nambat 3-ah, “K’hong” pen “Khong” hi lo-in, a’ awsuah

(pronunciation) pen “K’ong” mah hi veve hi. Tua mahbangin,
“N’hong” zong “N’ong” mah tawh a’ awsuah kibang hi.
Malgawm kilamdang hi bek hi.
SINNA
K’ong laibu piak na ngah hiam? N’ong gen thute ka na tel hi.
N’hong pai ding leh n’hong pai loh ding hong zasak in.
K’hong dawn ding hi.
K’eek va tha ning ei. Nang’n n’eek na tha nai maw leh?
Khawkno II
“-a-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-a-” taangin, kizangh

hi.
(1) Buk-ah = Buk’h

(2) Khua-ah = Khua’h
(3) Lak-ah = Lak’h
(4) Mun-ah = Mun’h
(5) Pua-ah = Pua’h
(6) Pute’ inn-ah = Pute’nn’h
(7) Sung-ah = Sung’h
(8) Hua-ah = Hua’h
Page 30 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Nambat 1, 3,4, 6, 7-te-ah, Pawfi i zat ciangin, awsuah kiheel

tuan lo hi. Nambat 2, 5, 8-te-ah, awsuah kikheel hi.
SINNA
Zogam pua’h kuate teeng hiam? I pute’nn’h (awsuah:
puteen) hawh ni. Zomite lak’h om in. Zolai sung’h a haksa
tampi tak om hi. A thadahte’ omna mun’h pai kei in.
Khawkno III
“(-a)(h-)”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “(a-)(h-)” taangin,

kizang hi.
(1) Ka hong = K’ong

(2) Na hong = N’ong
Hih pen Khawkno I mah tawh kibang hi. Tua ahih manin,
kamvui (sentence)-in zang leeng, Khawkno I mah tawh kibang
ding hi.
Khawkno IV
“ah-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “ah-” taangin, kizang

hi.
(1) Tua ahih = Tua’ih

(2) Tua ahih teh = Tua’ih teh
(3) Tua ahih ciangin = Tua’ih ciang’n
(4) Tua ahih hangin = Tua’ih hang’n
Nambat 3, 4-na-a “ciang’n”, “hang’n”-te’ zatna Khawkno

Page 31 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
XXVIII-ah en in.
SINNA
Zolai ka it hi; tua’ih teh ka telkan ding hi. Zolai i telkan kul hi;
tua’ih mahbangin Zolai Telkan Pawlpi, tha i piak kul hi. Zolai a
baih kei hi; tua’ih ciang’n i hahkat ding hi.
Khawkno V
“-ai”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-ai” taangin kizang

hi.
(1) Hong pai aw = Hong p’aw

(2) Hong pai o = Hong p’aw
Nambat 2na-a “o” pen “aw” mah tawh a kibangin, kila hi. Bang
hang hiam cih leh, a nih tuak-un, “p’aw” a suah khop man hi.
SINNA
Hong p’aw, lawm. Lawm, hong p’aw. Hong p’aw, an ne pak ni.
Khawkno VI
“-ang”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-ang” taangin, kizang

hi.
(1) Bang e? = B’e?
SINNA
A: “Zolai hong hilh sin.”

Page 32 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
B: “B’e?”
A: “Zolai hong hilh lecin.”
B: “Na ut zen taak. Limtakin hong hilh ning maw.”
A: “B’e? Hong gen kik sin.”
B: “Limtakin kei’n hong hilh ning; nang’n zong hahkat
mahmah in.”
Khawkno VII
“(-ang)(hi)”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “(-ang)(hi)” taangin,

kizang hi.
(1) Bang hi e? = B’e?
Khawno VI mah tawh kibang hi.
Khawkno VIII
“-angin-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen “-angin-” taangin, kizang hi.
(1) hangin-ah = h’ah

(2) sangin-ah = s’ah
SINNA
N’ong gen h’ah tel thei ke’ng. Na mawlmawl s’ah na seem zaw
ve.
Khawkno IX
“-di-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-di-” taangin, kizang

hi.
Page 33 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
(1) nading = na’ng
Hih mun-ah “nading” leh “-na ding” ci-in nam nih om thei-a,
thuhaksa (problem) piang thei zeel hi. Hihte geel, i telkan
(research) kul hi. I telkan nak leh, a man i mukhia ding hi.
(a) “nading” pen Tatna (verb) tawh kithuah hi.
“Nading” pen Manglai-a “to,” “in order to,” “that,” “in order
that,” “so that,” “so as to,” leh “for the purpose of” cihte pawl
ahi hi.
Gt. (1) Tui ka dawn na’ng thu hong pia in. (dawn = tatna)
(2) Hih thu ka dawn’ theih na’ng hun, ka ngah diam?
(dawng = tatna)
(3) Tua mun-a ka om theih na’ngin, hong vaihawmsak in.
(om = tatna)
(b) “-na ding” pen Min (Noun) tawh kithuah hi.
“-na ding” sung-a “-na” in, kammal khat pepeuh Min (Noun) a
suah theih na’ng-a kisam nungthuap (suffix) hi-a, “ding” in,
mailam hun kawkna-a kizang ahi hi.
Gt. (1) Ka omna ding om lo hi. (“omna” in mun (place) lak hi.)
(2) Ka paina ding hong lak in. (‘paina” in mun lak hi.)
(3) I tui dawnna ding koi lai hiam? (“dawnna” in mun lak
hi.)
Tua ahih ciangin, ciapteh dingin, “nading” bek-ah, pawfi kizang

thei-a, “-na ding”-ah a hih leh, kizang thei lo hi.
SINNA
Zomi i kip na’ngin Zolai i mangthangsak kei ding hi. Zolai a
kicin’ seemseem na’ngin, i telkan (research) ding hi. Tua bang i
ngimna a tangtun’ zawh na’ngin, khat leh khat i kihuh
Page 34 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
diamdiam ding hi.
Khawkno X
“-e”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen, laimal “-e” taangin, kizangh

hi.
(1) ve aw = v’aw
(2) mate aw = mat’aw
SINNA
Leengthei tui dawn v’aw, dal nelna a’i ve. I Zolai niam lai
mahmah veh aw mat’aw; ahih ke’h, nidang teh thupi mamah
saam na ve.
Khawkno XI
“(-e)(ii)”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “(-e)(ii)” taangin,

kizang hi.
(1) te ii a = t’a
Hih mun-ah “t’a” pen “ta” ci-in, pawfi om lo-in zong, ki-at thei
hi.
SINNA
Zolai pen kua t’a hiam? Zolai telkan t’a ding a noptuam dingin,
hih laibu i bawl hi. Zolai pen Zomi t’a hi.
Khawkno XII
“-eh”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-eh” taangin, kizang

Page 35 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
hi.
(1) veh aw = v’aw

(2) heh aw = h’aw
Khawkno X sung-a “v’aw” pen sawlna (command) bek-ah

kizang thei hi. Tu-a Khawkno XII-a “v’aw” pen genna
(statement) bek-ah kizang thei hi.Tua ahih ciangin, ciapteh
dingin, malgawm a kibat hangin, zatna kibang lo hi.
“H’aw” pen mi, na khat i piak teh kizang hi.
SINNA
I Zolai hong hoih seemseem v’aw. Mangkangte khawng,
Kawlte khawng in, amau’ lai ciat uh telkan-a puah uh ahih teh,
ei’n zong i puah ding kul hi v’aw.
H’aw, la o.
Khawkno XIII
“-ei”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-ei” taangin, kizang

hi.
(1) Pai kei aw = Pai k’awh

(2) Pai kei o = Pai k’awh
(3) Pai kei awh = Pai k’awh
(4) Pai kei oh = Pai k’awh
(5) Pai kei un = Pai k’on
(6) Pai kei ung = Pai k’ong
Hih mun-ah, “aw” leh “o” pen Khawkno V-a mahbangin, a

kibangin kila hi. Nambat 1-ah, “h” kibehlap hi. Bang hang hiam
Page 36 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
cih leh, Nambat 1 in Nambat 3 tawh a kibat man hi. Tua
mahbangin Nambat 2 leh Nanbat 4 kibang hi. Nambat 5-ah, “u”
leh “o” a kibangin, kila hi. Ahih hangin, “k’on” leh “k’ong” pen
Tedim kam taktak-ah kizang ngei lo hi. A thu (theory) bek suak
hi.
SINNA
Zolai tawh a ki-at laibu peuhmah thaangbawl k’awh. Zomite
sung-ah, “Note in khutdawh ngente na hi uh hi,” hong cite tawh
kikhawl k’on. Ko pai k’ong.
KHAWKNO XIV
“-g-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-g-” taangin, kizang

hi.
(1) Siangthona = Sian’thona

(2) Nungtana = Nun’taakna
(3) Deengna = Deen’na
(4) Thumangna = Thuman’na
Khawkno XV
“-gi-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah Pawfi pen “-gi-” taangin, kizang hi.
(1) dingin = din’n
SINNA
Bang din’n na neu lai-a Zolai sin lo na hiam? Neek din’n an
hong huan in.
Khawkno XVI
Page 37 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
“-gin-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen “-gin-” taangin kizang hi.
(1) dingin din’
Zatna leh ciaptehna pen Khawkno XV-a mah tawh kibang hi.
Malgawm tawmcik a kilamdang bek hi lel hi. Kamvui-a i zat
ciangin, “din’n” leh “din’” i deih zawkzawk zat ding ahi hi.
Ahih hangin zat dingin, Khawkno XV-a pen hoih zaw hi. Bang
hang hiam cih leh, Khawkno XVI-a pen kitelkhial thei ding hi;
pawfi pen bang taang-a ding (stand for) hi ding hiam, cih kitel
lo kha thei ding hi.
SINNA
Gen din’ bang na kiging hiam? Zolai sin din’ na lungngai hiam?
Khawkno XVII
“-h”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen “-h” taangin, kizang hi.
(1) Pai uh o! = Pai u’au!

(2) Uh hi = U’hi
(3) Uh leh = U’leh
Nambat 1-a om “o” pen “au” tawh a kibangin kila hi. Nambat 2-
ah, “u’hi” taangin, “uhi” ci-in pawfi om lo-in zong ki-at thei hi.
Nambat 3-ah zong “u’leh” taktak kizang ngei khol lo-a, “uh
leh” mah-in ki-at zaw hi. Nambat 2 leh 3 pen a thu (theory) bek
hi-a, kizangh taktak ngei khol lo hi.
SINNA
Tu’n Zolai telkan ta u’au leh. Bang thu teng gen na hi u’hiam?
Page 38 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Khawkno XVIII
“h-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “h-” taangin, kizang

hi.
1 Ka hi = Ka’i
2 Na hi = Na’i
SINNA
Kei, Siapi ka’i. Nang migi lua na’i. Kei’n Zolai telkan ka’i.
Khawkno XIX
“-h-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-h-” taangin, kizang

hi.
1 Hih-ah = Hi’ah
2 Uh-ah = U’ah
3 Ahi hia? = A’i hia?
4 tanghial = tang’ial (awsuah: ta-ngial)
SINNA
Hi’ah tu in la, pau kei in. Zolai na telkanna u’ah bang haksatna
om hiam? Zolai puah ding kisawm hi; tua a’ih teh, bangci puah
ding i hiam? Tu laitak-a a kigengen bang thu a’i de? Amah
tang’ial hong pai lo mawk maw?
Khawkno XX
“(-h)(ii)”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah Pawfi pen laimal “(-h)(ii)” taangin,

kizang hi.
Page 39 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
1 Amah ii = Ama’
2 Keimah ii = Keima’
3 Komah ii = Koma’
4 Kuamah ii = Kuama’
5 Nomah ii = Noma’
SINNA
Ama’ ankuang kitamsak ke’n. Keima’ thu na man’ kul hi.
Koma’ deihna khempeuh k’ong gen ding uh hi. Kuama’ thu-in
gamta kei in. Noma’ van tek na puak uh kul hi.
Khawkno XXI
“-hi”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-hi” taangin, kizang

hi.
1 Ahi hia? = A’ hia?
Hih pen “A hia?” ci-in, pawfi om lo-in, kizang zaw hi.
SINNA
Amah’n thu hong gen a’ hia? Zolai puah ding pen a hoih mah a’
hia?
Khawkno XXII
“hi-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “hi-” taangin, kizang

hi.
1 uh hiam? = uh’am? (u’am?)
Page 40 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Hih mun-ah “uh’am” pen “u ham”-in a’ aw suak lo-a, “uam”-in

a’ aw suak hi. Tua ahih manin, “uh’am” in “uam” tawh kibang
hi. “Uh’am” pen zat huai lo hi.
SINNA
Lai na sim uh’am? Zolai telkan na kipan zo uh’am?
Khawkno XXIII
“(-h)(hi-)”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “(-h)(hi-)” taangin,

kizang hi.
1 uh hiam? = u’am (=uam)
Zatna leh cihnopna pen Khawkno XXII-a mah tawh kibang hi;
malgawm tawmcik a kilamdang hi bek hi. Zat taktak dingin, tu-
a “u’am” mah hoih zaw hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, Khawkno
XXII-a “uh’am” pen, awsuah a tuamdang peuh-in kila kha thei
ding hi.
SINNA
Na khanglo nai u’am?
Khawkno XXIV
“(-h)(i-)”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “(-h)(i-)” taangin,

kizang hi.
1 Ne uh in = Ne u’n (=un)
2 Pai uh in = Pai u’n (=un)
Hih mun-ah, “u’n” leh “un” a nih tuak-in kizang thei

Page 41 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
khawmkhawm hi.
SINNA
Na seem u’n. Zolai telkan u’n. Zolai Telkan Pawlpi (Zolai
Research Society) phuankhia u’n.
Khawkno XXV
“-ha-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-ha-” taangin kizang

hi.
1 lehang = le’ng (aw sau)
“Ei” (First Person Plural in the Nominative Case) tawh zang

leeng, “le’ng” pen a’ aw sau hi. “Le’ng” pen “leeng” tawh a’
awsuah kibang hi. “Le’ng” leh “leeng” a nih tuak-in kizang thei
khawm hi.
SINNA
Na seem le’ng thaman i ngah ding hi. Hamciam le’ng
kitangtung ding hi.
Khawkno XXVI
“i-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “i-” taangin, kizang hi.
1 kei ing = ke’ng (aw tom)

2 ve ing = ve’ng (aw sau)
3 pai o ing = pai o’ng (Teizang)
4 pai taw ing = pai to’ng (Teizang)
5 pai o taw ing = pai o to’ng (Teizang)
Page 42 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
6 le ing = le’ng (aw tom)
7 kai in = kai’n (pull it)
8 kum in = kum in (climb down)
9 ta ing = ta’ng (aw tom)
10 pai in = pai’n (go)
11 khia in = khia’n
12 Kuamah = Kuamah’n
13 Keimah in = Keimah’n
14 tua thu in = tua thu’n
15 mite in = mite’n
16 Kei in = Kei’n (Keimah’n)
17 Nang = Nang’n (Nangmah’n)
18 Ei in = Ei’n (Eimah’n)
19 Ko in = K’on (Komah’n)
20 No in = No’n (Nomah’n)
“Lehang” pen tomsak leeng, “le’ng” suak hi, ci-in Khawkno

XXV sung-ah i gen zo hi. Hih Khawkno XXVI Nambat 6-ah “le
ing” pen tomsak leeng, “le’ng” mah suak veve-a, ahih hangin, a’
aw tom hi. A kitukalhgawp (confusing) loh na’ngin, a masa
“le’ng” pen “leeng” ci-in, “e” nih (double) tawh ki-at-a, a
nunung pen, “leng” ci-in “e” khatguak (single) tawh ki-at hi.
“Lo’ng” pen a masa (Khawkno XXV) pen-ah hi ta leh, a
nunung (Khawkno XXVI) pen-ah hi ta leh, theory bek hi-a,
pawfi om lo-in kizang zaw hi. “Leng”pen “kei” (First Person
Singular in the Nominative Case) tawh kizang hi.
“Ko’n” leh “No’n” (Nambat 19 leh 20) in zong theory bek mah
ahi hi. Nambat 8na-ah, “kum’n) pen sawlna (command) hi-a,
awsuah pen kiheel tuan lo hi. Nambat 7 leh 10-ah, “kai’n” leh
Page 43 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
“pai’n” in, “i” aw tawmtawm kihel-a ahih hangin kithei tham lo
hi.
Nambat 16-a om “Kei’n” pen, bawlpa (subject)-a i zat ciang-a

piang, ahi hi. “Kei’n” leh “ke’n” a kilamdan’na i theih kul hi.
“Ke’n” pen “Hih kei in,” ci-a khaamna (prohibition) ahi hi.
(Khawkno XXX en in.)
Nambat 17-na-ah, “Nang’n” pen, bawlpa (subject)-a i zat ciang-

a piang, ahi hi. Awsuah kikheelna om tuan lo hi. Nambat I-na-a
“ke’ng” tawh kisai, Khawkno XXX sung-ah en in.
SINNA
Zolai kicin’ ding ut lua ve’ng. Na tha enih zah-in, kai’n. Zogam
a khan’toh mu nuam lua si’ng. Innkhum tung pan manlangin
kum’n. Na khua’h va pai’n in la, sum va lawh in. N’ong laibu
khak ngah ta’ng. Nipi ni-in sumpi khia’n. Kuamah’n giitlohna
deih kei leh hoih ding hi. Ei’n lo mah kho ni. Ko’n bangnah
seem zo nai kei ung. No’n Zolai na telkan laitak uh maw?
Taangpi taangta’n bang ngaihsun hiam?
Khawkno XXVII
“-i”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen lamimal “-i” taangin, kizang

hi.
(1) ni ung n’ung (aw sau)
SINNA
Ko Zolai telkan ta n’ung. Lo kho ta n’ung.
Khawkno XXVIII
“-i-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-i-” taangin, kizang

Page 44 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
hi.
1 ciangin ciang’n
2 manin man’n
3 hangin hang’n
4 dingin ding’n
5 den-in den’n
6 tu-in tu’n
7 zan-in zan’n (night)
8 zan-in zan’n (yesterday)
9 hoih-in teh hoih’n teh
10 na-in teh na’n teh
11 kei-in teh ke’n teh
Nambat 11-na-a “ke’n” tawh kisai-in, Khawkno XXXIII en in.
SINNA
Zolai i telkan khit ciang’n, laibu-in bawl zo leeng, hoih’n teh,
ci-in i ngaihsut man’n, tu mahmah’n i hanciam ding kisam hi.
Tu’n i sep pah kei leh, hoih ke’n teh. Hong pian na’n teh, ci-a i
tuttut hang’n phattuamna om lo ding hi.
Khawkno XXIX
“(-i)(he-)”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “(-i)(he-)” taangin,

kizang hi.
1 thei het ke’ng the’t ke’ng
SINNA
Page 45 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Kei’n nang hong the’t ke’ng. Nang’n kei hong the’t lo maw?
Khawkno XXX
“(-i)(i-)”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “(-i)(i-)” taangin,

kizang hi.
1 kei ing ke’ng

2 kei in ke’n
Hih mun-ah “ke’n” pen khaamna-a a kizang ahi hi.
SINNA
Zogam peuhmah zuak nuam het ke’ng. Zolai simmawh bawl
peuhmah ke’ng. Kumpi thu nial ke’n. Nasep kipan nai ke’ng.
Khawkno XXXI
“(-i)(l-)”
Hih Kawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen, laimal “(-i)(l-)” taangin,

kizang hi.
(1) Ahih kei leh = Ahih ke’h
SINNA
Zolai i telkan kul hi; tua a’ih ke’h i minam mahmah-in i
mangthang ding hi. Na lawmpa a’ih ke’h na galpa kua it zaw na
hi hiam?
Khawkno XXXII
“-i-a-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen “-ia-a” taangin kizang hi.
Page 46 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
(1) Koi-ah = Kaw’h
(2) Kawi-ah = Kaw’h
Nambat 1na-a “o” pen “aw” tawh a kibangin kila hi.
SINNA
K’awh pai ding na hiam? K’awh om ding na hiam?
Khawkno XXXIII
“-i-i-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-i-i-” taangin, kizang

hi.
(1) kei-in = ke’n (aw pehipai)
Khawkno XXVI-na-ah,”kei’n” pen, bawlpa (subject)-a i zat hi-

a, Khawkno XXX-na-ah, “ke’n” pen khaamna (prohibition)-a i
zat ahi hi. Hih Khawkno XXXIII-na-ah, “ke’n” pen, ahi lo lam
genna (negative statement) ahi hi.
SINNA
Zolai i telkan kei leh hoih ke’n teh. Minam dangte’n, hong pai
diildeel-in, hong puahsak ke’n teh.
Khawkno XXXIV
“-ih”
Hih Kawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen “-ih” taangin, kizang hi.
(1) Koi dih aw = Koi d’aw

(2) Koi dih o = Koi d’o
(3) Koi dih oh = Koi d’oh
Page 47 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
SINNA
A — “Pai ta ve ni e.”
B — “Koi d’oh, tawmcik na khawl pak oh.”
A — “Hih naungek kapkap si e.”
B — “Koi d’aw, tawi pak dih ni.”
Khawkno XXXV
“ii”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “ii” taangin, kizang hi.
(1) Amah ii = (a) Amah’

(b) Ama’
(2) Amau ii = Amau’
(3) Ei ii = Ei’
(4) Eimah ii = (a) Eimah’
(b) Eima’
(5) Eimau ii = Eimau’
(6) Ko ii = Ko’
(7) No ii = No’
(8) Mi ii = Mi’
Nambat 1-ah, “Amah’” pen kizang lo zaw-a, “Ama’” pen

kizang zaw hi. Amah ii” taang-a “Ama’” kizatna, Kawhkno
XX-ah en in. Nabta 4 zong, Nambat 1 mah tawh kibang-a,
Khawkno XX mah-ah, ki-en thei hi.
SINNA
Ama’ ngiimna in, ei’ ngiimna mah tawh kibang hi. Mite’ deihna
in bang ahi hiam? Eite’ deihna in, Zolai telkan ding, ahi hi. Hih
thu’ kipatna koi lai hiam?
Page 48 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Khawkno XXXVI
“(ii)(i-)”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “(ii)(i-)” taangin,

kizang hi.
(1) Ka pute ii inn = Ka pute’nn

(2) Ka nite ii inn = Ka nite’nn
(3) La pite ii inn-ah = Ka pite’nn’h
(4) Ka gangte ii inn-ah = Ka gangte’nn’h
Nambat 3 leh 4-ah, “pite’nn’h” leh “gangte’nn’h” ci-in “n” nih

(double) a om ban-ah, pawfi zong nih om hi. Hih bang paizia
pen Kawhkno II-ah en in.
SINNA
I pute’nn pai ni. I panote’nn’h hawh ni. I lawmten’nn’h laibu
en ni.
Khawkno XXXVII
“-imi-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-imi-” taangin,

kizang hi.
(1) vaimim leh gattaam = va’m leh gataam
SINNA
Va’m leh gataam huan ung e, ne dih ni. V’am leh gataam mah
nene ni.
Khawkno XXXVIII
“(-mah)(ii)”
Page 49 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “(-mah)(ii)” taangin,
kizang hi.
(1) Amah ii = A’
(2) Komah ii = Ko’
(3) Nomah ii = No’
Hih a tung-a thumte ban-ah, a nuai-a teng zong, kihel thei hi.
(4) Eimah ii Ei’

(5) Keimah ii Kei’
(6) Kuamah ii Kua’
(7) Nangmah ii Nang’
Nambat 1, 2, 3 teng, a thupi peen ahi hi.Hih thu tawh kisai,

Theihding Bulpi Nambat 5-ah kilak zo hi. “Ka,” “I,” leh “Na”
teng-ah pawfi kizang lo hi, ci-in Theihding Bulpi Nambat 4-ah
kilak zo hi.
Nambat 4, 5, 6, 7 teng pen “hithei” (possible) ahih man-a hong

kihel hi-a, Nambat 1, 2, 3 zah-in thupi lo hi; bang hang hiam cih
leh, Nambat 4, 5, 6, 7 teng pen Khawkno XXXV sung-ah
tawmcik tek kilak zo hi.
A diakdiak-in Nambat 1 thupi peen hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh,
“A” pen amah guak ding (stand) tawm thei lo hi.A dangte pen
amau’ thu-in om trhei hi.
Gt. (1) Ko pai ta n’ung.
(2) No koi laitak-ah pai ding na hi u’a?
Ahih hangin,
Page 50 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
(3) A pai hi.
kici thei lo hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, bawlpa (subject) nei lo
hi.
(4) Amah a pai hi.
ci leeng, man thei pan hi.
Theih ding khat-ah, “A” a kizat leh “Amah” taangin kila thei hi.
“A pai hi,” ci leeng, kua pai hiam, cih kithei lo hi. Ahi zongin,
“A” pen “mi khat pepeuh” (someone) taangin la leeng, “A” pen
bawlpa (subject) hong suak thei-a, i kamvui (sentence) zat pen
maan pah hi.
SINNA
A’ tapa gol ta hi. Ko’ gam in Zogam ahi hi. No’ pilna k’ong
deihgawh kei uh hi. A’ hanciamna taangtung hi. Ko’ laibute
hoih mahmah hi. No’ laikung hoih mah si e.
Khawkno XXXIX
“-ng”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-ng” taangin kizang

hi.
(1) Bang a? Ba’a?
SINNA
Ba’a na gen? Na gelh ba’a?
Khawkno XL
“(-ng-)”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-ng-” taangin, kizang

Page 51 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
hi.
(1) Nung-a Nu’a

(2) Ding-a Di’a
(3) Sung-ah Su’ah
SINNA
Kei’ telkan nu’a a telkan ding mi khat kisam hi. Bang di’a
nang’n zong, Zolai telkan lo na hiam? Zolai su’ah thu manpha
tampi om hi.
Khawkno XLI
“(-ng)(a)”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “(-ng)(a)” taangin,

kizang hi.
(1) Bang a ci-a? Ba’ ci-a?
“Ba’ ci-a?” sangin, “Bang ci-a?” ci-in kizang zaw hi. Tua ban-
ah “ci-a” sangin, “cia” ci-in, kamkhenna (hyphen) om lo-in,
kizang thei hi.
SINNA
Ba’ ci-a hong pai lo na hi hiam? Ba’ cia hong pai lo na hi hiam?
Khawkno XLII
“-ng-a”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-ng-a” taangin,

kizang hi.
(1) Bang hang a? Bang ha’h?
Page 52 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Hih mun-ah “h” kibehlap hi.
SINNA
Bang ha’h Zolai telkan nuam lo na hi hiam? Bang ha’h na
seem nuam lo na hi hiam? Amah hong pai ha’h kei hong pai kei
ning.
Khawkno XLIII
“-ang-a-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-ang-a-” taangin,

kizang hi.
(1) khawng-ah khaw’h
SINNA
Inn khaw’h om lel ning. Khua lam khaw’h ciah zeel lo maw?
Khawkno XLIV
“(-ng)(ah-)”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “(-ang)(ah-)” taangin,

kizang hi.
(1) Bang ahi? Ba’i?
SINNA
Tu-a na gen ba’i? Ba’i na gelhgelh? Ba’i tu-a na telkan?
Khawkno XLV
“-ng”“-h”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen, laimalte “-ing” leh “-h”

taangin, kizang hi.
Page 53 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
(1) ding ahi = di’a’i
Hih mun-ah, “-ng” leh “-h” ci-in, laimal nih om hi. Hih laimal
nihte’taangin Pawfi nih kizang hi. Tu-a Khawkno XLV pen a
tuampian khat hi. A dang Khawknote-ah, laimal a om zahzah’
taangin, pawfi khat bek kizang hi. Tu-a Khawkno-ah Pawfi nih
kizang ahih manin, a dangte tawh kilamdang hi. Khawkno II,
Nambat 6, Kawkno XXXVI, Nambat 3, 4-te tawh enkaak in.
SINNA
Zolai telkan leeng, hoih mahmah di’a’i ve. Kikepna tawh na
gamtat kei leh, lauhuai di’a’i maw.
Khawkno XLVI
“(-ng)(hi-)”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “(-ng)(hi-)” taangin,

kizang hi.
(1) ding hiam? = di’am?

(2) ding hia = di’a?
SINNA
Zolai telkan leeng i khial di’am? Na lawmpa hong pai di’a?
Ngaihsut kik ding a kilawm di’am? Kilawm mah lo di’a?
Khawkno XLVII
“u-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah, Pawfi pen laimal “-u-” taangin, kizang

hi.
(1) A pai ta um? = A pai ta’m?
Page 54 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
(2) Pai taw ung = Pai taw’ng (Teizang)
Nambat 1-an-ah, “ta um” pen, a tam (plural) tawh kizang hi.
“Ta’m” pen a’ awsuah “tam” hong suak hi. Ahih hangin, “tam”
(pawfi om lo) pen, khat guak (singular) tawh kizang hi. Tua
ahih manin, “ta’m” in, a thu (theory) bek mah ahi hi.
SINNA
Zolai na telkan ta’m? Note, kum bang zah na pha ta’m maw?
Amaute, Zolai telkan ding a ut uh ta’m?
Khawkno XLVIII
Simmal
Hih Khawkno sunng-ah, Pawfi pen, nimit (date) khat sung-a om

simmal (figure) khat a hih kei leh simmalte’ taangin. kizang hi.
(1) 1967 = ’67

(2) 1949 = ’49
SINNA
’66 kum pan-a Zolai telkan ka kipat, ’69 kum ciang dong, hoih
takin na seem thei ing. Tu’n m’74 kum hong hi ta-a, kilim pat
kik sawm ing.
Khawkpi V
Thukhupna (Conclusion)
Hih Pawfi zatnate sung-ah, zat ding-a a hoih lote in, a nuai-ate
ahi hi.
(1) Khawkno XIII, Nambat 5 leh 6

(2) Khawkno XVII, Nambat 2 leh 3
(3) Khawkno XXI, Nambat 1
Page 55 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
(4) Khawkno XXII, Nambat 1
(5) Khawkno XXVI, Nambta 6
(6) Khawkno XLVII, Nambat 1
Hih lai (article) sung-ah a khial a om na muh uh leh ahi zongin,

na theih thak uh a om leh ahi zongin, hong zasak, hong theisak,
hong hilh zo le uh cin, ka lungdam mahmah ding hi. Mailam
hun-ah, Zolai tampi i telkan beh lai ding-a, a vekpi-in, i
gawmtuah ding hi. Tua bang hun pha hong tun’ theih na’ngin, i
vekpi-in i hanciam ding hi. Zolai a puah ding kuate hiam?
Zomite longal, a dang kuamah om lo hi.
Nungthuap (Appendix): Theih thak3

Khawkno XLIX
“-h” “-ile-”
Hih Khawkno sung-ah Pawfi pen laimalte “-h” leh “-ile-”

taangin kizang hi.
(1) ahih kei leh a’ihke’h
Hih mun-ah, “-h” leh “-ile” ci-in, laimal nih om hi. Hih laimal
nihte’taangin Pawfi nih kizang hi. Khawkno XLV sung-ah zong
laimal nih taangin Pawfi nih kizang hi.
Khenpi III
Noun Pian’sakna (Formation of
Nouns)
Khawkpi I
3 Theih beh dang zong om-a, ahih hangin ka ciaptehna lai, inn lam-ah om
ahih manin, hih laibu sung-ah kiguang man lo hi. [17 MAY 2010 MON]
Page 56 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Theih Masak Dingte
1. Kammal Pian’sakna (Formation of Words) nam 4 om hi.
(1) Noun Pian’sakna (Formation of Nouns)

(2) Verb Pian’sakna (Formation of Verbs)
(3) Adjective Pian’sakna (Formation of Adjectives)
(4) Adverb Pian’sakna (Formation of Adverbs)
2. Noun Pian’sakna: Abstract Noun-te, a nuai-ate pan

kipiangsak hi.
(1) Verbs
(2) Adjectives
(3) Common or Concrete Nouns
3. Verb Pian’sakna: Verb-te, a nuai-ate pan kipiangsak hi.
(1) Nouns
(2) Adjectives
4. Adjective Pian’sakna: Adjcetive-te, a nuai-ate pan kipiangsak

hi.
(1) Nouns
(2) Verbs
(3) Other Adjectives
5. Adverb Pian’sakna: Adverb-te a nuai-a pan kipiangsak hi.
(1) Adjectives
6. A Kician Lo Thu: “Hau,” “Hoih,” “Gol,” cih bang kammalte

(words) pen, English Grammar-ah adjcetive hi-a Burmese
Grammar-ah a hih leh, Verb kihisak ahih manin, i Zolai
Grammar-ah, bang kihisak zaw ding cih kician lo hi. Tua ahih
Page 57 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
manin, tua bang kammalte pen hih lai (article) sung-ah,
KAMMAL-in kiciamteh lel hi.
Khawkpi II
Theihding Bulpite (Basic Rules)
1. Kammal dangte panin, noun i pian’sak nop leh, “-na”
kibehlap hi.
Gentehna 1 dah = dahna (sad)

kah = kahna (climb)
2 lau = launa (afraid)
pil = pilna (clever)
3 hau = hauhna (rich)
lian = liatna (great)
2. Kammal pawlkhatte leh “-h” tawh a tawp kammalte, noun i

suahsak ciangin,
(a) Malgam (spelling) kikheel lo hi.
(b) Awsuah (pronunciation) zong kikheel tuan lo hi.
Gt. 1 kah = kahna (climb)

2 gah = gahna (fruitful)
3 hoihna = hoihna (good)
4 dah = dahna (sad)
Khawkpi III en in.
3. Kammal pawlkhatte, noun i suahsak ciangin,
(a) Malgawm kiheel tuan lo hi.
Page 58 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
(b) Awsuah bek kikheel hi.
Gt. 1 kum = kumna (descend)

2 om = omna (exist)
3 lau = launa (afraid)
4 pawl = pawlna (associate)
Khawkpi IV en in,
4. Kammal pawlkhatte, noun i suahsak ciangin,
(a) Malgawm kikheel hi.

(b) Awsuah zong kikheel hi.
Gt. 1 go = gawhna (slaugher)

2 leeng = leen’na (fly)
3 lian = liatna (great)
4 ne = neekna (eat)
Khawkpi III
Malgawm leh Awsuah Kiheel Lo-a Noun
Pian’sakna
A 2 baih baihna
1 alh = alhna 3 bulh bulhna
= 4 bawh bawhna
=
C
B 1 cih = cihna
1 bah bahna 2 cip = cipna
Page 59 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
3 ciah = ciahnana L
1 luh = luhna
2 loh = lohna
D 3 lawh = lawhna
1 dah = dahna
2 deih = deihna 1 M
3 delh = delhna 2 meh = mehna
4 dup = dupna 3 mak = makna
G N
1 gah = gahna 1 neh = nehna
2 nip = nipna
H 3 nolh = nolhna
1 hoih = hoihna
2 heh = hehna O
3 hah = hahna 1 op = opna
4 hap = hapna
P
I 1 pap = papna
1 ik = ikna 2 peh = pehna
3 pop = popna
K 4 pelh = pelhna
1 kah kahna
2 keh kehna S
3 khuh khuhna 1 sah = sahna
4 khih khihna 2 sak = sakna
3 suk = sukna
Page 60 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
4 sot = sotna V
1 vul = vulna
T 2 veh = vehna
1 to = tona
2 tap = tapna Z
3 thuah = thuah 1 zep = zepna
Khawkpi IV
Malgawm Kikheel Lo-a Awsuah Bek
Kikheel-a Noun Pian’sakna
A
1 al = alna D
2 at = atna 1 dam = damna

2 daal = daalna
B 3 dem = demna
1 bei = beina 4 dim = dimna
2 buai = buaina
3 bawk = bawkna E
1 el = elna
4 baai = bawina
2 em = emna
C 3 eu = euna
1 ciil = ciilna
G
2 ciim = ciimna
1 gaai = gaaina
3 ciin = ciinna
2 geel = geelna
4 ciip = ciipna
3 gim = gimna
Page 61 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
4 gol = golna 4 mak = makna
H N
1 hat = hatna 1 neel = neelna
2 hai = haina 2 niim = niimna
3 haal = haalna 3 neu = neuna
4 hak = hakna 4 nawt = nawtna
I O
1 it = itn 1 ol = olna
2 om = omna
K
1 kum = kumna P
2 kol = kolna 1 pil = pilna
3 kuun = kuunna 2 pai = paina
4 kial = kialna 3 phuum = phuumna
4 phuai = phuaina
L
1 lam = lamna S
2 lei = leina 1 sau = sauna
3 leep = leepna 2 san = sanna
4 lau = launa 3 sawl = sawlna
4 so = sona
M
1 maai = maaina T
2 maap = maapna 1 to = tona
3 muak = muakna 2 tum = tumna
Page 62 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
3 thawl = thawlna 1 vaal = vaalna
4 thuap = thuapna 2 vom = vomna
3 veel = veelna
U 4 vil = vilna
1 uum = uumna
2 uap = uapna Z
3 ut = utna 1 zuak = zuakna
4 uuk = uukna 2 zuau = zuauna
3 zin = zinna
V 4 zuut = zuutna
Khawkpi V
Malgawm leh Awsuah Kikheel-a Noun
Pian’sakna
Kammal pawlkhatte, noun i suahsak ciangin, kammal sung-a
om laimal a nunung peen, kikheel-a, awsuah zong kikheel pah
hi. A theih nop dingin, khawkno sawm leh thum (13)-in hong
kikhen hi.
01 vowel → h
02 vowel → k
03 vowel → t
04 i → ih
05 l → lh
06 u → uh
07 k → h
Page 63 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
08 p → h
09 t → h
10 m → p
11 n → t
12 ng → n’
13 ng → t
Khawkno I
vowel → h
1 i si → ih 4 khangto = khan’tohna
1 si = hihna
2 hi = cihna 3 o/aw o → aw
3 ci = cihmawhna 1 zo zawhn
4 cimawh = sihna 2 go gawhna

3 lo lawhna
2 o o → oh 4 to tawhna
1 om lo = om lohna
2 no (tease) = nohna 4 u = u → uh
3 kho = khohna 1 mu = muhna

2 mudah = muhdahna
Khawkno II
vowel → k
1 a a → ak 4 pakta = pahtaakna
1 la = laakna
2 za = zaakna 2 e e → ek
3 kihta = kihtaakna 1 ne = neekna
Page 64 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
2 zaw = zawkna
3 i = i → ik
1 bi = bikna 6 ia ia → iak
2 kisi = kisikna 1 pia = piakna
2 bia = biakna
4 u u → uk
1 gu = guukna 7 ua ua → uak
2 zu = zukna 1 pua = puakna
3 su = sukna 2 bua = buakna
4 khu = khukna 3 lua = luakna
4 vua = vuakna
5 aw aw → awk
1 taw = tawkna
Khawkno III
vowel → t
1 a a → at 3 i i → it
1 sa = satna 1 pi = piitna
2 na = natna 2 migi = migiitna
3 gamla = gamlaatna 3 kimisak = kimiitsakna
4 kha = khaatna
4 u u → ut
2 e= e → et 1 ku = kuutna
1 phe = pheetna 2 hu = huutna
2 le = leetna 3 phu = phuutna
3 de = detna 4 tu = tutna
Page 65 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
5 ia = ia → iat
1 khia = khiatna 7 ua = ua → uat
2 sia = siatna 1 lua = luatna
3 kia = kiatna 2 hua = huatna
4 nusia = nusiatna
8 aw aw → awt
6 ia/e ia → et 1 gaw = gawtna
1 zia-en = ze-etna 2 lomthaw = lomthawtna
2 phia = pheetna
Khawkno IV
i → ih
1 a ai → aih 2 nuui = nuihna

1 paai = paihna 3 guui = guihna
2 daai = daihna 4 buui = buihna
3 aai = aihna
4 kaai = kaihna 4 aw/o awi → oih
1 sawi = soihna
2 e ei → eih 2 lawi = loihna
1 nei = neihna 3 zawi = zoihna
2 kei = keihna
3 gei = geihna 5 ua uai → uaih
1 kuai = kuaihna
2 luai = luaihna
3 u ui → uih 3 suai = suaihna
1 zui = zuihna
Page 66 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Khawkno V
l → lh
1 a al → alh
1 sal = salhna 6 ia ial → ialh
1 khial = khialhna
2 e el → elh 2 kisial = kisialhna
1 beel = belhna 3 kivial = kivialhna
2 peel = pelhna
3 zeel = zelhna 7 ua ual → ualh
1 mual = mualhna
3 i il → ilh 2 kual = kualhna
1 zil = zilhna 3 kigual = kigualhna
4 o ol → olh 8 aw/o awl → olh

1 khol = kholhna 1 kizawl = kizolhna
2 dol = dolhna 2 kikhawl = kikholhna
5 u ul → ulh 9 ia/e ial → elh

1 vul = vulhna 1 khial = khelhna
Khawkno VI
u → uh
1 a au→ auh 1 kiiu = kiuhna

1 hau = hauhna
2 patau = patauhna 3 ia iau→ iauh
1 siau = siauhna
2 i iu→ iuh
Page 67 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
4 ua uau → uauh 1 huau = huauhna
Khawkno VII
k→h
1 a ak→ ah 3 vuk = vuhna

1 hak = hahna
2 lak = lahna 5 ia iak→ iah
3 pakta = pahtaakna 1 khiak = khiahna
4 baak = bahna 2 liak = liahna
2 e ek→ eh 6 ua uak→ uah
1 ek = ehna (sing 1 suak = suahna

ek) 2 luak = luahna
2 kihek = kihehna 3 buak = buahna
4 phuak = phuahna
3 i ik→ ih
1 gik = gihna 7 o/aw ok→ awh
2 sik = sihna 1 dok = dawhna
3 ik = ihna 2 lok = lawhna
3 bok = bawhna
4 u uk→ uh 4 ok = awhna
1 suk = suhna
2 thuk = thuhna
Khawkno VIII
p→h
1 a ap → ah 1 kap = kahna
Page 68 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Khawkno IX
t→h
1 a at → ah 1 mit = mihna
1 that = thahna
4 u ut uh
2 tat = tahna
1 vut = vuhna
2 e et → eh 2 phut = phuhna
1 get = gehna 3 sut = suhna
2 pet = pehna
5 o/aw ot → awh
3 i it → ih 1 bot = bawhna
Khawkno X
m→p
1 a am → ap 3 i im → ip
1 sam = sapna 1 khim = khipna
2 gaam = gapna 2 iim = ipna
3 haam = hapna 3 dim = dipna
4 am = apna 4 zim = zipna
2 e em → ep 4 o om → op
1 keem = kepna 1 zom = zopna
2 geem = gepna 2 bom = bopna
3 hehneem = hehnepna
5 u um → up
Page 69 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
1 gum = gupna 7 ia iam → iap
2 sum = supna 1 hiam = hiapna
3 lum = lupna 2 khiam = khiapna
4 um = upna 3 ciam = ciapna
6 aw/o awm → op 8 ua uam → uap

1 kikhawm = kikhopna 1 muam = muapna
2 kidawm = kidopna
3 tawm = topna 9 ua/o uam → op
4 bawm = bopna 1 nuam = nopna
Khawkno XI
n→t
1 a an → at 1 siin = sitna
1 kipan = kipatna 2 khin = khitna
2 baan = batna 3 niin = nitna
3 tankhia = tatkhiatna
4 gaan = gatna 4 o on → ot
1 hon = hotna
2 e en → et
1 en = etna
5 u un → ut
2 leen = letna
1 uun = utna
3 zia-en = zia-etna
2 bun = butna
4 kheen = khetna
3 ngaihsun = ngaihsutna
3 i in → it 4 kisuun = kisutna
Page 70 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
6 aw/o awn → ot 1 lian = letna
1 zawn = zotna
2 thawn = thotna 9 ua uan → uat
3 lawn = lotna 1 zuan = zuatna
4 awn = otna 2 guan = guatna

3 phuan = phuatna
7 ia ian → iat 4 masuan = masuatna
1 lian = liatna
2 kician = kiciatna 10 ua/o uan → ot
1 phuan = photna
8 ia/e ian → et
Khawkno XII
ng → n’
1 a ang → an’ 2 hing = hin’na

1 saang = saan’na 3 bing = bin’na
2 thang = than’na 4 ging = gin’na
3 thumang = thuman’na
4 pang = pan’na 4 o ong → on’
1 pong = pon’na
2 e eng → en’ 2 zong = zon’na
1 eeng = een’na 3 hong = hon’na
2 peeng = peen’na 4 tong = ton’na
3 teeng = teen’na
4 kheng = khen’na
5 u ung → un’
3 i ing → in’
1 sung = sun’na
1 cing = cin’na
Page 71 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
2 nung = nun’na 3 piang = pian’na
3 khung = khun’na 4 ciang = cian’na
4 tung = tun’na
8 ua uang → uan’
6 aw awng → awn’ 1 phuang = phuan’na
1 lawng = lawn’na 2 tuang = tuan’na
2 dawng = dawn’na 3 kisuang = kisuan’na
3 zawng = zawn’na 4 muang = muan’na
4 gawng = gawn’na
9 au/o aung → on’
7 ia iang → 1 paung = pon’na
ian’ 2 aung = on’na
1 siang = sian’na
2 diang = dian’na
Khawkno XIII
ng → t
1 a ang → at 4 neng = netna

1 taang = tatna
2 kilang = kilatna 3 i ing → it
3 kibang = kibatna 1 cing = citna
4 nang = natna 2 hiing = hitna

3 niing = nitna
2 e eng → et
1 beng = betna 4 o ong → ot
2 beeng = netna 1 phong = photna
3 theng = thetna 2 dong = dotna
Page 72 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
3 long = lotna
4 khong = khotna 7 ia iang → iat
1 piang = piang
5 u ung → ut (transfer)
1 bung = butna
8 ua uang → uat
6 aw/o awng → ot 1 uang = uatna
1 awng = otna
9 iau iaung → iat
2 khawng = khotna
1 piaung = piatna
3 tawng = totna
Khenpi IV
Thukhupna: Hih Lai (Article) Tawh
Kisai)
Mun (space) om loh mani-in, “Pawfi Zatna” leh “Noun
Pian’sakna” — hihhte geel bek, hong kihel hi. Mun kicing hi
leh, a nuai-ate zong hong kihel ding hi.
1. Adverb Pian’sakna (Formation of Adverbs)
2. Adjective Pian’sakna (Formation of Adjectives)
3. Verb Pian’sakna (Formation of Verbs)
4. Comma Zatna (The Use of the Comma)
5. Hyphen Zatna (The Use of the Hyphen)
6. Kammal Kimatsakna (Agglutination of Words)
Page 73 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
7. Awsuah Saang-Niam Kikheelna (Intonation)
Mailam-ah, hih a tung-ate leh, Zolai tawh kisai a dang thute,

i hel ding hi.
Hun kicing lo-a, a nunung peen hun (deadline) lap nopna

hangin, “Noun Pian’sakna” pen a guh a taang (skeleton) teng
bek, hong ki-at hi. Gentelna (explanation) ki-at man nawn lo hi.
A hoihhoih-in na na sim ciat na’ng-un, hong thuum ing.
Hih lai (article) tawh kisai-in, ngaihsutna piakna, lahtelna

cihte (suggestions, comments, criticisms, etc.) n’ong puak ding
uh, ka lamen hi. Pumpi tawh ahi zongin, a nuai-a munte-ah, kei
tawh kizopna om thei ding hi.
1) 74 Bazaar Road, Tiddim, Zogam4

2) Building 7, Room S/3, 51st Street, Rangoon4
Lai gelh ciil kum: 1966

Puahphat kum: 1973
4 Hih address-te maan nawn lo hi.

Page 74 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Linguistics (Morphemics and Phonemics):
Zolai Bulpite Pawlkhat5

(Some Fundamentals of Zolai)
Khenpi I
Thupatna: Zolai It Un!
Lai leh ngeina (literature and culture) a nei lo minam a om
leh, a sawt lo-in mangthang ding hi. Lai leh ngeina in minam
lahna (national identity) ahi hi.
Mangkangte in Kawlgam hong uk lai-in, Manglai theite bek

ulian suak zo uh-a, Manglai thei lo-a Kawllai bek a theite,
khuasuak zo lo hi. Tua ahih manin, Kawlmi tampi tak in,
Kawllai neumuh mahmah uh-a, Manglai bek thupisak uh hi.
Ahih hangin, Kawllai puah ding leh kepcing ding a hanciam

Kawlmi pawlkhat om uh hi. A minthang zawdeuh gen leeng, U
Po Kya, U Wun (Minthuwun), U Thei Han (Zawgyi), U Sein
Tin (Theikpan Maung Wa), leh U Pe Maung Tin cih bangte a hi
uh hi. “Kawllai pen, Manglai zah-in kicing zo lo mah hi; ahi
zongin, kicing lo ahih teh ci-a, paihkhiat ding hi lo-in, a hoih
seemseem na’ng-a puah ding hi,” a cite ahi uh hi.
Tu laitak-in, ei Zogam-ah, mi pawlkhat in, “Zolai bang ding

hiam? A kiman’na om kei. Zolai in ulian hong suaksak zo kei,”
ci uh hi. “Kawllai bek thupi hi,” ci uh hi.
5 Tg. Pau Cin Thang, “Zolai Bulpite Pawlkhat,” Zomi Magazine 1980,
Rangoon: Zomi Magazine Committee, 1980, pp. 116-123
Page 75 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Ahih hangin, Zolai puah ding leh kepcing ding a hanciam

Zomi pawlkhat om hi. Tg. Sukte T. Hau Go, Tg. Vul Za Thang,
Tg. J. Gin Za Twang, Tg. Ginkhatsuan, Tg. M. Khup Lam
Thang, Tg. H. Gin En Cin, Tg. J. Hang Khan Pau, Tg. Pau Cin
Thang leh a dang pawlkhatte in, amau’ hih theihna mun ciat pan
Zolai puah uh hi.
Kawlgam in suahtaakna a ngah hun (1948 kum)-a kipan-in,

khengval nam-itna (ultra-patriotism) om ahih manin, Kawllai
bek kithupisak-in, Manglai kipaampaih hi.
Leitung buppi’ zat Manglai a kipaampaih khak man-in,

supna tampi tak a om lam, kiphawk kik ahih manin, 1970 kum
ciangin, Manglai thupi ngaihsut ding hong kipan leeuleeu hi.
Tua kum-in, Rangoon Institute of Education-ah B.A. (English)
kihong hi.
A tung-a i gensa mahbangin, ngaihsutna kikheelkheel-a,

Manglai bek thupisak-a Kawllai neu-et hun (Mangkang Kumpi
hun sung), Kawllai bek thupisak-a Manglai neu-et hun (1948
pan 1970 ciang), leh Kawlai leh Manglai thupisak khawm hun
(1970 pan tu ciang), ci-in hun thum-in kikhen thei hi.
Ei Zogam-ah Zolai pen kithupi ngaihsut ngei lo zaw hi.

Manglai ahih kei leh Kawllai bek kithupisak den hi. Tu-in Zolai
pen neu-et nawn lo-in Kawllai, Manglai-te tawh a kikim-a i
thupi ngaishut ding kisam ta hi.
“Zomi hi’ng,” a ci mi khempeuh in, Zolai it-in, i puah ciat

ding, i tavuan lian peen khat hi, ci-in, ngaihsun ciat ni.
Page 76 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Khenpi II
Tat-Huh Pian’sakna
(Formation of Adverbs)
I. A Kibang Kammal Nih
1. A kibang kammal nih ih koih khop ciangin Tat-huh suak hi.
Gt. guapguap, namnam, zuahzuah
2. Tua kammal nih kimat ding hi.
Gt. guap + guap = guapguap

pah + pah = pahpah
mah + mah = mahmah
3. Kammal masa’ awkaih (tone) leh kammal nihna” awkaih

(tone) kibang hi. (A masa pen a nuaikiat leh, a nihna zong
nuaikiat, a masa pen a pheii-pai leh a nihna zong pheii-pai.)
Gt. ziazia
ziahziah
II. A Kibang Lo Kammal Nih
1. A kibang lo kammal nih i koihkhop ciangin, Tat-huh piang hi.
Gt. niahnuah; niuhneuh
2. Tua kammal nih kimat ding hi.
Gt. niah + nuah = niahnuah

Page 77 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
pheu + phau = pheuphau
3. Kammal masa a kipatna laimal (or) laimalte leh kammal

nihna a kipatna laimal or laimalte kibang hii.
Gt. (1) laimal: (2) laimalte:

niahnuah thelthal
kekkak phiatphuat
4. Kammal masa a tawpna laimal (or) laimalte leh kammal

nihna a tawpna laimal (or) laimalte kibang hi.
Gt. (1) laimal: (2) laimalte:

keukau kengkang
dildel phiatphuat
5. Kammal masa a laizang laimal leh kammal nihna a laizang

laimal kibang LO hi.
Gt. (1) gengan (2) phihpheh

liuleu giahguah
6. Kammal masa’ awkaih leh kammal nihna’ awkaih kibang hi.

(A masa pen a nuaikiat leh a nihna zong nuaikiat, cih bang.)
Gt. geeugaau
geuhgauh
III. A Nam-a Khenna
A tung-a I leh II tawh kisai-in, a nuai-a bang-in, a nam-in

kikhen thei hi. I tawh kisai pen a nuai-a A-ah en inla, II tawh
Page 78 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
kisai pen a nuai-a B-ah en in.
A. A Kibang Kammal Nih
A tung-a I-na tawh kisai-in, nam tampi om lo ahih man-in,

haksatna om lo hi. Tat-huh pian’sakna nam 7 om hi.
(1) a → a
(2) e → e
(3) i → i
(4) o → o
(5) u → u
(6) ia → ia
(7) ua → ua
(i) a → a
1. kaka 6. (a) kalkal (b) kaangkaang

(=kaakaa) (b) kaalkaal 11. (a) kapkap
2. kahkah 7. kalhkalh (b) kaapkaap
3. (a) kaikai 8. (a) kamkam 12. (a) katkat
(b) kaaikaai (b) kaamkaam (b) kaatkaat
4. kaihkaih 9. (a) kankan 13.(a) kaukau
5. (a) kakkak (b) kaankaan (b) kaaukaau
(b) kaakkaak 10. (a) kangkang 14. kauhkauh
No. 3 (a) pen aw-tom hi-a, No. 3 (b) pen aw-sau hi. Tua
mahbangin, No. 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13-te-ah aw-tom leh aw-
sau kilak hi.
(ii) e → e
Hih pen, a tung-a (i)na mahbang-in, sazian bawl leeng, (i) mah
tawh kibang hi.
Laidal i ciil nop man-in, sazian i bawl kei ding hi.
Page 79 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
(iii) i → i
A tung-a (i) bang-in gual suk leeng, No. 3na pen “kii-kii” hong
hi ding hi.
“Ki” khit teh “-i” aw tawh kilo lai hi.
(iv) o → o
1. koko (b) kawlkawl 11.(a) kopkop

2. kohkoh 7. kolhkolh (b) kawpkawp
3. (a) koikoi 8. (a) komkom 12. (a) kotkot
(b) kawikawi (b) kawmkawm (b) kawtkawt
4. koihkoih 9. (a) konkon 13. (a) ---
5. (a) kokkok (b) kawnkawn (b) kawukawu
(b) kawkkawk 10. (a) kongkong
6. (a) kolkol (b) kawngkawng
aw: “o” aw-sau-a i zatna hi.

kawu: “kaw” khit teh “-u” aw tawh kilo lai hi.
No. 13 (a)na-a “kou” leh No.1na-a “ko” pen, aw kibang hi. Tua
ahih man-in, No. 13 (a)-ah bangmah kigelh lo hi.
(v) u → u
No. 13 (a): kuukuu

No. 13 (b): kuuukuuu
No. 14: kuuhkuuh
kuu: “ku” khit teh “-u” aw kilo lai hi.

No. 13 (a) pen aw tom hi-a, No 13 (b) pen aw-sau hi.
No. 13 (b)-ah “u” laimal tam lua ahih man-in, zat-huai lo tawh
kibang hi.
(vi) ia → ia
Page 80 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
1. kiakia 6. kialkial 11. kiapkiap

2. kiahkiah 7. kialhkialh 12. kiatkiat
3. kiaikiai 8. kiamkiam 13. kiaukiau
4. kiaihkiaih 9. kiankian 14. kiauhkiauh
5. kiakkiak 10. kiangkiang
(vii) ua → ua
A tung-a (vi) tawh kiang hi.
B. A Kibang Lo Kammal Nih
A tung-a II-na tawh kisai-in Tat-huh pian’sakna pen nam 8

bang-in kikhen thei hi.
(1) e → a
(2) e → aw/o
(3) e → u
(4) e → ua
(5) i → e
(6) i → ia
(7) i → u
(8) ia → ua
(i) e → a
1. keka (b) keelkaal 11. (a) kepkap

2. kehkah 7. kelhkalh (b) keepkaap
3. (a) keikai 8. (a) kemkam 12. (a) ketkat
(b) keeikaai (b) keemkaam (b) keetkaat
4. keihkaih 9. (a) kenkan 13. (a) keukau
5. (a) kekkak (b) keenkaan (b) keeukaau
(b) keekkaak 10. (a) kengkang 14. keuhkauh
6. (a) kelkal (b) keengkaang
Page 81 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
(ii) e → aw/o
1. kekaw (b) keelkawl 11. (a) kepkop

2. kehkawh 7. kelhkolh (b) keepkawp
3. (a) keikoi 8. (a) kemkom 12. (a) ketkot
(b) keeikawi (b) keemkawm (b) keetkawwt
4. keihkoih 9.(a) kenkon 13. (a) keuko
5. (a) kekkok (b) keenkawn (b) keeukawu
(b) keekkawk 10. (a) kengkong 14. keuhkoh
6. (a) kelkol (b) keengkawng
(iii) e → u
Hih pen, (i)na mahbangin, sazian bawl leeng, (i)na mawh tawh,
kibang hi.
No. 13 (a) keukuu

No. 13 (b) keeukuuu
No. 13 (b)na-ah “u” tam lua ahih man-in, a zat huai lo tawh
kibang hi.
(iv) e → ua
A tung-a (i)na mah tawh kibang hi.
(v) i → e
No. 3 (a): kiikei

No. 3 (b): kiiikeei
No. 3 (b)-ah “i” tam lua hi.
(vi) i → ia
A tung-a (v) mahbang-in, No. 3 (b)-ah “i” tam lua hi.
Page 82 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
(vii) i → u
No. 3 (a): kiikui

No. 3 (b): kiiikuui
No. 3 (b)-ah “i” tam lua hi.

No. 13 (b)-ah “u” tam lua hi.
(viii) ia → ua
A tung-a (i)na mah tawh kibang hi.
Khenpi III
Awbul Tawh Kisai Theih-Huai
Pawlkhat
(Some Points on Phonemes)
I. Awbul (Phoneme)
Awbul i cih pen aw (sound) a piangsak hi-a, laimal (letter) hi

lo hi. Ahih hangin, awbul pen laimal tawh kilak hi. Laimal leh
awbul a kikhen theih na’ng-in, awbulte pen, giit-awn (oblique
stroke) nih kikaal-ah kikoih hi. (Gt. /t/)
p pen laimal (letter) khat hi-a, /p/ pen awbul (phoneme) khat
hi.
ph pen laimal nih (p leh h) hi-a, ahih hang-in, /ph/ pen awbul
khat ahi hi.
Hih laipuak (article) sung-ah awbul ciaptehna (phoneme
Page 83 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
notation) kizang lo hi. (Press pan laimal haksa ahih manin.6)
Laimung (consonant), awmung (vowel) i cihte zong, laimal

hi lo-a laimal tawh a kilak awbul ahi hi.
II. Laibul (Alphabet)
Zolai laibul (alpabet) sung-a om laimalte (letters) in a nuai-a

teng hi-a, 21 pha hi.
a, b, c, d, e,
f, g, h, i, k,
l, m, n, o, p,
s, t, u, v, w
z
Zolai-a i neih loh, laimalte, 5 pha hi.
j, q, r, x, y
Ciapteh ding: “f” pen Teizang kam-ah “ph” taang-in (a tam

peen-in) kizang hi.
III. Laimungte (Consonants)
Zolai-ah laimung 22 kinei hi.
6 Tua hun lai (1970-1980)-in, press-ah haaknaw (lead) tawh laimal kibawl
hi. Phoneme notation (/ /) tampi kizangh leh, tua haaknaw tawh a kibawl
font tampi kisam ding-a, sum tam bei hi. Tu lai (2006-2010) hun ciangin,
computer kizangh ahih manin, bangmah bei tuam tuan lo hi.
Page 84 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
b, c, ch, d, f
g, h, k, kh, l
lh, m n ng, p
ph, s, t, th, v
w z
IV. Awmungte (Vowels)
Awmung 21 kinei hi.
1. Awmung Taktak (Monophthongs or Pure Vowels)
a, e, i, o, u, aw
Ciapteh ding: “Aw”-ah laimal nih (“a” leh “w”) a om hangin,

aw (sound) khat bek ahi hi. Tua ahih manin,
“aw” pen awbul khat ahi hi.
2. Laimung Nih Kithuapte (Diphthongs)
ai, au, awi, awu

ei, eu
ia, iu
oi
ua, ui
Ciapteh ding: “awi” leh “awu”-ah laimal 3 a om hangin, aw

(sound) nih bek ahi hi. “Aw” pen aw khat hi-a, “i” or “u” tawh a
kigawm ciangin, aw nih piang hi.
3– Awmung Thum Kithuapte (Triphthongs)
iai, iau
uai, uau
Page 85 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
V. Kammal Patna Awbulte

(Initial Phonemes)
1. Laimungte (Consonants)
b-, c-, ch-, d-, f-

g-, h-, k-, kh-, l-
m-, n-, ng-, p-, ph-
s-, t-, th-, v-, z-
Gt. Bawngpi khat in lopa ne phuatphuat hi.
2. Awmung Taktakte (Pure Vowels)
a-, e-, i-, o-, u-, aw-
Gt. Amah in eek tha thei lo-in om ahih man-in a awng hi.
3. Awmung Nih-thuapte (Diphthongs)
(i) “-h” tawh a kithuah kei leh,
ia-, ua-
Gt. A dah mi khat pen uap in. Ahi zongin, uang tat lua kei in.
(ii) “-h” tawh a kithuah leh,
ai-, au-, awi-, awu-

ei-, eu-
ia-, iu-
oi-
ua-, ui-
Page 86 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Ciapteh ding: A tung-a (ii)na-a awmung nih-thuap 11-te sung
pan-in, “ia-” leh “ua-” (a tung-a (i) en in) longal, a dang 9-te
pen”-h” tawh a kithuah ciang bek-in, kammal patna-in kizang
thei hi.7 “Ia-” leh “ua-” pen “-h” tawh kithuah leh kithuah kei
leh, kammal patna-in kizang thei hi.
4– Awmung Thum-thuapte (Triphthongs)
(i) “-h” tawh a kithuah kei leh, kammal patna-in kizang thei lo
hi.
Ciapteh ding: “iai-” pen “-h” tawh thuah leeng “iaih” suak hi.
Ahih hangin, “-h” tawh thuah kei leeng, kammal patna-in
kizang thei lo hi. “Iaip” ciah bang om thei lo hi.
iai-, iau-
uai--, uau-
VI. Kammal Tawpna Awbulte (Final Phonemes)
1– Laimungte (Consonants)
-h, -k, -l, -lh, -m

-n, -ng, -p, -t, -w
Gt. Sumbuk-ah van tuamtuam kizuak hi.
Ciapteh ding: “-w” pen laimal khat’ tawpna-ah a kizat ciangin,

“a-” bek tawh kithuah hi.
2. Awmung Taktakte (Pure Vowels)
7 aik, aul, awim, awun, eip, eut, etc. cih bang om thei lo, cihna hi.
Page 87 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
-a, -e, -i, -o, -u, -aw
Gt. Ko phattuam na’ng, na a seem na hi uh maw?
3. Awmung Nih-thuapte (Diphthongs)
-ai, -au, -awi, -awu

-ei, -eu
-ia, -ii, -iu
-oi,
-ua, -ui, -uu
Gt. Kei kia in koici sep ding ka hia?
4– Awmung Thum-thuapte (Triphthongs)

-iai, -iau
-uai, -uau
Gt. Lam ka siau liailiai uh hi. Tua laitak-in huih nung hiauhiau
hi.
VII. Kammal Patna leh Tawpna-a a Kizangkhawm Thei

Awbulte
1– Laimungte (Consonants)
-h-, -k-, -l-, -m-, -n-

-ng-, -p-, -t-
Gt. Na pa’ tha na kheek zawh na’ng, hah kat in. (Patna leh
tawpna kithuah)
Hih an, na pa ap in, (Tawpna, patna, tawpna...)
2– Awmung Taktakte (Pure Vowels)
Page 88 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
-a-, -e, -i-, -o-, -u-, -aw-
Gt. Hih an, na pa ap in. (Patna, tawpna, patna...)
Han-mun pan kiciah khin zo hi. (A laizang)
3– Awmung Nih-thuapte (Diphthongs)
(i) “-h-” tawh a kithuah kei leh,
-ia-, -ua-
Gt. Piangthak na suak nuam hiam? (A laizang)
Tua sum, mi na pia inla, a om lai teng uang zat ke’n. (Tawpna,
patna)
(ii) “-h-” tawh a kithuah leh,
-ai-, -au-, -awi-, -awu-

-ei-, -eu-
-ia-, -ii-, -iu-
-oi-
-ua-, -ui-, -uu-
Gt. Hiah koih peuh sin. (A laizang)
Taangza na aih vial leh, na hauhna hong bei kha ding hi. (Patna,
a laizang)
4– AwmungThum-thuapte (Triphthongs)
“-h” tawh a kithuah kei leh,

om lo
Page 89 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
-iai-, -iau-
-uai-, -uau-
Khenpi IV
Thukhupna: Ngaihsutna Hong Pia
Un
Hih laipuak (article) sung-a awkaih (tone), laimung
(consonant), laibul (alphabet) cih bang Zolai kammalte pen, Tg.
Ginkhatsuan’ phuah (coin; invent) bang-a ka zat hi-a, kammal
awmung (vowel) (word), laimal (letter; grapheme), awmal
(phone; phoneme) cih bang Zolai kammalte pen kei’ phuah ahi
hi.
Zolai khan’toh ding deihna lungsim tawh, hih laipuak a gelh,

ka hi hi. I theihna, i ciaptehna, i ngaihsutnate, kibang khin lo
ding hi. Tua ahih manin, hih laipuak tawh kisai-in, na
ngaihsutna uh n’ong piak na’ng-un, k’ong sam hi. Pumpi tawh
ahih zongin, lai tawh ahi zongin, hih a nuai-a munte-ah, kei
tawh, kizopna om thei ding hi.
Tg. Pau Cin Thang

1) 74, Bazaar Road, Tiddim, Zogam8
2) Building 7, Room s/3, 51st Street, Rangoon8
Lai gelh ciil kum: 1975

Puahphat kum: 1979
8 Hih address-te pen maan nawn lo hi. Kizop nopna a neite in,
ZolaiGehmaan@gmail.com, ZokamLinguistics@gmail.com ah kizopna
kibawl thei hi.
Page 90 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Thursday, October 19, 2006
Grammar 2006:
Manglai leh Zolai-a Ih Khialh

Khaak Pahpahte Pawlkhat
(Some Frequently Made Mistakes in
English and in Zolai)
By Taang Zomi
YEAR OF OPENED,
YEAR OPENED,
YEAR OF OPENING,
YEAR OF BEING OPENED --
WHICH?
1. Manglai pen ei’ lai (Zolai) hi lo ahih manin, Manglai-a lai ih

gelh ciangin, ih khialh khaakna om thei zeel hi.
2.1 “The Year Opened”:
“Sang kihon’ kum” pen, a sau-in gelh leeng, “the year in which
it (= the school) was opened” ahi hi. Tom laak zawdeuh leeng,
“the year it (=the school) was opened” ahi hi. Tom laak
sawnsawn lai leeng, “the year opened” ahi hi. Zam Vung’ gen
pen, a maan, ahi hi.
2.2 “The Year of Opened”:
Preposition (“of”) khit ciangin, object hong pai ding hi. Tua
object pen noun hi ding hi. Noun liinlian a om theih kei leh
Page 91 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
noun equivalent khat a kizat kul hi. Gerund (=verbal noun) pen
noun equivalent khat ahi hi. Gerund-ah present participle form
(= “-ing” form) kizangh hi.
“The Year of OPENING” ahih kei leh “The Year of BEING

Opened” cih bang hi leh, “opening” leh “being” pen gerund hi-a
a form pen present participle form ahi hi. [Hih mun-a, “The
Year of Being OPENED” sung-a om “opened” pen gerund hi
lo-in passive voice hi-a, past partciple form nei hi.]
“The Year of OPENED” pen hih a tung-a ih gen rule tawh

kituak lo hi. “Opened” pen past tense form zong hi thei, past
participle form zong hi thei hi. Gerund hi lo hi.
3. A kikhial mun mahmah pawlkhat nei lai hi hang.
3.1 “Head Quarter”, “Headquarter”:
1980-1990 sung, Tedim khuapi-ah, hih bang signboad-te

kisuang ngei hi.
Pentecostal Church of Christ (P.C.C.)

Head Quarter
Assemblies of God
No. 3 Section
Headquarter
1988-1990 sung, Kawlpi-ah, hih bang signboard kisuang ngei

hi:
Kale Valley Baptist Association

Headquarter
1998-2005 sung, Kawlpi-ah, hih bang office letter-head om ngei

hi:
Page 92 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Zomi Baptist Convention of Myanmar

Headquarter
Manglai ih simkhiat ciangin, “s” pen suaksak pha lo thei hi

hang. Kihihsakna (showing off) dan-in tuat ih hih man-in,
Mangpau tawh a kibang lo theithei dingin, ih aw ih suaksak hi.
A maan pen Headquarters hi-a, ahi zongin, ih simkhiat ciangin,

headquarter ciang bek a aw suaksak ih hih manin, ih gelh
ciangin zong, “s” a om lam kimangngilh ta hi.
A maan pen, headquarters ahi hi. Headquarter hi lo hi. Head

Quarter zong hi lo hi. Head Quarters zong hi lo hi. "Head" leh
"quarters" pen kizom/kimat ding-a kammal (word) khat bek hi
ding hi.
3.2 “Quarter”:
Tedim Sangpi-ah siate pawlkhat in omna inn ngah uh hi. Tua

bang inn khat pen “Teacher’s Quarters” ahi hi. Ahi zongin,
“Teacher’s Quarter” mah ih ci zeel kha hi. Inn pen khat bek hi ta
leh “Quarters” mah, cih veve ding ahi hi.
4. Awsuah zong ih khialhna pawlkhat om hi.
4.1 “Bomb”, “Bomber”:
Vangleeng tung panin bomb kikhia thei hi. Tua bang-a bomb
khiatna-a a kizangh vanleeng pen bomber kici hi. Zomi tampi
tak in bomber pen "bom-ber" cih bangin a aw suaksak hi hang.
A maan pen "bom-er" ahi hi. "Bomb" pen "bom" ci-a sim ding
hi-a, "b" aw, suak lo hi. "Bomber" pen "b" aw suaksak lo-a
"Bomer" cih ding ahi hi. Nawh cih leeng, "bo-ma" tawh kibang
dektak ding hi.
Page 93 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
4.2 “Sing”, “Singer”:
“Singer” pen “sing-ger” dan-in a aw ih suaksak hi. 1956-1962

sungin, Tedim khuapi Lawibual veeng-ah, England-te’ bawl
puankhuiset “Singer” a kicite khat, a nei innkuan khat om hi. A
leenglapa in “Sing-gel, suang-gel; sing-gel, suang-gel” ci-in la
dan-in sa hi. A innteekte in, “Bang na cihna a hia?” a cih leh,
“Na puankhuiset uh ka muh teh, cim thawina-a Sing-gel a ci hi
ing. Sing om ahih leh Suang zong om ding ci-in, Suang-gel a ci
hi ing,” ci hi.
A maan pen “sing-er” ding ahi hi. “G” (hard G) aw, suahsak
ding hi lo hi. Nawh cih leeng, "Si-nga" tawh hong kibang
dektak ding hi. “Sing” zong, a tawpna-ah hard G aw suahsak
ding hi lo hi.
4.3 “Colonel”, “Kal-neel”, “Kaa-nel”
Hih galkap-bu za min pen, a za neite mahmah in zong a awsuah

maan lokhia thei khol lo thei hi. “Kal-neel” peuh i ci hi. “Kal”
pen awtom, “neel” pen awsau ahi hi. Tua pen maan lo hi.
“Co-lo-nel” sung-a om “lo” pen, “l” hi ta leh, “o” hi ta leh a aw

a suakkhia ding hi lo hi. “Kaa-nel” cih tawh a kibang dektak-a
aw suahsak ding ahi hi. “Kaa” pen awsau, “nel” pen awtom ahi
hi.
5. Punctuation zong, ih khialhna, om mun mahmah hi.
5.1 Grammar laibu tuamtuam ka et ciangin, spacing (mun

awng) tawh kisai kigelhna tam muh meel lo hi’ng. Typewriter
keyboard or computer keyboard-ah, space bar om hi. Laimal
(letter) ahi zongin, kammal (word) ahi zongin, simmal
(numeral) ahi zongin, punctuation mark ahi zongin, ih kihalsak
nop ciangin, tua space bar ih zangh hi.
Page 94 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
5.2 Period (=full stop) [.], comma [,], colon [:], semi-colon [;],
close quotation mark [”], close bracket [)], question mark [?]
cihte leh a mai-a om laimal/kammal-te kikaal-ah space om LO
ding hi.
Pasian in eite hong it hi . [Khial]

Pasian in eite hong it hi. [Maan]
Vantung-a om kote’ Pa aw , [Khial]

Vantung-a om kote’ Pa aw, [Maan]
A thupi peen thu thum : upna, lametna leh itna [Khial]

A thupi peen thu thum: upna, lametna leh itna [Maan]
Pasian in mite it hi ; mite in bel Pasian it kik khol lo uh hi.

[Khial]
Pasian in mite it hi; mite in bel Pasian it kik khol lo uh hi.
[Maan]
“Itna ” ih cih bang hiam? [Khial]

“Itna” ih cih bang hiam? [Maan]
Pilna (wisdom ) pen hauhna (wealth ) sangin thupi zaw hi,

kici hi. [Khial]
Pilna (wisdom) pen hauhna (wealth) sangin thupi zaw hi, kici
hi. [Maan]
Bang deih na hi hiam ? [Khial]

Bang deih na hi hiam? [Maan]
5.3 Period (=full stop) [.], comma [,], colon [:], semi-colon [;],
close quotation mark [”], close bracket [)], question mark [?]
cihte leh a nung-a om laimal/kammal-te kikaal-ah space KHAT
om ding hi. (Space bar khat vei kheen suk in.)
Page 95 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Pasian in thupha hong pia hen.Na hawhna na ciahna-ah daupai
in. [Khial]
Pasian in thupha hong pia hen. Na hawhna na ciahna-ah daupai
in. [Maan]
Vantung-a om kote' Pa aw,na min siangtho hong kiphat ta hen.

[Khial]
Vantung-a om kote’ Pa aw, na min siangtho hong kiphat ta hen.
[Maan]
A thupi peen thu thum:upna, lametna leh itna [Khial]

Pasian in mite it hi;mite in bel Pasian it kik khol lo uh hi.

[Khial]
[Maan]
“Itna”ih cih bang hiam? [Khial]

Pilna (wisdom)pen hauhna (wealth)sangin thupi zaw hi, kici

hi. [Khial]
hi. [Maan]
Bang deih na hi hiam?Hong gen in. [Khial]

Bang deih na hi hiam? Hong gen in. [Maan]
5.4 Open quotation mark [“], open bracket [(] leh a nung-a om
laimal/kammalte kikaal-ah space om LO ding hi.
“ Itna” ih cih bang hiam? [Khial]

Page 96 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Pilna ( wisdom) pen hauhna ( wealth) sangin thupi zaw hi,
kici hi. [Khial]
hi. [Maan]
5.5 Open quotation mark [“], open bracket [(] leh a nung-a om
laimal/kammalte kikaal-ah space om LO ding hi. (A tung-a #13
en in.) Close quotation mark [”], close bracket [)] leh a mai-a
om laimal/kammalte kikaal-ah space om LO ding hi. (A tung-a
#11 en in.)
“ Zeisu in Topa hi, ” na ci hiam? [Khial]

“Zeisu in Topa hi,” na ci hiam? [Maan]
Mangmatna ( dream ), mangmuhna ( vision ) cihte na nei

hia? [Khial]
Mangmatna (dream), mangmuhna (vision) cihte na nei hia?
[Maan]
6. Abbreviation ih gelh ciangin zong, kikhial thei mahmah hi.
6.1 Degree a tom-a ih gelh ciangin, period kizang hi.
Bachelor of Arts = B.A.
B khit cianngin period khat om-a A khit ciangin period khat

mah om ding hi.
B.A [Khial]
BA. [Khial]
B.A. [Maan]
6.2 Degree nih bang thum bang a ngah mi khat a om leh, a

degree khatna leh nihna kikaalah comma [,] om ding hi. Degree
nihna leh thumna kikaal-ah zong, comma om ding hi.
Page 97 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
B.A., B.L.
BSc., M.Sc., Ph.D.
B.A, B.L [Khial]

B.A., B.L [Khial]
B.A.,B.L. [Khial]
B.A., B.L. [Maan]
6.3 Degree nih hi napi-a khat bang-a a kingaihsun degree pen,

degree nih kikaal-ah comma koih theih, koih loh theih, ahi hi.
M.B., B.S. [Maan]

M.B.B.S. [Maan]
M.B. (Bachelor of Medicine) leh B.S. (Bachelor of Surgery)

pen kituam laak thei lo hi. Laak khop kul hi.
6.4 A tom-a ih gelh ciangin, period ih zat leh zat suak ding, ih
zat kei leh zat loh suak ding (consistently) ahi hi.
B.A. [Maan]
BA [Maan]
B.A., MA [Khial]
BA, M.A. [Khial]
B.A., M.A. [Maan]
BA, MA [Maan]
----- Original Message -----

From: Zam Vung
To: zomi@yahoogroups.com
Sent: Wednesday, October 18, 2006 11:07 PM
Subject: Re: [ZONET] Vangteh Sang Diamond Jubilee
.
Vangteh te na sia mahmah ei.
Page 98 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Hi bang aa na hanciam na te uh thupi sa mahmah ing.
Na mualsuang uh zong hoih mahmah hi.
Ahi zong in correction khat na bawl ding uh ong muhsak ing.
Tua in YEAR OF OPENED cih hi.
Tua pen YEAR OPENED cih hi zaw leh grammer maan zaw in
um ing.
Deihsak tak in,
Vung
michael pau <pau.michael@gmail.com> wrote:

Vangteh Sang Diamond Jubilee Mualsuang.
Page 99 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Thursday, March 15, 2007
Zolai Grammar:
Punctuation:
Mun-awng (Space)
by Taang Zomi
1. Khialhna (Error)
Khialhna (Error) pen, hih ka laigelh tawh kisai-in, nam nih-in
khen pak ni:
(1) Khialh khaak pakna (Accidental Error; Careless Error;

Inadvertent Error; Unintentional Error)
I theih hi napi, i khial kha pahpah hi.
Pasian in mihingte hong it hi. Pasian in a Tapa khat

neihsun hong piak zah dongin mihingte hong it hi.
Mihingte in ahih leh Paisan a it kik khol kei uh hi.
Pasian’ hong itna i theih ding kisam hi.
Hih mun-ah, sentence thumna-a “Paisan” pen, a kikhial kha pak

ahi hi. “Pasian” ding, ahi hi.
(2) Theih loh man-a khialhna (Error through Ignorance; Error

through Being Uninformed)
Pa sian in mi hing te hong it hi. Pa sian in a Ta pa khat

neih sun hong piak zah dong in mi hing te hong it hi. Mi
hing te in a hih leh Pa sian a it kik khol kei uh hi. Pa sian
Page 101 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
hong it na i theih ding kisam hi.
Hih mun-ah, laigelhpa in grammar, malgawm zia (orthography),

punctuation, cihte tel lo a hihna kithei hi.
“Pa sian” cih ding hi lo-in, “Pasian” cih ding, ahi hi. “Mi hing”
hi lo-in “mihing” hi ding hi. “Ta pa” zong “Tapa” cih ding hi. A
tam lahna-a a kizang kammal ahi “te” pen, a vei lam-a om
kammal tawh i kimatsak ding, ahi hi: mihing + te = mihingte.
Neihsa lahna-in apostrophe zat ding ahi hi. Noun pian’sakna-a a
kizangh “na” pen a vei lam-a kammal tawh kimat ding hi. “Ki”
pen a taklam-a kammal tawh kimat ding hi.
Hih bang hi leh, maan zawdiak ding hi:

Mihingte in ahih leh Pasian a it kik khol kei uh hi.
2. Computer leh Word Processing

Program zangh-a lai gelhna
Tu laitak-in word processing program a thupi thum (3) kinei hi:
Corel WordPerfect, Microsoft Word leh OpenOffice.org Writer.
I laigelh a maan leh a khial, computer screen tung-ah, i muh pak

theih nadingin, word processor program-ah non-printing
character a kimu thei dingin bawl in. A bawl zia na theih kei leh
menu bar-a om Help menu sung-ah kimu thei ding hi.
Gentehna-in, tu laitak-a ka zat OpenOffice.org Writer 2.19 sung-
ah, ka screen tung-ah non-printing chacater-te a suak ding ka
deih ciangin, (1) View menu-ah pai-in, Nonprinting Characters
ka meek hi; or (2) Ctrl + F10 [Ctrl key leh function key ahi F10
9 Version 3.2.1 hi ta [08 SEP 10 WED]
Page 102 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
meek khat-in] ka meek hi; or (3) Tool bar tung-a om
Nonprinting Character sign ahi ¶ ka meek hi.
Non-printing character i cih pen, screen tung bek-a a kimu, i

print ciang-a hong suakkhia lo character peen hi. Gentehna-in
space a om lam i theih nadingin center dot ahih kei leh middle
dot ahih kei leh interpunct [·] pen kammal khat leh kammal khat
kikaal-ah [kammal·khat·leh·kammal·khat·kikaal-ah] om hi. Tua
pen na printer tawh print khia lecin, hong dawkkhia lo ding hi.
Nonprinting character-te leh computer keyboard tung-a a

kilangh-a a kikoih lo character-te, na screen tung-ah hi taleh, na
print khiatna-ah hi taleh, na suahsak nop leh, keyboard shortcut
pawlkhat kizangh thei hi.
[·] = Middle dot or center dot or interpunct. Alt + 0183 (Main

keyboard tung-a om Alt key meek inla, khahkhia nailo-in,
keypad tung-a om 0, 1, 8, 3-te meek in. Tua khit ciangin a vek-
in khahkhia lecin, na screen tung-ah, middle dot hong om ding
hi. Keypad pen, na keyboard a tak lam-ah om hi.)
[¶] = Paragraph sign. Alt + 0182
[–] = en-dash. Alt + 0150
[—] = em-dash. Alt + 0151
Hyphen [-] bel, keyboard tung-ah om hi.
En-dash pen hyphen zah nih bang, em-dash pen en-dash zah nih
bang leh hyphen zah li (4) bang sau hi.
- = hyphen
– = en-dash
— = em-dash
Page 103 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Hih ka lai gelhna-ah, a khialte font a san (red10) tawh lak-in, a
maante pen vanmeel (blue11) tawh ka lak hi.
3. Punctuation Mark-te
Punctuation mark-te hih a nuai-a-te hi-a a dangdang zong om lai
hi.
Sentence tawpsakna-a a kizangh punctuation mark-te (end

punctuation marks):
period [x.]
question mark [x?]
exclamation point [x!]
Khawlna-a a kizangh punctuation mark-te (pause punctuation

marks):
comma [x,]
semicolon [x;]
colon [x:]
A kop-a akizangh punctuation mark-te (puntuation marks used

in pairs):
open quotation mark leh closed quotation mark [“x”]
open bracket leh closed bracket [(x)]
em-dash [—x—] (a kuulna mun-ah)
open quotation mark na zat leh closed quotation mark

zangh hamtang ding.
open bracket na zat leh closed bracket zangh hamtang
ding.
em-dash na zat leh a kuulna mun-ah a koppih em-dash
zangh ding.
10 Hih laibu sung-ah, Comic Sans MS Bold Italic 10 points tawh kilak
hi.
11 Hih laibu sung-ah Times New Roman Bold Italic 12 points tawh kilak hi.
Page 104 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
A dangdangte:
apostrophe [x’]
ellipsis points [x . . .]
hyphen [x-y]
en-dash [x–y]
ampersand [x & y]
slash [x/y]
A kisaipih a dangdangte:
Hihte pen punctuation a kicih lian loh hangin,
punctuation tawh a kisaipihte ahi hi:
capitalization [capital letter zatna]
abbreviation [tomlaakna]
space [mun awng]
4. Mun-awng (Space) koih zia

Typewriter keyboard or computer keyboard-ah, space bar om hi.
Laimal (letter) ahi zongin, kammal (word) ahi zongin, simmal
(numeral) ahi zongin, punctuation mark ahi zongin, i kihalsak
nop ciangin, tua space bar i zangh hi.
Hih spacing thu pen, English grammar bu a tam peen-ah kigelh

kha lo hi. Zolai grammar bu nih, bu thum sung-ah, kigelh kha
vet lo hi. Ei Zomite’ laigelhna-ah i khialhna tuamtuamte lak-ah
hih spacing pen a kitam khialh peen khat ahi hi. Laibu, labu a
kibawl tuamtuamte en kik leeng, hih thu (i khialh mahmah thu)
kimu thei hi. Tu mahmah-in zong, ZoNet sung-a lai kigelhte en
lehang, kimu thei hi.
1. Kammal (word) khat leh a dang kammal khat kikaal-ah space

KHAT om ding hi.
Pasian in kei hong it hi.
Page 105 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Pasian·in·kei·hong·it·hi.
Hih kamvui (sentence) sung-ah kammal 6 om hi. “Pasian” leh

“in” kikaal-ah space khat om hi. Tua mah bangin, “in” leh “kei”
kikaal, “kei” leh “hong” kikaal, “hong” leh “it” kikaal, leh “it”
leh “hi” kikaal-ah space khat ta om hi.
Pasian in kei hong it hi. [Maan]

Pasian·in·kei·hong·it·hi. [Maan]
Pasianinkeihongithi. [Khial]
Pasianinkeihongithi. [Khial]
Pasianinkei hongithi. [Khial]

Pasianinkei·hongithi. [Khial]
Pasianin keihong ithi. [Khial]

Pasianin·keihong·ithi. [Khial]
Pasian inkei hongithi. [Khial]

Pasian·inkei·hongithi. [Khial]
2. Period (=full stop) [.], comma [,], colon [:], semi-colon [;],
closed quotation mark [”], closed bracket [)], question mark [?],
exclamation point [!] cihte leh a nung-a om laimal/kammal-te
kikaal-ah space KHAT om ding hi. (Space bar khat vei kheen
suk in.)
Period:
Pasian in thupha hong pia hen .Na hawhna na ciahna-ah daupai

in. [Khial]
Pasian·in·thupha·hong·pia·hen.Na·hawhna·na·ciahna-
ah·daupai·in. [Khial]
Page 106 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Pasian in thupha hong pia hen. Na hawhna na ciahna-ah daupai

in. [Maan]
Pasian·in·thupha·hong·pia·hen.·Na·hawhna·na·
ciahna-ah·daupai·in. [Maan]
Comma:
Vantung-a om kote’ Pa aw,na min siangtho hong kiphat ta hen.

[Khial]
Vantung-a·om·kote’·Pa·aw,na·min·siangtho·hong·
kiphat·ta· hen. [Khial]
Vantung-a om kote’ Pa aw, na min siangtho hong kiphat ta hen.

[Maan]
Vantung-a·om·kote’·Pa·aw,·na·min·siangtho·
hong·kiphat·ta·hen. [Maan]
Colon:
A thupi peen thu thum:upna, lametna leh itna [Khial]

A·thupi·peen·thu·thum:upna,·lametna·leh·itna
[Khial]

A·thupi·peen·thu·thum:·upna,·lametna·leh·itna
[Maan]
Semicolon:
Pasian in mite it hi;mite in bel Pasian it kik khol lo uh hi.

[Khial]
Page 107 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Pasian·in·mite·it·hi;mite·in·bel·Pasian·it·kik·khol·lo·
uh·hi. [Khial]

[Maan]
Pasian·in·mite·it·hi;·mite·in·bel·Pasian·it·kik·
khol·lo·uh·hi. [Maan]
Closed Quoatation Mark:
“Itna”i cih bang hiam? [Khial]

“Itna”i·cih·bang·hiam? [Khial]
“Itna” i cih bang hiam? [Maan]

“Itna”·i·cih·bang·hiam? [Maan]
Closed Bracket:
Pilna (wisdom)pen hauhna (wealth) sangin thupi zaw hi, kici hi.
[Khial]
Pilna·(wisdom)pen·hauhna·(wealth)·sangin·thupi·zaw·
hi,·kici·hi. [Khial]
Pilna (wisdom)·pen hauhna (wealth) sangin thupi zaw hi, kici

hi. [Maan]
Pilna·(wisdom)·pen·hauhna·(wealth)·sangin·thupi·
zaw·hi,·kici·hi. [Maan]
Question Mark:
Bang deih na hi hiam?Hong gen in. [Khial]

Bang·deih·na·hi·hiam?Hong·gen·in. [Khial]
Bang deih na hi hiam? Hong gen in. [Maan]

Page 108 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Bang·deih·na·hi·hiam?·Hong·gen·in. [Maan]
Exclamation Point:
Tua ahih leh hehpihna hangin thukham a kipaaikhia hiam?

Deksuai!Thukham i kipsak hi. [Khial]
Tua·ahih·leh·hehpihna·hangin·thukham·a·kipaaikhia·
hiam?·Deksuai!Thukham·i·kipsak·hi. [Khial]

Deksuai! Thukham i kipsak hi. [Maan]
hiam?·Deksuai!·Thukham·i·kipsak·hi. [Maan]
Double quotation marks [“ ”] leh single quoatation marks

[‘ ’] pen Space tawh kisai-ah a zat dan kibang hi.
Curved Brackets [( )], Braces or Squiggly Brackets [{ }] leh

Square Brackets [[ ]] pen, Space tawh kisai-ah a zat dan
kibang hi.
3. Period (full stop) [.], comma [,], colon [:], semi-colon [;],
closed quotation mark [”], closed bracket [)], question mark [?],
exclamation point [!] cihte leh a mai-a om laimal/kammal-te
kikaal-ah space om LO ding hi.
Period:
Pasian in eite hong it hi . [Khial]

Pasian·in·eite·hong·it·hi·. [Khial]
Pasian in eite hong it hi. [Maan]

Pasian·in·eite·hong·it·hi. [Maan]
Comma:
Page 109 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Vantung-a om kote’ Pa aw , [Khial]

Vantung-a·om·kote’·Pa·aw·, [Khial]
Vantung-a om kote’ Pa aw, [Maan]

Vantung-a·om·kote’·Pa·aw, [Maan]
Colon:
A thupi peen thu thum : upna, lametna leh itna [Khial]

A·thupi·peen·thu·thum· : ·upna,·lametna·leh·itna
[Khial]

A·thupi·peen·thu·thum:·upna,·lametna·leh·itna
[Maan]
Semicolon:
Pasian in mite it hi ; mite in bel Pasian it kik khol lo uh hi.

[Khial]
Pasian·in·mite·it·hi·;·mite·in·bel·Pasian·it·kik·khol·
lo·uh·hi. [Khial]

[Maan]
Pasian·in·mite·it·hi;·mite·in·bel·Pasian·it·kik·khol·
lo·uh·hi. [Maan]
Closed Quotation Mark:
“Itna ” i cih bang hiam? [Khial]

“Itna·” ·i·cih·bang·hiam? [Khial]
Page 110 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Closed Bracket:
Pilna (wisdom ) pen hauhna (wealth ) sangin thupi zaw hi, kici
hi. [Khial]
Pilna·(wisdom·)·pen·hauhna·(wealth·)·sangin·thupi
zaw·hi,·kici·hi. [Khial]
hi. [Maan]
zaw·hi,·kici·hi. [Maan]
Question Mark:
Bang deih na hi hiam ? [Khial]

Bang·deih·na·hi·hiam·? [Khial]
Bang deih na hi hiam? [Maan]

Bang·deih·na·hi·hiam? [Maan]
Exaclamation Point:

Deksuai ! Thukham i kipsak hi. [Khial]
hiam?·
Deksuai·!·Thukham·i·kipsak·hi. [Khial]

Deksuai! Thukham i kipsak hi. [Maan]
Page 111 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
hiam?·
Deksuai!·Thukham·i·kipsak·hi. [Maan]
4. Open quotation mark [“], open bracket [(] leh a nung-a om
laimal/kammalte kikaal-ah space om LO ding hi.
Open Quotation Mark:
“ Itna” i cih bang hiam? [Khial]

“·Itna”·i·cih·bang·hiam? [Khial]

Open Bracket:
Pilna ( wisdom) pen hauhna ( wealth) sangin thupi zaw hi, kici
hi. [Khial]
Pilna·(·wisdom)·pen·hauhna·(·wealth)·sangin·thupi·
zaw·hi,·kici·hi. [Khial]
hi. [Maan]
zaw·hi,·kici·hi.[Maan]
5. Open quotation mark [“], open bracket [(] leh a nung-a om

laimal/kammalte kikaal-ah space om LO ding hi. (A tung-a #4
en in.) Closed quotation mark [”], closed bracket [)] leh a mai-a
om laimal/kammalte kikaal-ah space om LO ding hi. (A tung-a
#3 en in.)
Open Quoation Mark leh Closed Quotation Mark:
Page 112 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
“ Zeisu in Topa hi ” na ci hiam? [Khial]
“·Zeisu·in·Topa·hi·”·na·ci·hiam? [Khial]
“Zeisu in Topa hi” na ci hiam? [Maan]

“Zeisu·in·Topa·hi”·na·ci·hiam? [Maan]
Open Bracket leh Closed Bracket:
Mangmatna ( dream ), mangmuhna ( vision ) cihte na nei hia?

[Khial]
Mangmatna·(·dream·),·mangmuhna·(·vision·)
·cihte·na·nei·hia? [Khial]
Mangmatna (dream), mangmuhna (vision) cihte na nei hia?

[Maan]
Mangmatna·(dream),·mangmuhna·(vision)·cihte·na·
nei·hia? [Maan]
6. Hyphen [-] leh a mai-a om kammmal kikaal-ah space om LO

ding hi. Hyphen leh a nung-a om kammal kikaal-ah space om
LO ding hi.
November- January sung, vot mahmah hi. [Khial]

November-·January·sung,·vot·mahmah·hi. [Khial]
November -January sung, vot mahmah hi. [Khial]

November·-January·sung,·vot·mahmah·hi. [Khial]
November - January sung, vot mahmah hi. [Khial]

November·-·January·sung,·vot·mahmah·hi. [Khial]
November-January sung, vot mahmah hi. [Maan]

November-January·sung,·vot·mahmah·hi. [Maan]
Page 113 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
7. Em-Dash leh a nung-a om kammal kikaal-ah space a om KEI
leh, a koppih em-dash leh a nung-a om kammal kikaal-ah space
om LO ding hi.
Em-Dash leh a nung-a om kammal kikaal-ah space a om leh, a

kithuahpih em-dash leh a nung-a om kammal kikaal-ah space
om ding hi.
Space Om LO:
Ka lawmte nih—Thang Ho leh Lian Do —hong hawh uh hi.

[Khial]
Ka·lawmte·nih—Thang·Ho·leh·Lian·Do·—hong·
hawh·uh·hi. [Khial]
Ka lawmte nih—Thang Ho leh Lian Do— hong hawh uh hi.

[Khial]
Ka·lawmte·nih—Thang·Ho·leh·Lian·Do—·hong·
Ka lawmte nih—Thang Ho leh Lian Do — hong hawh uh hi.

[Khial]
Ka·lawmte·nih—Thang·Ho·leh·Lian·Do·—·hong·
Ka lawmte nih—Thang Ho leh Lian Do—hong hawh uh hi.

[Maan]
Ka·lawmte·nih—Thang·Ho·leh·Lian·Do—hong·
hawh·uh·hi. [Maan]
Space OM:
Ka lawmte nih — Thang Ho leh Lian Do—hong hawh uh hi.

[Khial]
Page 114 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Ka·lawmte·nih·—·Thang·Ho·leh·
Lian·Do—hong·hawh·uh·hi. [Khial]
Ka lawmte nih — Thang Ho leh Lian Do —hong hawh uh hi.

[Khial]
Ka·lawmte·nih·—·Thang·Ho·leh·Lian·Do·—hong·
Ka lawmte nih — Thang Ho leh Lian Do— hong hawh uh hi.

[Khial]
Ka·lawmte·nih·—·Thang·Ho·leh·Lian·Do—·hong·
Ka lawmte nih — Thang Ho leh Lian Do — hong hawh uh hi.

[Maan]
Ka·lawmte·nih·—·Thang·Ho·leh·Lian·Do·—·hong·
hawh·uh·hi. [Maan]
Page 115 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
23 MAR 2007 FRI
Zolai Gelhmaan 2007:
Punctuation:
Tomlaakna (Abbreviation)
By Taang Zomi
1. Hih lai pen, Zolai a puah nuam, a khangtosak nuam i om leh,
tua bang mite’ aading-a ka gelh ahi hi.
2. Hih lai pen, a zaak nop ding-in gelh (Kawllai-in: phway-

nway) lo hi’ng. Hun nei leng bel, a zaak nop dingin gelh nuam
veve ing.
3. Hih lai sung-ah kicin’na om nai lo hi. Kicin’ lohna,

thaneemna leh khialhna a omte, Zolai itna lungsim tawh, n’ong
theihsak kik ding uh, hong thuum ing. Note’ hong zaaksak
kiknate tungtawn-in, a hoih zaw-in mai lam hun-ah puah toto ni.
4. I zat email client program-te khat leh khat kibang lo, i zat
email service-te khat leh khat kibang lo, i zat yahoogroup-te
khat leh khat kibang lo ahih man-in, hih email pen, nang kiang
hong tun’ cianging, kei’ gelh bang-in nang’ email-ah hong suak
lo kha thei ding hi. Gentehna: Na email program-ah RTF (Rich
Text Format) or HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) a
kizangh thei ding-a na bawl kei leh, hih ka lai sung-a color
tuamtuamte, font size tuamtuamte, na mu thei kei ding hi. Na
email program-ah tua bangin na bawl hangin, tu laitak-in, virus
leh spyware tuamtuam daal nadingin, Chinland yahoogroup leh
Zomikhangthak yahoogroup-ah HTML kiphal lo, attachment
kiphal lo ahih manin, tua yahoogroup pan-a na ngah email-te-
ah, kei’ lai pen, ahi bangin hong suak lo ding hi.
Tua ahih manin, attachment-a k’ong khak pdf na sim zaw un.
Page 117 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
5. Hun i ngah ciangin, Capital Letter Zatna (Capitalization),

Comma Zatna, Apostrophe Zatna, Noun Pian'sakna (Formation
of Nouns), Kammal Kimat Kigamla Ding Khentelna cihte gelh
toto lai ni. Mailam hun-ah Zolai Grammar bu hoih mahmah
khat i neih zawh ding, lamen hang.
=====
Zolai Gelhmaan:
Punctuation:
Tomlaakna (Abbreviation)
By Taang Zomi
Tomlaakna (Abbreviation) pen punctuation ahih pah lian loh
hangin, punctuation tawh a kizangh khawm ahih manin,
punctuation thulu nuai-ah, khat veivei, kihel hi.
Hih ka laigelh sung-ah tomlaakna tawh kisai a vekpi-in kihel

nai lo hi. Mai lam-ah behlap toh lai ding, ahi hi.
1973 leh 1980 kikaal sungin, Zolai a it, a puahte lak-a a kihel
Tg. Ginkhatsuan (Head of Department, Township Department
of Agriculture, Tamu Township) in editor ka sepna magazine
khat-ah article sau leh lai tomno nengneng hong puak hi. Lai
tomnote lak-ah hih nih hong kihel hi:
Dictionary = Diksiannali = Dik-sian’na-li = Thu a maan a dikte

a singtho-a a kikoihna mun (tuili dan)
Grammar = Gelhmaan = Laigelh zia a maan a kihilhna laibu
Hong nusia khinsa Tg. Ginkhatsuan (hih laimalgawm pen ama’

Page 118 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
deih dan hi) ka phawkna leh zahtaak ka piakna-in, grammar pen
gelhmaan ci-in k’ong zangh hi.
Tomlaak (Abbreviation) zat zia

Tomlaakna (Abbreviation) zong, a kikhial mahmah thei khat ahi
hi.
1. Degree min, kipawlna min, gam min cihte a tom-a a kilaak

ciangin, period [.] kizangh hi.
Bachelord of Arts = B.A.

Bachelor Science = B.Sc.
United Nations Organization = U.N.O.
Myanmar baptist Concention = M.B.C.
United States of America = U.S.A.
United Kingdom = U.K.
2. A kitomlaak laimalte’ nung-ah period koih kim ding hi.
Bachelor of Arts = B.A.

B.A [Khial: A khit teh period om ding]
BA. [Khial: B khit teh period om ding]]
B.A. [Maan]
Myanmar Baptist Convention = M.B.C.

M.B.C [Khial: C khit teh period om ding]]
MB.C [Khial: M leh C khit teh period om ding]
M.BC [Khial: B leh C khit teh period om ding]
MBC. [Khial: M leh B khit teh period om ding]
MB.C. [Khial: M khit teh period om ding]
M.BC. [Khial: B khit teh period om ding]
M.B.C. [Maan]
Washington, District of Columbia = Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C [Khial: C khit teh period om ding]
Page 119 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Washington, DC. [Khial: D khit teh period om ding]
Washington, D.C. [Maan]
United States of America = U.S.A.

U.S.A [Khial: A khit teh period om ding]
US.A [Khial: U leh A khit teh period om ding]
U.SA [Khial: S leh A khit teh period om ding]
USA. [Khial: U leh S khit teh period om ding]
US.A. [Khial: U khit teh period om ding]
U.SA. [Khial: S khit teh period om ding]
U.S.A. [Maan]
Florida Zomi Innkuan (U.S.A.) = F.Z.I. (U.S.A.)

F.Z.I (U.S.A.) [Khial: I khit teh period om ding]
F.Z.I (U.S.A) [Khial: I leh A khit teh period om ding]
F.Z.I. (USA) [Khial: F.Z.I. ci-in kigelh khin ahih manin
U.S.A. ci-in gelh kul]
FZI (U.S.A.) [Khial: FZI ci-in kigelh khin ahih manin USA
ci-in gelh kul]
F.Z.I. (U.S.A.) [Maan]
Zomi Innkuan Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Zomi Innkuan Washington D.C, U.S.A.

[Khial: C khit teh period om ding]
Zomi Innkuan Washington D.C, U.S.A

[Khial: C leh A khit teh period om ding]
Zomi Innkuan Washington D.C., U.S.A

[Khial: A khit teh period om ding]
Zomi Innkuan Washington D.C., U.S.A.

[Maan thei: Washington khit teh comma a om ding hi-a, ahi
zongin, a om loh hangin zong maan thei teei hi.]
Zomi Innkuan Washington, D.C, U.S.A.
Page 120 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Zomi Innkuan Washington, D.C, U.S.A

[Khial: C leh A khit teh period om ding]
Zomi Innkuan Washington, D.C., U.S.A

[Khial: A khit teh period om ding]
Zomi Innkuan Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

[Maan]
Zomi Innkuan, D.C.
Zomi Innkuan D.C

Zomi Innkuan DC.
[Khial: D khit teh period om ding]
Zomi Innkuan D.C.
[Maan thei: Innkuan khit teh comma a om ding hi-a, a om loh
hangin zong maan thei teei hi.]
Zomi Innkuan, D.C

Zomi Innkuan, DC.

[Khial: D khit teh period om ding]
Zomi Innkuan, D.C.

[Maan]
3. Degree nih a ngah mi khat a om leh, degree khatna leh nihna

kikaal-ah comma [,] khat om ding hi.
B.A., B.Ed.
Spacing tawh kisai-a i gensa bangin, comma [,] ma-ah space om
Page 121 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
lo ding-a comma [,] khit ciangin space khat om ding hi.
B.A. , B.Ed. [Khial]

B.A.·,·B.Ed. [Khial]
B.A.,B.Ed. [Khial]
B.A.,B.Ed. Khial]
B.A., B.Ed. [Maan]

B.A.,·B.Ed. [Maan]
4. Degree thum leh a tungsiah a ngah mi khat a om leh, degree

khat leh khat kikaal-ah comma om ding hi.
B.A., B.L., M.Ed., Ph.D.

B.A.,·B.L.,·M.Ed.,·Ph.D.
Spacing tawh kisai-a i gensa bangin, comma [,] ma-ah space om

lo ding-a comma [,] khit ciangin space khat om ding hi.
B.A. , B.L., Ph.D. [Khial]

B.A.·,·B.L.,·Ph.D. [Khial: comma ma-ah space a om
lo ding hi napi om]
B.A.,B.L., Ph.D [Khial]

B.A.,B.L.,·Ph.D. [Khial: comma khit teh space a om
ding hi napi om lo]
B.A.,B.L.,Ph.D [Khial]
B.A.,·B.L.,·Ph.D [Khial: Ph.D khit teh period a om
ding hi napi om lo]
Page 122 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
B.A., B.L., Ph.D. [Maan]
B.A.,·B.L.,·Ph.D. [Maan]
Hih pen a kikhial thei mahmah khat ahi hi. Tu ni (23 MAR 07
FRI)-in, Director U Tin Yu in a zaih “Moe-koke-set-waing Ko
Kyaw-lun Ywaike” (မိးုကုပ္စက္၀ိုင္း ကို ေက်ာ္လြန္ ၍) (Manglai-
a kei’ tei tawmm: Beyond the Horizon) ka en kha hi. Lwin Moe,
Htun Aeindra Bo, Khaing Thinn Kyi, Myat Kaythi Aung leh
Aung Lwin kihel uh uh hi.
BurmeseClassic.com12
http://www.burmeseclassic.com/display.php?title_str=Friday
%20Movie&asxfile=Day5.asx
http://www.burmeseclassic.com/display.php?title_str=Saturday
%20Movie&asxfile=Day6.asx
Minthila.com13
http://store.minthila.com/lym-114.html
http://store.minthila.com/lym115.html
Youtube.com14
Part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=t3mIBkH55iM&feature=related
Part 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUaLTjpaRug
Part 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSdmOCOsVQM
Part 4 (Final): http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=_iHg0TJmkWk
Actor Aung Lwin pen Dr. Ohn Myint mun-ah kizaih hi. A
signboard-ah hih bangin kigelh hi.
12 Hih movie pen hih website-ah na om nawn lo hi. [03 JUL 08 THU]
13 Hih movie pen hih website-ah et dingin na om nawn lo-in, advertisement
bek na om hi. [18 APR 10 SUN]
14 Hih movie pen hih website-ah om napi, a signboard kisuan’na pen na om
nawn lo hi. [18 APR 10 SUN]
Page 123 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Dr. Ohn Myint [Hih pen Kawllai-in kigelh; a nuai-a teng

Manglai-in kigelh]
M.B.B.S, D.P.M
M.Med.Sc (Psychiatry)
Mental Health15
Hih mun-ah khialhna thum (3 ) om hi.

(1) M.B.B.S. cih ding ahi hi. S khit ciangin period om ding hi.
(2) D.P.M. cih ding ahi hi. M khit ciangin period om ding hi.
(3) M.Med.Sc. cih ding ahi hi. Sc khit ciangin period om ding
hi.
5. Degree nih hi napi-a khat bang-a a kingaihsun degree pen,

degree nih kikaal-ah comma koih theih, koih loh theih, ahi hi.
M.B., B.S. [Maan]

M.B.,·B.S. [Maan: comma khit teh space a om ding
pen om]
M.B.B.S. [Maan]
M.B. (Bachelor of Medicine) leh B.S. (Bachelor of Surgery)

pen kituam laak thei lo hi. Laak khop kul hi.
6. A tom-a i gelh ciangin, period i zat leh zat suak ding, i zat kei
leh zat loh suak ding (consistently) ahi hi.
B.A. [Maan]
BA [Maan]
B.A., MA [Khial: B.A. ci napi MA ci]

BA, M.A. [Khial: BA ci napi M.A. ci]
B.A., M.A. [Maan]
BA, MA [Maan]
15 Hih signboard a kihelna pen, hih website-te-ah om nawn lo hi.
Page 124 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
U.S.A. [Maan]
USA [Maan]
F.Z.I. (U.S.A.) [Maan]

FZI (USA) [Maan]
Zomi Innkuan Washington, D.C. [Maan]

Zomi Innkuan Washington, DC [Maan]
Zomi Innkuan D.C [Maan]

Zomi Innkuan DC [Maan]
7. Degree min ahi zongin, mihing min ahi zongin, a

kitomlaakna-ah laimal thum leh li a kizat leh, tua leh laimal
dangte kikaal-ah space om ding hi.
M.A. [Maan: M leh A kikaal-ah space om lo.]
Ahih hangin:
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
J.F.Kennedy [Khial]
J.F. Kennedy [Maan thei teei: J.F.·Kennedy]
J. F. Kennedy [Maan: J.·F.·Kennedy]
Jennifer Lopez
J.Lo [Khial:]
J. Lo [Maan: J.·Lo]
J. Lo. [Maan: J.·Lo.]
Thang Do Hang
T.D.Hang [Khial]
T.D. Hang [Maan thei teei: T.D.·Hang]
T. D. Hang [Maan: T.·D.·Hang]
Page 125 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
23 FEB 2007 FRI
Zolai Grammar 2007:
Comma, Semicolon, Colon,

Dash, Period leh Space Zat
Zia Pawlkhat
By Taang Zomi
1. ZoLite yahoogroup leh Zolai yahoogroup-ah kuamah in
bangmah a gelh loh hong sawt pian ta ahih manin, Zolai
grammar sung-a khenno khat k’ong gelh hi. ZoLite yahoogroup
leh Zolai yahoogroup pen Zolai puah nading ngimna tawh a
kiphuan ahih manin, hih thu hong gelh, ka hi hi.
2. Miami-a om Tg. Singpi (Tg. Vungh Pian Sing) kiang-ah 17

FEB 07 SAT ni-in, zan taam dingin ka va hawh leh, ama kiang-
ah, hih a nuai-a laibute na om hi:
(1) Chin Christian Centerary Magazine (1904-2004)

(ခ်င္း ခရစ္ယာန္ ရာၿပည့္ မဂၢဇင္း (၁၉၀၄-၂၀၀၄)
[Chin Kha-rit-yan Yar-pyi Meg-ga-zin (1904-2004)]
Printed in March, 2004
Edited by Chin Christian Centenary Magazine Committee
Published by Rev. Kip Thian Pau for Chin Christian
Centenary Magazine Committee
Printed by Rev. D. Kip Thian Pau at Baptist Press, Yangon
Printed and published in Yangon
Size: Breadth 7" x Length 9.25" x Spine Thickness 0.562"
Pages: 374 pages [(i-xxiv) plus (1-353) minus (326-328
censored)]
Page 127 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
(2) Vahui Magazine 2006
The Pigeon Magazine 2006
Printed in November 2006
Edited by Taang Zomi
Published by Florida Zomi Innkuan (USA), Inc.
Printed in Georgia, and published in Florida
Size: Breadth 8.5 x Length 11" x Spine Thickness 0.475"
Pages: 198 pages
(3) Hauhna leh Khansauna Thusim

By Evan. Do Khup
Edited by Rev. Chin Do Kham, D.D., D. Min., Ph.D.
Printed in 2000, and published in Yangon
Size: 5.5" x 7.5" x 0.625"
Pages: 290 pages [(8 unnumbered pages) plus (I-X) plus
(A-F) plus (1-274)]
(4) 90% Mite’ Nunzia

90% of Human Life
By Pa. Sian Cin Zam B.Min B.A.B.S
Printed in 2006
First Printing: 2004
Edited by Sia Cin Sian Pau and Sia Thang Nen Pau
Size: 6.75" x 8.25" x 0.48"
Pages: 291 pages [(16 unnumbered pages) plus (1-275)]
(5) Khuado Pawi Journal

Printed in October 2003
Edited by Pa Cin Za Nang, Pa Thawng Khan Pau, Tg. Vum
Lam Tuang, Pa Cin Sian Pau, Pa Nang Suan Kham
Size: 6.75" x 8.5" x 0.125"
Pages: 66 pages [(1 unnumbered page) plus (1-64) plus (1
unnumbered)
Page 128 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
(6) The Fruit of Unspared Labor
By Nu Zen Khaw Don
Printed in September 2004
Size: 5" x 7.25" x 0.125"
Pages: 56 pages (1-56)
(7) Theihhuai Thu Tuamtuam

By Vungh Khan Suan, Sakollam, Tedim
Printed in 2002
Size: 6" x 7.75" x 0.062"
Pages: 26 pages (1-26)
3. Tua ban-ah December 3, 2005 ni-a Yangon-a a kibawl Zomi

Seminar 1 video compact disk side 1, side 2 leh side 3 zong na
om-in, ka en kha thei hi.
4. Hih laibute ka sim ciangin, a thute zong thupi-in, a gelhte leh

a endikte zong thupi ka sa hi. Zomi Seminar zong thupi ka sa hi.
Rev. Tg. D. Kip Thian Pau: Tedim-ah Tan X-ah ka sangkahpih

ngei khat hi-a, lai a na uuk mahmah ahih lam, hih magazine
pan-in ka mu hi.
Evan. Do Khup: Amah ka muh ngei loh hangin ama' thu a hoih
lam vive ka za den hi. Ama’ laibu-ah zong, thu hoih vive
gelhkhia hi.
Tg. Sian Cin Zam: Amah pen kei’ khan’gual hi-a, Tg. Singpi’
pa ahi hi. Ama’ cih zah khat-in a teek nung, a guai nung-in
degree nih bang ngah-a, laibu hoih khat hong bawlkhia hi.
Gualnam beh in Khuado a bawl uh pen, eek nusiat lo-in laibu-

in hong bawlkhia uh ahih manin, thupi ka sa hi.
Lia Zen Khaw Don: Amah pen ka neu lai-in ka inn tungte hi-a,
Page 129 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
hih banga numei khat in laibu hong bawlkhiat pen thupi ka sa
hi.
Tg. Vungh Khan Suan: Amah zong, a teek nung, a guai

nungin, degree na ngah hi. Hih bang-a laibu hong bawlkhiat pen
thupi ka sa hi.
Zomi Seminar: Hih pen thupi ka sa-a, kibawl zeelzeel zo leh

hoih mahmah dingin ka ngaihsun hi.
5. Ahi zongin, tu-a ka gelh ding pen, tua laibute sung-a om

thute’ thupina thu leh Zomi Seminar’ thupina thu hi lo-in,
laigelh zia (grammar) thu ahi hi. Laigelh zia khempeuh hi lo-in,
punctuation zat zia ahi hi. A vekpi-in sim khin man lo hi ing.
Khialhna ka muhte tampi lak panin pawlkhat, mailam-ah laigelh
zia leh etdik zia kipuahphat nading cih ngiimna tawh, hong
pulaakkhia ing. Tua khialhnate pen gelh khialh khaak pakte hi
lo-in, grammar telcian lohna hang-a a kikhialte, ahi hi. Hih a
tung-a mi (laigelh leh endik) thupi teng in zong, hih ka lai gelh
mu le uh, hehna-in la lo-in lungdamna-in la ding uh, ci-in,
ngaihsun ka hih man-a a gelh ngam ka hi hi.
6. Khialhnate leh Puahphatnate
A khialte, a san (red) tawh lak-in, a maante, a vom-eng (blue)

tawh lak ing.
(1) Chin Christian Centerary Magazine (1904-2004), pp. 309-

311
01 Aung Mang Ph.D

04 Cin Do Kham D.Min, Ph.D
06 Chum Awi STD
07 Cong Luai D.D
14 Duh Kam D. Miss
Page 130 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Hih teng pen hih anuai-a bang hi ding hi:
01 Aung Mang Ph.D.

04 Cin Do Kham D.Min., Ph.D.
06 Chum Awi S.T.D.
07 Cong Luai D.D.
14 Duh Kam D. Miss.
Ph.D: “Ph” khit teh period a om bangmah-in “D” khit teh

period om ding hi.
D.Min: “D” khit teh period a om bangmah-in “Min” khit teh

period om ding hi.
STD: “STD” (period om lo) pen maan hi. Ahi zongin, a tung-a
leh a nuai-a om degree-te-ah period kikoih ahih manin,
“S.T.D.”ci-in gelh ding kilawm hi.
D.D: “D” masa khit teh period a om bangmah-in “D” nihna khit
teh period om ding hi.
D.Miss: “D” khit teh period a om bangmah-in “Miss” khit teh

period om ding hi.
(2) Chin Christian Centerary Magazine (1904-2004), p. 312

m
04 Gin Dal Lian MA. Ph.D
05 Huat Za Mang M.D, FRCS
10 Mang Cin Hau BSc, Ph.D
13 Vum Ko Hau Ph.D, FRGS, FRAI
15 Zam Khen Thang B.S.E.E. Ph.D, M.Div
Hih teng pen hih a nuai-a bang hi ding hi:
04 Gin Dal Lian M.A., Ph.D. [or MA, PhD]
Page 131 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
05 Huat Za Mang M.D., F.R.C.S. [or MD, FRCS]
10 Mang Cin Hau B.Sc., Ph.D. [or BSc, PhD]
13 Vum Ko Hau Ph.D., F.R.G.S., F.R.A.I. [or PhD,
FRGS, FRAI]
15 Zam Khen Thang B.S.E.E., Ph.D., M.Div. [or BSEE,

PhD, MDiv]
MA. Ph.D: “M” khit teh period om ding hi. Tua khit teh “A”
hong pai ding-a, “A” khit teh period om ding hi. Period khit teh
space om ding hi. “Ph” khit teh period a om bangmah-in “D”
khit teh period om ding hi.
M.D,: “M” khit teh period a om bangmah-in “D” khit teh

period om ding hi.
FRCS: “FRCS” pen maan hi. Ahi zongin, amah tawh a kithuah
degree-ah period i koih leh, tu-a degree-ah zong period koih kul
hi. “F.R.C.S.” hi ding hi.
Ph.D: “Ph” khit teh period a om bangmah-in “D” khit teh

period om ding hi.
FRGS, FRAI: Hihte zong maan hi. Ahi zongin, amau tawh a
kthuah degree-ah period om ahih manin, “F.R.G.S.” leh
“F.R.A.I.” ci-in, period zat ding ahi hi. Period i zat kei leh lah, a
vekpiin zat lo ding ahi hi.
B.S.E.E.: “B.S.E.E.” khit ciangin comma koih ding.
Ph.D,: “D” khit teh period koih ding.
M.Div: “Div” khit teh period koih ding.
(3) Hauhna leh Khansauna Thusim, cover:
Page 132 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
A gelh; Evan. Do Khup
Hih pen, a nuai-a bang hi zaw ding hi:
A gelh: Evan. Do Khup
A gelh;: “Gelh” khit ciangin semicolon om lo ding hi. Colon

om ding hi.
(4) Hauhna leh Khansauna Thusim, four pages after the front
cover:
Lungdamna lianpi tawh;

Evan. Do Khup
Hih pen, hih a nuai-a bang hi ding hi:
Lungdamna lianpi tawh,

Evan. Do Khup
tawh;: “tawh” khit ciangin semicolon om lo ding-a comma om

ding hi.
(5) Hauhna leh Khansauna Thusim, page I (roman numeral I)
Hih a nuai-a pen ka thulu “Comma, Semicolon, Colon Dash leh

Period Zat Zia Pawlkhat” in huam kha lo hi. Kammal a kimat a
kihal tawh kisai thu ahi hi.
Zogam hong khang losak a, Zomite hong it manin “HAUHNA

LEH KHANSAUNA THUSIM” hong hilh ih biak Topa pasian in
minthanna nei tawntung ta hen.
Hih pen hih a nuai-a bang hi ding hi:
Page 133 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Zogam hong khanglosak a, Zomite hong it manin “HAUHNA
LEH KHANSAUNA THUSIM” hong hilh ih biak Topa
Pasian in minthanna nei tawntung ta hen.
khang lo: “Khang lo” cih ciangin, a ngei-a ngei cihna hi. “Kiam
lo” cih ciangin, a ngei-a ngei cihna mah ahi hi. Ei mihingte pen
i neu lai-in damdam-in i khang hi. I kum hong tam pian ciangin
khang nawn lo hi hang. Pasian in i Zogam pen hong khangsak
ahi hiam? Ahih kei leh hong khang losak ahi hiam?
khanglo: “Khanglo” cih ciangin, ihmu nawn lo, khua phawk ta,
cihna ahi hi. Pasian in hong khanglosak ahi hiam? Ahih kei leh
hong ihmusak ahi hiam?
(6) Hauhna leh Khansauna Thusim, page VI:
C. Thang Za Tuan B.Sc, Dip.Ed, H.G.P, M.A(Australia)
C. Thang Za Tuan, B. Sc., Dip. Ed., H.G.P., M.A. (Australia)
C. Thang Za Tuan: “C. Thang Za Tuan” khit ciangin comma

om ding hi.
B.Sc: “B” khit ciangin period a om mahbangin “Sc” khit

ciangin period om ding hi.
Dip.Ed: “Dip” khit ciangin period a om mahbangin “Ed” khit

Dip.Ed: “Dip.” khit ciangin space om ding hi.
A kitomlaak kammal khat-ah laimal khat bek a om leh, tua

kammal leh a dang a kitomlaak kammal kikaal-ah space a om
loh hangin phamawh lo hi:
Page 134 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
B.A. [“B.” leh “A.” kikaal-ah space om lo.]
A kitomlaak kammal khat-ah laimal nih leh a tungsiah a om leh,

tua kammal pen tuam din’ ding hi:
“Dip.Ed.” hi lo, “Dip. Ed.” hi ding.
H.G.P: “H” khit ciang leh “G” khit ciangin period a om

bangmah-in, “P” khit ciangin period om ding hi.
M.A(Australia): “M” khit ciangin period a om bangmah-in “A”

khit ciangin period om ding hi.
M.A(Australia): “M.A.” leh “(Australia)” kikaal-ah space om

ding hi.
(7) Hauhna leh Khansauna Thusim, page X:
Itna leh deihsakna tawh;

Evan. Langh Do Khup
Itna leh deihsakna tawh,

Evan. Langh Do Khup
tawh;: “tawh” khit ciangin semicolon om lo ding-a comma om

ding hi.
(8) Hauhna leh Khansauna Thusim, page 231:
Ka pawlpi min uh pen, U.B.B hi a, “UT BANGBANG” a cihna

ahi hi.

Page 135 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Ka pawlpi min uh pen, U.B.B. hi a, “UT BANGBANG” a cihna

ahi hi.
U.B.B: “U” khit teh period om, “B” masa khit teh period om,
“B” nunung khit teh period om ding hi.
Mual bawl;
Pa Gin Khan Pau
Hih pen hih a nuai-a bang hi zaw ding hi:
Mual bawl:
Pa Gin Khan Pau
Mual bawl;: “Bawl” khit ciangin semicolon om lo ding hi.

Colon om ding hi.
Lungdam angtang takin

Evan. Langh Do Khup
Lungdam angtang takin,

Evan. Langh Do Khup
takin: “takin” khit ciangin comma om ding hi.
(11) 90% Mite' Nunzia, cover:
Pa. Sian Cin Zam B.Min B.A.B.S.
Page 136 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Hih pen hih anuai-a bang hi ding hi:
Pa Sian Cin Zam, B.Min., B.A.B.S.
Pa.: “Pa” pen a kitomlaakna hi lo ahih manin “Pa” khit ciangin

period om lo ding hi.
Zam: “Pa Sian Cin Zam” khit ciangin comma om ding hi.
B.Min: “B” khit teh period om ding; “Min” khit teh period om
ding hi.
B.Min: “B.Min.” khit ciangin comma om ding-a, comma khit

teh space om ding hi. Space khit teh degree a dang khat hong
pai ding hi.
(12) 90% Mite' Nunzia, third unnumbered page:
Sia,Langh Sawm Mang
Hih pen hih a nuai-a bang hi ding hi.
Sia Langh Sawm Mang
Sia,: “Sia” khit teh comma om lo ding hi.
Sia,Langh: “Sia” khit teh comma om lo ding ban-ah “Sia” leh

“Langh” kikaal-ah space om ding hi. “Sia Langh” hi ding hi.
(
(13) 90% Mite' Nunzia, sixth unnumbered page:
Rev;Job.Thawngno.Tahan.
Rev. Job Thawngno, Tahan

Page 137 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Rev;: “Rev” pen a tom-a a kila ahih manin “Rev” khit teh
period om ding hi. Semicolon kizangh lo ding hi. [“Rev.” hi
ding.]
Rev;Job.: “Rev.” leh “Job” kikaal-ah space om ding hi.

[Rev. Job hi ding.]
Job.: “Job” pen a tom-a a kila hi lo ahih manin “Job” khit teh
period om lo ding hi. [“Job.” hi lo-in “Job” hi ding hi.]
Thawngno.: “Thawngno” khit ciangin period om lo ding hi.
Thawngno. Tahan: “Thawngno” khit teh period om lo-in,

comma om ding hi. Comma leh “Tahan” kikaal-ah space om
ding hi. [“Thawngno, Tahan” hi ding.]
Tahan.: “Tahan” khit ciangin period om kul lo hi. [“Tahan.” hi

lo-in “Tahan” hi ding.]
(14) Khuado Pawi Journal, page 13:
Lia, Esther Cingsan (Zogam)
Hih pen, a nuai-a bang hi zaw ding hi:
Lia Esther Cingsan (Zogam)
“Lia” khit ciangin comma om lo ding hi. “Lia.” hi lo-in “Lia” hi

ding.
Khanglui Pupa’ Ngeina

By, Pa Pau Za Mung
Page 138 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Hih pen hih a nuai-a bang hi zaw ding hi:
By Pa Pau Za Mung
“By” khit ciangin comma om lo ding hi. “By Pa Pau Za Mung”

i cih pen, a sau-in gelh leeng, “Written by Pa Pau Za Mung” a
cihna hi. A sau zawlai-in gelh leeng, “This article is written by
Pa Pau Za Mung” a cihna ahi hi. “This article is written by, Pa
Pau Za Mung” cih ding hi lo hi.
6. Lia. Cing Lun Nuam
Hih pen a nuai-a bang hi zaw ding hi:
6. Lia Cing Lun Nuam
“Lia” khit ciangin period om lo ding hi. Tomlahna ahih leh bek
period om ding hi. “Lia” pen a tom-a a kila hi lo hi.
(17) Khuado Pawi Journal, page facing page 1:
E-di-tar A-phway (အယ္ဒတ

ီ ာ အဖြ.ဲ ) [Board of Editors]:
Pa Cin Za Nang B.A., (Hist)

Pa Thawng Khan Pau D.BS., M.Div., MCS., M.A (Theo)
Cand
Pa Vum Lam Tuang B.A.,

Pa Cin Sian Pau B.A.B.S., M.A (Theo)
Pa Nang Suan Kham B.A., M.A., Ph.D (Cand)
Hih a nuai-a bang hi zaw ding hi:
Page 139 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Pa Cin Za Nang, B.A. (Hist.)
B.A.,: “B.A.” khit ciangin comma om lo ding hi.
(Hist): “Hist” khit ciangin period om ding hi. “Hist” pen a

kitomlaakna hi-a, a sau-in“History” ahi hi.
Pa Thawng Khan Pau, D.B.S., M.Div., M.C.S., M.A. (Theo.)

Cand.
D.BS: “D.B” khit ciangin period om ding-a tua period khit teh
“S” hong pai ding-a “D.B.S.” hi ding hi.
MCS.: “M” leh “C” kikaal-ah period om ding, “C” leh “S”
kikaal-ah period om ding hi.
(Theo): “Theo” khit ciangin period om ding hi. “Theo” pen a

tom-a kila hi-a, a sau-in “Theology” ahi hi.
Cand: “Cand” khit ciangin period om ding hi. “Cand” pen a

tom-a kila hi-a, a sau-in “Candidate” ahi hi.
Pa Vum Lam Tuang, B.A.
B.A.,: “B.A.” khit ciangin comma om lo ding hi.
Pa Cin Sian Pau, B.A.B.S., M.A. (Theo.)
M.A: “M” khit ciangin period a om mahbangin “A” khit ciangin

period om lai ding hi.
(Theo): “Theo” khit ciangin period om ding hi. “Theo” pen a

tom-a kila hi-a, a sau-in “Theology” ahi hi.
Pa Nang Suan Kham B.A., M.A., Ph.D. (Cand.)

Page 140 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Ph.D: “Ph” khit ciangin period a om mahbangin “D” khit

(Cand): “Cand” khit ciangin period om ding hi. “Cand” pen a

tom-a kila hi-a, a sau-in “Candidate” ahi hi.
Degree-te-ah period i koih nop lei leh zong, kikoih lo thei hi.
Hih a nuai-a bang, ahi hi:
Pa Cin Za Nang BA (Hist)

Pa Thawng Khan Pau DBS, MDiv, MCS, MA (Theo)
Cand
Pa Vum Lam Tuang BA

Pa Cin Sian Pau BABS, MA (Theo)
Pa Nang Suan Kham BA, MA, PhD (Cand)
(18) The Fruit of Unspared Labor, page 15
(10) Mei Nguk (d) w/o Lt. Col Kap Za Thang
(10) Mei Nguk (d) w/o Lt. Col. Kap Za Thang
Lt. Col: “Col” pen a tom-a a kila ahih manin “Col” khit ciangin
period om ding hi.
(19) Theihhuai Thu Tuamtuam, page 2
Dr. Rev. Kham Khen Mang B Sc. M.Div.

Page 141 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Rev. Dr. Kham Khen Mang, B.Sc., M.Div.
Dr. Rev.: “Rev.” masa ding, “Dr.” in zom ding.
Mang: “Mang” khit ciangin comma om ding. Comma khit

ciangin space om ding.
(20) Theihhuai Thu Tuamtuam, page 25
Sd/- Vungh Khan Suan BTh.
Sd/- Vungh Khan Suan, B.Th.
Suan: “Suan” khit ciangin comma om ding. Comma khit

ciangin space om ding.
BTh. : “B” khit ciangin period om ding
(21) Zomi Seminar 1 VCD side 2 sung-ah, lai kigelhte sung

panin, hih a nuai-a zong ka mu hi:
Sianu. Cin Khan Lun
Hih pen hih a nuai-a bang ahih ding hi zaw hi:
Sianu Cin Khan Lun
Sianu.: “Sianu” khit ciangin period om lo ding hi. Tomlahna

ahih leh bek period om ding hi. “Sianu” pen a tom-a a kila hi lo
hi.
7. Hih a tung-a-te pen, tua laibute sung leh seminar VCD tung-a
ka muh pakte hi-a, tampi om lai hi. Mai lam-ah kikum toto ni.
Page 142 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Pre-1964:
Lia (Lakam) = Numei (naungek, naupang, nungak, nupi, piteek)

Taang (Lakam) = Pasal (naungek, naupang, tangval, papi,
puteek)
Kamhau gam Ukpipa, Pu Khaw Cin le Sukte’ phualpi ahi,

Mualbeem Innpite, Pi Lian Dim kiteeng uh-a, tapa nih leh tanu
nih nei uh hi. Tua teng lakah Vum Za Cing bek khuasuak-a, a
nungak ciangin, Hau Cin Khup’ lai-atpa Thual Neng
[Hautual/Ngaihte]’ tapa Suan Pum tawh kiteeng uh hi. [p. 29]
Tonzang Innpite’ maakpa Suan Pum bang Pu Hau Cin Khup’

aadingin a naseempa lah hi-a, a maakpa le a khuapih zong hi lai
ahi manin lungsim ngaihsutna le thagui thatang kisapna
khempeuh-ah a diang pawl ahi hi. [pp. 30, 28]
Pu Khup le Tapidawte’ thu a laan’ laitakin [zi leh ta a nei] Pa

Suan Pum pen a naute [zi leh ta a nei] Khawl Cin leh [zi leh ta
a nei] Vial Nang [Rev. Vial Nang] Tapidaw suak uh-a, nuam sa
het lo ahi manin hih late na sak hi:
(a) Miim bang pian’pih TAANG’ laizomte’n Sianmang kei’ aa

tuam ci e.
(b) Tung Pasian in siam tuam nei lo, ka laizom ci tuam lo e. [p.
28]
“Thu I Cih La Hi” by Siapi Mang Za Lian (Pu Suan Pum’ tapa),
Sukte Chronicle XII, November
2006, pp. 29, 30, 28
==
Page 143 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Thursday, May 24, 2007
Attachment: Bang Kammalte Kinaaisak Ding.pdf (129 KB)
Zolai Grammar:
Zolai Orthography:
Bang Kammalte Kinaaisak

Ding? (1)
[What Words Are to Be Written Solid?
(1)]
By Taang Zomi
Thupatna
Thu Masa
Khialhna
Computer leh Word Processing Program zangh-a lai
gelhna [pages 3-4]
Bang Kammalte Kinaaisak Ding?
Nungthuap
A. Thupatna
1. Thu Masa
Page 145 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
1. Hih lai pen, Zolai a puah nuam, a khangtosak nuam i om leh,
tua bang mite’ aading-a ka gelh ahi hi.
2. Hih lai pen, a zaak nop ding-in gelh (Kawllai-in: phway-

nway) lo hi'ng. Hun nei leng-a siamna nei leng bel, a zaak nop
dingin gelh nuam veve ing.
3. Hih lai sung-ah kicin’na om nai lo hi. Kicin’ lohna,

thaneemna leh khialhna a omte, Zolai itna lungsim tawh, n’ong
theihsak kik ding uh, hong thuum ing. Note’ hong zaaksak
kiknate tungtawn-in, a hoih zaw-in mai lam hun-ah puah toto ni.
4. I zat email client program-te khat leh khat kibang lo, i zat
email service-te khat leh khat kibang lo, i zat yahoogroup-te
khat leh khat kibang lo ahih man-in, hih email pen, nang kiang
hong tun’ cianging, kei’ gelh bang-in nang’ email-ah hong suak
lo kha thei ding hi. Gentehna: Na email program-ah RTF (Rich
Text Format) or HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) a
kizangh thei ding-a na bawl kei leh, hih ka lai sung-a color
tuamtuamte, font size tuamtuamte, na mu thei kei ding hi. Na
email program-ah tua bangin na bawl hangin, tu laitak-in, virus
leh spyware tuamtuam daal nadingin, Zomikhangthak
yahoogroup-ah HTML kiphal lo, attachment kiphal lo ahih
manin, tua yahoogroup pan-a na ngah email-te-ah, kei’ lai pen,
ahi bangin hong suak lo ding hi.
Tua ahih manin, attachment-a k’ong khak pdf na sim zaw un.
5. Hun i ngah ciangin, Capital Letter Zatna (Capitalization),

Comma Zatna, Apostrophe Zatna cihte gelh toto lai ni. Mailam
hun-ah Zolai Grammar bu hoih mahmah khat i neih zawh ding,
lamen hang.
2. Khialhna (Error)
Khialhna (Error) pen, hih ka laigelh tawh kisai-in, nam nih-in
Page 146 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
khen pak ni:
(1) Khialh khaak pakna (Accidental Error; Careless Error;

Inadvertent Error; Unintentional Error)
I theih hi napi, i khial kha pahpah hi.

Mihingte in ahih leh Paisan a it kik khol kei uh hi.
Hih mun-ah, sentence thumna-a “Paisan” pen, a kikhial kha pak

ahi hi. “Pasian” ding, ahi hi.
(2) Theih loh man-a khialhna (Error through Ignorance; Error

through Being Uninformed)
Pa sian in mi hing te hong it hi. Pa sian in a Ta pa khat

neih sun hong piak zah dong in mi hing te hong it hi. Mi
hing te in a hih leh Pa sian a it kik khol kei uh hi. Pa
sian hong it na i theih ding kisam hi.
Hih mun-ah, laigelhpa in grammar, malgawm zia (orthography),

punctuation, cihte tel lo a hihna kithei hi.
“Pa sian” cih ding hi lo-in, “Pasian” cih ding, ahi hi. “Mi hing”
hi lo-in “mihing” hi ding hi. “Tapa” zong “Tapa” cih ding hi. A
tam lahna-a a kizang kammal ahi “te” pen, a vei lam-a om
kammal tawh i kimatsak ding, ahi hi: mihing + te = mihingte.
Neihsa lahna-in apostrophe zat ding ahi hi. Noun pian’sakna-a a
kizangh “na” pen a vei lam-a kammal tawh kimat ding hi. “Ki”
pen a taklam-a kammal tawh kimat ding hi.
Hih bang hi leh, maan zawdiak ding hi:
Page 147 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Mihingte in ahih leh Pasian a it kik khol kei uh hi.
3. Computer leh Word Processing Program

zangh-a lai gelhna
Tu laitak-in word processing program a thupi thum (3) kinei hi:

Corel WordPerfect, Microsoft Word leh OpenOffice.org Writer.
I laigelh a maan leh a khial, computer screen tung-ah, i muh pak

theih nadingin, word processor program-ah non-printing
character a kimu thei dingin bawl in. A bawl zia na theih kei leh
menu bar-a om Help menu sung-ah kimu thei ding hi.
Gentehna-in, tu laitak-a ka zat OpenOffice.org Writer 2.2 16
sung-ah, ka screen tung-ah non-printing chacater-te a suak ding
ka deih ciangin, (1) View menu-ah pai-in, Nonprinting
Characters ka meek hi; or (2) Ctrl + F10 [Ctrl key leh function
key ahi F10 meek khat-in] ka meek hi; or (3) Tool bar tung-a
om Nonprinting Character sign ahi ¶ ka meek hi.
Non-printing character i cih pen, screen tung bek-a a kimu, i

print ciang-a hong suakkhia lo character peen hi. Gentehna-in,
space a om lam i theih nadingin center dot ahih kei leh middle
dot ahih kei leh interpunct [·] pen kammal khat leh kammal khat
kikaal-ah [kammal·khat·leh·kammal·khat·kikaal-ah] om hi. Tua
pen na printer tawh print khia lecin, hong dawkkhia lo ding hi.
Nonprinting character-te leh computer keyboard tung-a a

kilangh-a a kikoih lo character-te, na screen tung-ah hi taleh, na
print khiatna-ah hi taleh, na suahsak nop leh, keyboard shortcut
pawlkhat kizangh thei hi.
16 Tu laitak OOo Writer 3.2.1 hi ta. — 10 SEP 10 FRI

Page 148 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
[·] = Middle dot or center dot or interpunct. Alt + 0183
Main keyboard tung-a om Alt key meek inla, khahkhia nai lo-in,
keypad tung-a om 0, 1, 8, 3-te meek in. Tua khit ciangin a vek-
in khahkhia lecin, na screen tung-ah, middle dot hong om ding
hi. Keypad pen, na keyboard a tak lam-ah om hi.
[¶] = Paragraph sign. Alt + 0182
[–] = en-dash. Alt + 0150
[—] = em-dash. Alt + 0151
Hyphen [-] bel, keyboard tung-ah om hi.
En-dash pen hyphen zah nih bangin sau-a, em-dash pen en-dash
zah nih (2) bang leh hyphen zah li (4) bang sau hi.
- = hyphen
– = en-dash
— = em-dash
Hih ka lai gelhna-ah, a khialte font a san ( red)17 tawh lak-in, a

maante pen vanmeel (blue)18 tawh ka lak hi.
B. Bang Kammalte Kinaaisak

Ding?
01. Khaileh, hih a nuai-a lai, sim sin aw!
REVTGKHUPZAGOINVAHUIMAGAZINE2006LAIMAI44V
EILAMKHAWKAHHIHBANGINGELHHIMIKANGKUMPI
17 Red taang-in, Comis Sans MS Bold Italic 10 points kizangh hi.

18 Blue taang-in, Times New Roman Bold Italic 12 points kizangh hi.
Page 149 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
HONGKHANGATUATAWHKITONINKHRISTIANBIAKNA
MKAITEZONGZOGAMHONGTUNGUHHI.TUAHUNLAIIN
ZOMITEINLAINEINAILOUHHIZOPAUTAMPIOMHICIHAT
HEIHCIANGUNKOIPEENTAWHLAIBAWLLENGPHAPEE
NDINGHIAMCIINKUMPILAMPANHITALEHBIAKNALAM
PANHITALEHAVAIHAWMUHHITUATHUTAWHKISAIINK
AWLGAMLAISIANGTHOTHUVANPIREVSHERRATTZOG
AMAHAZINKAWIKAWIHISHERRATTNLONDONLAISIAN
GTHOZUMAHTHUAPUAKNALAIJULY71913SUNGAHKU
MPILAMPANLEHBIAKNALAMMAKAITENGAIHSUTNAP
ANINTEDIMGAMPANINTAANGKAMLINGUAFRANCAPI
ANGTHEIPEENLEHKILAWMHICIINTHUPUAKHITUATH
UTAWHKITUAKINREVJHCOPEINATEI1915KUMAKIKHE
NMATTHAIBUPENCHINHILLSSUNGZOPAUTAWHAKIK
HENMASAPEENLAISIANGTHOHIPAHHITUAHIAMIPILM
ASALAITHEIMASAMIKANGTEINZONGZOPAUBULPIKH
ATAASEHUHTEDIMPAUPENAMANPHADIAKPAUKHATA
HIHI.
02. Hih a tung-a lai sung-ah UPPERCASE LETTER (CAPITAL

LETTER) vive kizang hi. Punctuation mark (colon, comma,
hyphen, period cihte) kizang lo hi. Mun-awn'sakna (Spacing)
kizang lo-in kammal (word) khempeuh kimat (written solid) )
khin hi.
03. Hih a tung-a lai pen, na sim thei kha ahi zongin, a sim dan
nuam khol lo ding hi.
04. Nidang pek lai-in, Greek pen hih a tung-a bangin na gelh
ngei uh hi. Tu dong mahin Hebrew leh Kawllai pen hih a tung-a
bang pian-in kigelh lai hi.
05. Tuhun ciangin, Greek, Latin, English cihte-ah, kammal khat

leh khat kimat ziazua nawn loin, kammal khat leh khat kikaal-
ah mun-awng (space) kikoih hi. Uppercase letter bekbek tawh
kigelh lo hi. Sentence patna-a a kizang kammal (word) sung-a
Page 150 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
om laimal (letter) masa peen pen uppercase letter hi-a, tua lo
teng pen lowercase letter (small letter) tawh kigelh hi.
06. Zolai pen awmal khat a nei kam (monosyllabic language)

ahi hi. Awmal (syllable) khat pen kammal (word) khat hi pah hi.
07. Awmal-Khat Kammalte (Monosyllabic Words):
ak, be, ci, dawn, en, go, hau, inn, khua, lui, min, neu, ol, pil,
siam, tui, ui, vui, zo
08. Zokam pen Awmal-Khat Kam (Monosyllabic Language)

ahih hangin, Awmal-Tam Kammalte (Polysyllabic or
Multisyllabic Words) pawlkhat nei veve hi.
09. Awmal-Nih Kammal (Disyllabic or Bisyllabic Words):
awle, baibek, cingsing, dumde, gataam, heisa, innlawi,

kaikhuang, lengla, manta, nahtang, pasan, sagih, tawsaw,
uiphuk, vaphual, zasan
10. Awmal-Thum Kammal (Trisyllabic Words) zong, tawmcik

khat nei hi:
huihtuuntal, lengmasel, muvanlai, ngalulok, pasialthau,

simheisa, vanungak, zoheisa
11.Awmal-Li Kammal (Quadrisyallabic or TetrasyllablicWords)

pen om pha lo phial hi:
khuaivalikaap
Hih kammal pen, Pu Tg. Lian Khan Mung kiang pan, 23 MAY
07 WED ni-a ka ngah, ahi hi.
12. Hih Awmal-Nih Kammalte (Disyllabic Words), Awmal-
Page 151 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Thum Kammalte (Trisyllabic Words) leh Awmal-Li Kammal
(Quadrisyllabic Words) pen, kammal khat (one word)-a a kisim
ahih manin, kimat ding uh hi.
13. Khua min sung-a om awmalte (syllable) zong, kimat ding

uh hi:
Anlang, Bizang, Cikha, Dolluang, Gamlai, Hangken, Khuabem,

Lailui, Mualbem, Ngennung, Phaileng, Saizang, Tedim,
Valvum, Zimpi
14. Beh min sung-a awmalte zong, kimat ding uh hi:
Ainam, Bawmkhai, Cungphuh, Dopmul, Elsing, Gualnam,

Hatlang, Innsun, Khuptong, Lamhau, Manlun, Naulak, Phaipi,
Sukte, Taithul, Vahui, Zahlang
Hih beh minte pen, J. Thang Lian Pau in ZoNet sung-a 30 SEP
2004 THU ni-a a gelh “Zomi beh le phung kaikhopna” sung
pan-a ka laak hi.
i
15. Para #01 sung-a lai pen, mat zeizai nawn lo-in, awmal khat
teh kammal khat suah-in a tuam ciat-in gual leeuleeu ve ni e:
REV TG KHUP ZA GO IN VA HUI MA GA ZINE 2006 LAI
MAI 44 VEI LAM KHAWK AH HIH BANG IN GELH HI MI
KANG KUM PI HONG KHANG A TUA TAWH KI TON IN
KHRIS TIAN BIAK NA MA KAI TE ZONG ZO GAM HONG
TUNG UH HI TUA HUN LAI IN ZO MI TE IN LAI NEI NAI
LO UH HI ZO PAU TAM PI OM HI CIH A THEIH CIANG
UN KOI PEEN TAWH LAI BAWL LENG PHA PEEN DING
HIAM CI IN KUM PI LAM PAN HI TA LEH BIAK NA LAM
PAN HI TA LEH A VAI HAWM UH HI TUA THU TAWH KI
SAI IN KAWL GAM LAI SIANG THO THU VAN PI REV
SHER RATT ZO GAM AH A ZIN KAWI KAWI HI SHER
RATT IN LON DON LAI SIANG THO ZUM AH THU A
PUAK NA LAI JULY 7 1913 SUNG AH KUM PI LAM PAN
Page 152 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
LEH BIAK NA LAM MA KAI TE NGAIH SUT NA PAN IN
TE DIM GAM PAN IN TAANG KAM LIN GUA FRAN CA
PIANG THEI PEEN LEH KI LAWM HI CI IN THU PUAK HI
TUA THU TAWH KI TUAK IN REV J H COPE IN A TEI
1915 KUM A KI KHEN MAT THAI BU PEN CHIN HILLS
SUNG ZO PAU TAWH A KI KHEN MA SA PEEN LAI
SIANG THO HI PAH HI TUA HI A MI PIL MA SA LAI THEI
MA SA MI KANG TE IN ZONG ZO PAU BUL PI KHAT A A
SEH UH TE DIM PAU PEN A MAN PHA DIAK PAU KHAT
A HI HI
16. Hih a tung-a lai sung-ah, UPPERCASE LETTER vive

kizang hi. Punctuation mark kizang lo hi. Awmal khat pen
kammal khat-in la-in, tua kammalte khat leh khat kikaal-ah
mun-awng (space) kikoih hi.
17. Para #01 leh Para #15 na etkaak ciangin, Para #15 pen baih
zaw na sa ding hi.
18. Tua in bang lak hiam cih leh, kammalte tampi a kimat
ngeeingaai pen, sim hak hi. A kimat ding, a kigamla ding, na
theih kei leh, na kimatsak sangin kigamla sak lecin, tel nop zaw
hi.
19. Gelhmaan (Grammar) tawh kisai thukhun (rule) pawlkhat

enkik ni:
19.01 Kamvui (sentence) a kipatna-a a kizangh kammal (word)

sung-a laimal (letter) masa peen pen UPPERCASE LETTER hi
ding hi. Kamvui sung-a om kammal dangte lowercase letter
tawh kigelh ding hi.
Bang thu om ta leh, ka upna ka khiam kei ding hi.
Kamvui patna-a a kizang kammal: bang

Tua kammal sung-a laimal masa peen: B
Page 153 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
bang thu om ta leh, ka upna ka khiam kei ding hi.

[Kamvui patna kammal “bang” pen capital letter “B” tawh
kipan lo: Khial]
19.02 Kamvui a tawpna-a a kizang kammal nung-ah period om

ding hi. Tua kammal leh period kikaal-ah mun-awng (space) om
lo ding hi.
Bang thu om ta leh, ka upna ka khiam kei ding hi.

Bang·thu·om·ta·leh,·ka·upna·ka·khiam·kei·ding·hi.
Kamvui tawpna-a a kizang kammal: hi

Tua kammal khit ciang-a hong pai ciaptehna mal: period [.]
Bang thu om ta leh, ka upna ka khiam kei ding hi .

[“hi” leh period kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
Bang·thu·om·ta·leh,·ka·upna·ka·khiam·kei·ding·hi·.
[“hi” leh period kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
19.03 Kamvui khat a tawp ciangin, period kikoih hi. Kamvui

nihna pen, period khit ciangin kipan pah lo hi. Period khit
ciangin mun-awng (space) khat kikoih phot hi. Tua space khit
ciangin, kamvui nihna kipan thei pan hi. Cih nopna-ah, period
leh kamvui thak kikaal-ah munawng (space) khat kikoih hi.
Bang thu om ta leh, ka upna ka khiam kei ding hi. Topa lam
maingat-in thu ka ngen ding hi.
Bang·thu·om·ta·leh,·ka·upna·ka·khiam·kei·ding·
hi.·Topa·lam·maingatin·thu·ka·ngen·ding·hi.
Bang thu om ta leh, ka upna ka khiam kei ding hi.Topa lam

maingat-in thu ka ngen ding hi.
[Period leh “Topa” kikaal-ah space om lo: Khial]
Bang·thu·om·ta·leh,·ka·upna·ka·khiam·kei·ding·
Page 154 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
hi.Topa·lam·maingatin·thu·ka·ngen·ding·hi.
[Period leh “Topa” kikaal-ah space om lo: Khial]
Bang thu om ta leh, ka upna ka khiam kei

ding hi. Topa lam maingat-in thu ka ngen ding hi.
[Period leh “Topa” kikaal-ah space nih tak om: Khial]
Bang·thu·om·ta·leh,·ka·upna·ka·khiam·kei·
ding·hi.··Topa·lam·maingatin·thu·ka·ngen·ding·hi.
[Period leh “Topa” kikaal-ah space nih tak om: Khial]
19.04 Rev. Dr. Joseph Herbert Cope leh Rev. Tg. Sukte
Tualhang Hau Go pan Rev. Dr. Tg. Kam Khaw Thang leh Pi Lia
Luan Za Cing dong-a a kizangh suakte sung-ah, “ki” pen a
taklam-a om kammal tawh kimatsak hi.
Mite in Zeisu that uh hi. Zeisu in thahna thuak hi. Zeisu kithat
hi.
Zeisu·kithat·hi.
Zeisu ki that hi.

[“ki” leh “that” kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
Zeisu·ki·that·hi.
[“ki” leh “that” kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
19.05 Tua bang-a a kizang suakte sung-ah, “te” pen a vei lam-a
kammal tawh kimat hi.
Mite in Zeisu that uh hi.

Mite·in·Zeisu·that·uh·hi.
Mi te in Zeisu that uh hi.

[“mi” leh “te” kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
Mi·te·in·Zeisu·that·uh·hi.
Page 155 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
[“mi” leh “te” kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
19.06 Tua bang-a a kizangh suakte sung-ah, “na” pen a vei lam-
a om kammal tawh kimat hi.
Eite in hehpihna hangin upna tawh gupna i ngah hi.

Eite·in·hehpihna·hangin·upna·tawh·gupna·i·ngah·
hi.
Eite in hehpih na hangin up na tawh gup na i ngah hi.

[“hehpih”, “up” leh “gup” cihte leh “na” kikaal-ah space om:
Khial]
Eite·in·hehpih·na·hangin·up·na·tawh·gup·na·i·ngah·
hi.
[“hehpih”, “up” leh “gup” cihte leh “na” kikaal-ah
space om: Khial]
19.07 Sawlna-a a kizangh “in” pen a vei lam-a kammal tawh

kimat lo ding hi. Ahih hangin kam zopna lamsang-a a kizang
“in” pen a vei lam-a om kammal tawh kimat ding hi. A vei lam-
a om kammal pen awmung (vowel) ahih leh, tua kammal leh
“in” kikaal-ah hyphen om ding hi.
19.07.1
Tho in. An huan in. An na neek khit ciangin zum-ah pai in.
Tho·in.·An·huan·in.·An·na·neek·khit·ciangin·
zum-ah·pai·in.
Thoin. An huanin. An na neek khit ciangin zum-ah paiin.

[“tho”, “huan” leh “pai” cihte leh “in” kikaal-ah space om lo:
Khial]
Thoin.·An· huanin.·An·na·neek·khit·ciangin·
zum-ah·paiin.
Page 156 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
[“tho”, “huan” leh “pai” cihte leh “in” kikaal-ah space
om lo: Khial]
19.07.2
Amah tho-in an huan pah hi. Ziakaai nuam lo ahih manin an
neek khit phetin zum-ah pai hi.
Amah·tho-in·an·huan·pah·hi.·Ziakaai·nuam·lo·ahih·
manin·an·neek·khit·phetin·zum-ah·pai·hi.
Amah tho in an huan pah hi. Ziakaai nuam lo ahih man in an

neek khit phet in zum-ah pai hi.
[“tho”, “man” leh “phet” cihte leh “in” kikaal-ah space om:
Khial]
Amah·tho·in·an·huan·pah·hi.·Ziakaai·nuam·lo·ahih·
man·in·an·neek·khit·phet·in·zum-ah·pai·hi.
[“tho”, “man” leh “phet” cihte leh “in” kikaal-ah space
om: Khial]
19.08 Postposition khat ahi “ah” leh a mai-a om kammal kimat

hi. A mai-a om kammal pen awmung (vowel) ahih leh tua
kammal leh “ah” kikaal-ah hyphen kikoih hi. [Hih pen zat
suakhuai hiam, kikup tuak hi.]
Tedim khua-ah ka suak hi. Tedim panin Tahanah ka pai hi.

Tedim·khua-ah·ka·suak·hi.·Tedim·panin·Tahanah·
ka·pai·hi.
Tedim khua ah ka suak hi. Tedim panin Tahan ah ka pai hi.

[“khua”, “Tahan” cihte leh “ah” kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
Tedim·khua·ah·ka·suak·hi.·Tedim·panin·Tahan·ah
ka·pai·hi.
[“khua”, “Tahan” cihte leh “ah” kikaal-ah space om:
Khial]
Page 157 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
19.09 Pronoun pian-a a kizang “a” leh a mai-a om kammal

hitaleh, a nung-a kammal hitaleh, kimat lo hi. Ahi zongin,
Conjunction pian-a a kizang “a” leh a mai-a kammal kimat hi.
Tua kammal pen awmung (vowel) ahih leh, tua kammal leh “a”
kikaal-ah hyphen kikoih hi. [Hih zong a kikup huai khat hi.]
19.09.1
Kei ka hau hi. (First Person Singular)
Ei i hau hi. (First Person Plural Inclusive)
Ko ka hau uh hi. (First Person Plural Exclusive)
Nang na hau hi. (Second Person Singular)

No na hau uh hi. (Second Persona Plural)
Amah a hau hi. (Third Person Singular)

Amau a hau uh hi. (Third Person Plural)
Amah a hau hi.
Amah·a·hau·hi.
Amaha hau hi.

[“Amah” leh “a” kikaal-ah space om lo: Khial]
Amaha·hau·hi.
[“Amah” leh “a” kikaal-ah space om lo: Khial]
Amah ahau hi.

[“a” leh “hau” kikaal-ah space om lo: Khial]
Amah·ahau·hi.
[“a” leh “hau” kikaal-ah space om lo: Khial]
19.09.2
Taanglai pek-a kipan tuni ciang dong ki-itna i nei hi. Ciimnuai-
a i teen’ lai na thei hia?
Taanglai·pek-a·kipan·tuni·ciang·dong·ki-itna·i·nei·
Page 158 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
hi.·Ciimnuai-a·i·teen’·lai·na·thei·hia?
Taanglai pek a kipan tuni ciang dong ki-itna i nei hi. Ciimnuai a
i teen’ lai na thei hia?
[“pek”, “ciimnuai” cihte leh “a” kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
Taanglai·pek·a·kipan·tuni·ciang·dong·ki-itna·i·
nei·hi.·Ciimnuai·a·i·teen’·lai·na·thei·hia?
[“pek”, “ciimnuai” cihte leh “a” kikaal-ah space om:
Khial]
19.10 “sak” leh a veilam-a om kammal kimat hi.
Ka innteekpa in, ko a leenglate, an leh tui hong nesak, hong

dawnsak ziahziah hi.
Ka·innteekpa·in,·ko·a·leenglate,·an·leh·tui·hong·
nesak,·hong·dawnsak·ziahziah·hi.
Ka innteekpa in, ko a leenglate, an leh tui hong ne sak, hong

dawn sak ziahziah hi.
[“ne” leh “sak” kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
Ka·innteekpa·in,·ko·a·leenglate,·an·leh·tui·
hong·ne·sak,·hong·dawn·sak·ziahziah·hi.
[“ne” leh “sak” kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
19.11 “pih” leh a veilam-a om kammal kimat hi.
Pasian in hong hehpih mahmah hi.

Pasian·in·hong·hehpih·mahmah·hi.
Pasian in hong heh pih mahmah hi.

[“heh” leh “pih” kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
Pasian·in·hong·heh·pih·mahmah·hi.
[“heh” leh “pih” kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
Page 159 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Ka lawmpa a za khang ahih manin ka lungdampih mahmah hi.

Ka·lawmpa·a·za·khang·ahih·manin·ka·lungdampih·
mahmah·hi.
Ka lawmpa a za khang ahih manin ka lungdam pih mahmah hi.

[“lungdam” leh “pih” kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
Ka·lawmpa·a·za·khang·ahih·manin·ka·lungdam·pih·
mahmah·hi.
[“lungdam” leh “pih” kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
19.12 Gamtatna a kizopzop lam a lak kammalte kimat hi.

Amah’n lai simsim hi. A lawmpa pen mawlmawl hi.
Amah’n·lai·simsim·hi.·A·lawmpa·pen·mawlmawl·hi.
Amah’n lai sim sim hi. A lawmpa pen mawl mawl hi.
[“sim” leh “sim” kikaal, “mawl” leh “mawl” kikaal-te-ah space
om: Khial]
Amah’n·lai·sim·sim·hi.·A·lawmpa·pen·mawl·mawl·
hi.
[“sim” leh “sim” kikaal, “mawl” leh “mawl” kikaal-te-
ah space om: Khial]
19.13 Tat-huh (Adverb)-a a kizang kammalte pawlkhat, kimat

hi.
19.13.1
Amah pil mahmah hi. (Adverb of Degree)
Amah·pil·mahmah·hi. (Adverb of Degree)
Amah pil mah mah hi. (Adverb of Degree)

[“mah” leh “mah” kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
Amah·pil·mah·mah·hi. (Adverb of Degree)
Page 160 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
[“mah” leh “mah” kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
19.13.2
Amah’n la sa hiauhiau hi. (Adverb of Manner)
Amah’n·la·sa·hiauhiau·hi. (Adverb of Manner)
Amah’n la sa hiau hiau hi. (Adverb of Manner)

[“hiau” leh “hiau” kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
Amah’n·la·sa·hiau·hiau·hi. (Adverb of Manner)
[“hiau” leh “hiau” kikaal-ah space om: Khial]
20. Para #15-a lai pen a ngeina maan-in gual ta ni ei!
Rev. Tg. Khup Za Go in Vahui Magazine 2006, laimai 44,

veilam khawk-ah, hih bang-in gelh hi:
Mikang kumpi hong khanga, tua tawh kiton-in Khristian

biakna makaite zong Zogam hong tung uh hi. Tua hun
lai-in Zomite in lai nei nai lo uh hi. Zopau tampi om hi
cih a theih ciangun koi peen tawh lai bawl le’ng pha
peen ding hiam ci-in kumpi lam pan hitaleh, biakna lam
pan hitaleh a vaihawm uh hi. Tua thu tawh kisai-in
Kawlgam Lai Siangtho thuvanpi Rev. Sherratt,
Zogamah a zin kawikawi hi. Sherratt in London Lai
Siangtho zumah thu a puakna lai July 7, 1913 sungah:
kumpi lam pan leh biakna lam makaite ngaihsutna panin
Tedim gam panin taangkam (lingua franca) piang thei
peen leh kilawm hi, ci-in thupuak hi. Tua thu tawh
kituakin Rev. J. H. Cope in a tei 1915 kuma kikhen
Matthai bu pen Chin Hills sung Zopau tawh a kikhen
masa peen Lai Siangtho hi pah hi. Tua hi-a, mipil masa,
laithei masa Mikangte in zong Zopau bulpi khat-a a seh
uh Tedim pau pen a manpha diak pau khat ahi hi.
21. Hih a tung-a lai sung-ah, kamvui (sentence) patna kammal
Page 161 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
sung-a laimal masa peente CAPITAL LETTER kihisak hi.
Kamvui sung-a kammal dangte, small letter kihisak hi. Aituam
minte bel capital letter kihisak hi. Kamvui tawpna kammal
nung-ah period kikoih hi. Period khit ciangin space khat kikoih-
in tua khit teh kamvui thak kipan hi. Khiatna (meaning) khat,
ngaihsutna (idea) khat a nei kammalte, kammal khat-in kila-in,
kimatsak hi. Tu-in a sim dan nuam-in, laigelhpa' deihna zong i
thei thei hi.
C. Nungthuap (Appendix)
Draft
Zomi Orthography:
Zomi Polysyllabic Words

Zomi Disyllabic Words
Zomi Trisyllabic Words
Zomi Quadrisyllabic Words
By Taang Zomi
1. Most of Zomi words are monosyllabic.
2. The following are some polysyllabic words. Disyllabic words

are in black and white while trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic
words are in bold underscored.
A Aisan khat
Aklui Aksi
Aalu Akpa Akthei
Ai-eng Akpi Amah
Ailam Akpitangawnn Amau
Aisa = a kung nam Ankam
Page 162 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Ankamlum Bikhalaap Deihgawh
Ansingteh Bilbah Dektak
Anthuul Bilngong Dokdawn
Anzoteh = Bengngong Dolho
Awle Bilpi Duhhop
Bipak Dumde
B Bokthok E
= Vokthok
Baaklawng Buluh Eimah
Baibek Eimau
Balsan C Ek-awng
Balsau
Bangkua Cialkhau G
Banla Ciammui
Banpi = Ciamnui Gamdaai
Banpuang Ciamnui Gamla
Batsam = Ciammui Gamlak
Bawlung Ciikpi Gamlum
Bawngpi Cimawh Gammaang
Bawngtal Cimbilik Gampalak
Begul Cinghpi Gamsai
Behiang Citak Ganhing
= Besiang Cithei Gataam
Be-ik Gelsing
Bekan D Genthei
Belawi Geukang
Beleng Daaideek Giautau
Beli Daidawng Giitta
Bengngong = Solnol; Gilkial
= Bilngong = Kawldawng Gilo
Bepi Damiah Gilphan
Bepum Dangka Gilsan
Besan Dangtaak Gilvah
Besiang Dawhdan Gina
= Behiang Dawhkaan Golhguuk
Bikha Deidan Gualheeu
Page 163 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Guaphel Holim Kauphe
= Guasaili Hongma Kawcilik
Guasaili =Khongma Kawkeek
= Guaphel Huaiham Kawlbot
Guasok Huanghuang = Tangkun
Guatuai Huihtuun Kawldawng
Gulchikchil Huihtuuntal = Daidawng;
Gulci Humpi = Solnol
Gulha Kawkaai
Gulhik I = Kawlkaai
Gulngawngsan Kawkaaisan
Gunkuang Ihmu = Kawlkaaisan
Guta Ihsip Kawlgiit
Innhik Kawlkaai
H Innka = Kawkaai
Innking Kawlkaaisan
Haakkol Innkuun = Kawkaaisan
Haampheeng Innlawi Kawlkehawm
Haamsia Innliim Kawlmim
Habuuk Innsun Kawlsiing
Hakaai Innteek = Zasan
Haliam Innteeng Kawlsing
Hampha Inntual Kawltu
Hamsia Iplah Kawsah
Hanthawn = Kuasah [?]
Hausa K Keelkong
Haza Keimah
Hehneem Kaaiteem Keising
Hehpih Kaampha = Simbu
Heiga Kaamsia Keivom
Heisa Kaankang Khaanglaang
= Sahei Kaamvaal = Paicikhawm
Heisok Kaanglai (Lushei)
= Ngeisok Kahlei Khakham
Heita Kala-oh Khanglo
Hiauhau Kamkeii Khangmoi
Page 164 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Khangmulong = Khawphelep Lam-en
Khangno Khuangphilit Lampi
Khangtaak Khuavak Langbawm
Khankha Khuazing =Tawntel
Khasia Khumkham Leiko
Khausing Khutbuh Leikha
Khautang Khutme Leikheu
Khawhkheel Khutpeek Leitung
Kheelbaai Khutpi Leivokkuang
Khedap Kiilling Lengla
Khelbuuk Kilawm Lengmaseel
Kheltat Kimawl Lengtong
Kheme Kineih Lenmui
Khepeek Kipawl Lenuai
Khephiau Kiphasak Liaktawp
Khepp Kisathei Liangko
Khetbuuk Kizen Liangzawl
Khetul Komah Limsing
Khingkhai Komau Lingkhaw
Khomun Komkiil Lingmaw
Khongma = Konlawh Lingmaw
Hongma Kuasah [?] Lingmin
Khuacin’langh = Kawsah Lingpak
Khuadam Kuhkal Lonamsia
Khuado Kumpi Lopa
Khuahun Kumzawn Lothaang
Khualum Kunta Lo-uih
Khuaimu Lubawk
Khuaipi L Lungdam
Khuaivah Lingmin
Khuaivalikaap Laho Lingpak
Khuakhal Laina Lonamsia
Khuamial Lainat Lopa
Khuangai Laito Lothaang
Khuangbaai Lalcin Lo-uih
Khuaphialep Lamdang Lubawk
Page 165 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Lungduai Mantasan Musi
Lunggam = Mehthuuk Muvanlai
Lungulh Mantep
Lunghei Mebuh N
Lunghiang Meengkeeng
Lungka Mehkha Nahka
Lungkhaap = Mantakha Nahkia
Lungkham Mehthuuk Nahtang
Lungkia = Mantasan Nahthak
Lungngai Meigong Nakguh
Lungnuam Meilah Naksaal
Lungsim Meima Namsau
Lungso Meisel Namsia
Lungtang Meitei Nangawn
Lungtom Mihai = Natawm
Lungzai Mihau Nangmah
Lutang Migi Nasia
Mihing Natawm
M Miksa = Nangawn
Miksi Naungeek
Mahmah Minpha Naupang
Maikhing Minsia Nehno
Maimial Minthang Neekngaih
Maimom Mipil Neisok
Maipuang Misi = Ngeisok
Maitaang Mizawng Ngagul
Maitai Mom-ai Ngahat
Maitang Mompi Ngaihsun
Mangbuh Mualtan Ngaingaw
Mangkawlsing Mubung Ngaklah
Mangngilh Mudah Ngalkhuahang
Mangtaaksing Muiphei Ngaltaak
Mangthang Muithal Ngaltheen
Manta Muitung Ngaltuun
Mantakha Mulkim Ngalulok
= Mehkha Musane Ngameisan
Page 166 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Ngami Pa-akdangkaang Pheituam
Ngapaak Pa-akdangsan Phiaukawi
Ngapum Pagul Phihtu
(=Pumlum) Pahtawi Phingpi
Ngasan Paicikhawm Pholaak
Ngavok =Khaanglaang Phuisam [-]
Ngazo Palaang Phuisam [\]
Ngeisok Palau Phuitong
= Neisok Palngul Phulum
Ngeitaal Palpi Phulun
Ngentel Pammaih Phuungbeem
Niangteh Pamua Pialkhang
Niangtui Panaai Piteek
Nikaai Pangkhang Poimawh
Nitaak Pangpaan Puan-ak
Nomah Papaak Puanteen’
Nomau Papi Puksi
Nuakik Papo Pulaak
= Nawkik Pasal Pusuak
Nukik Pasan Pumlum
Numei Pasialthau = Ngapum
Nungak Pasian Pusuak
Nungta Patau Puteek
Nunuun Patciang
= Singtangmai Pateh S
Nupa Patung
Nuphal Paulam Saakvaak
Nupi Paunak Sabuai
Pemta Sagih
O Peengpelep Saha
Peuhmah Saham
Ong-e Phamawh Sahang
Phaitam Sahawk
P Phalbi Sahei
Phalvak = Heisa
Paakta Pheisam Sahia
Page 167 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Saidai Sehtaak = Daidawng;
Sa-ik Selkeu Kawldawng
Saili Siakmit Suaklu
Sailung Sialkong Suakta
Sailungtang Sialnah Sualkal
Saiseek Sialsawm Sumkuang
Saisuang Sialkhum Suangkua
Sakahu Sialthawl (?) Suangmuat
Sakhi Siangtho Suangpaak
Sakhilunggam Sikha = Suangvaupaak
Sakhitalgawm Sikkhu Suangsi
Sakhituaitung Siksem = rock blood
Sakhuai Sila Suangvaupaak =
Sakol Simai Suangpaak
Sakuh Simbeng Sukduk
Samkhau Simbu Sumkuang
Samkilh = Keising Sumtawng
Samphok Simheisa Sumto
Samsia = Heisa Sungpi
Samsih = Sahei Susia
Sanah Simmawh Sutpi
Sanang Simtham
Sangai Singgi T
Sanggam Singnahtang
Sangak Singsan Taakdo
Sansiim Singvadangtu Taaksing
Saphulip = Vasingdangtu Taangman
Sapi Sinkha Taangsaam
Sapi-uumtuah Singluang = a kung nam
Sapthei Sinnuam khat
Sathei Sinso Tagah
Saza Singtangmai Tahum
Sathak =Nunuun Taksang
Sazuk Sokpuang Talap
Seekpi Sokval Tamngai
Sehneel Solnol Tangciing
Page 168 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Tangho Thaksiing Tukpeng
Tangkha Thalsing Tulak
Tangkun Thangpaai Tungman
= Kawlbot Thankik Tungtuun
Tangluang Thanuam Tupeek
Tangmai Theiba Tuunpi
Tangngol Theidam Tuzum
Tangteel Theihia
Tangteuh Theitheek U
Tangval Theivatuktu
Tanluan Thokaangg Uilut
= Olive Thokualong Uipa
Tansing = Thokawlong Uiphuk
Tanu Thopi Uisan
Tapa Thopum Uisul
Tapkuang Thosi Uitawmm
Tuangdung Thovai Ukeng
Tawbo Thukhual Ukpi
Tawlbawk Thumaan Ummawh
Tawlet Thumang Unau
Tawngum Thunop Upa
Tawntek Thunuam Unok
Tawntel Thupi Utong
= Langbawm Thusa
Tawsaw Toktol V
Teembaw Tongdawn
Teengkol Tuahpha Va-ak
Teengta Tuahsia Vacim
Tehno Tuaiteeng Vagial
Teipi Tuangdung Vagik
Teising Tuantual Vahui
Tengte Tuga Vaimim
Thaangling Tuibuuk Vaka
Thadah Tuili Vakaang
Thahpuang (?) Tuipi Vakiang
Thaitheek Tuktum Vakhu
Page 169 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Valah Vokpi Zaupaan
Valuk Voktal Zavaat
Vamim Vokthok Zawngkuh
Vamtui = Bokthok Zawngtah
Vanbaal Vokthok-ek-tanal Zawngthal
Vansam (?) Ziakai
Vanungak Vompi Zingciang
Vantung Zingsang
Vaphual Z Zoheisa
Vasa = Heisa
Vasingdang Zabeel = Sahei
Vasingdangtu Zadang Zongsang
= Singvadangtu Za-ip Zozam
Vasukduk Zanah Zulei
Vatawt Zanta Zutang
Vaunga Zasan Zuthei
Veihnamkhau = Kawlsiing
Vokkhial Zato
Page 170 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Magazine Bawlna-a Zat Zia

Pawlkhat19
Malgawm Zia pawlkhat
Hih a nuai-a thute pen, a cing, a kim hi lo hi. [Hih] Magazine
etdikna (editing)-ah a kizang thu pawlkhat bek, ahi hi. Tampi
om lai hi. Mai kum lam ciangin, hun a om leh, hong kigelh beh
lai ding hi.
Min malgawm zia
1. Mihing min malgawm zia
Laigelhte’ min malgawm zia pen, amau’ zat dan mah kizui hi.
Cin Za Lian, ahih hangin Chin Khua Khai

Chin Khua Khai, ahih hangin Kam Khaw Thang
Kam Khaw Thang, ahih hangin Son Kho Lian
Son Kho Lian, ahih hangin Vum Ko Hau
Hauzachin Suante, ahih hangin Ngaih Lian Swante

Kham Lam Tuang, ahih hangin J. Gin Za Twang
Kip Thian Pau, ahih hangin Salai Kipp
Prof. Kam Za Mung, ahih hangin Dr. Kam Ya Dal
A min neite in bang malgawm zangh hiam ci-a a kitheihpih kei

leh, zat ngeina pen kizangh hi.
19 Taang Zomi, “Endikpi’ Lailam Pulaakna” (excerpt), Vahui Magazine

2006, Florida, USA: FZIUSA, 2006, pp. 18-20, 25-29.
Page 171 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Ngul Za Pao ci-a hong kigelh leh, Ngul Za Pau kicihsak hi.
“Pau” pen i zatzat ngei, a maan peen ahi hi. “Pao” a deih zaw
ahih lam a kitheihpih leh, “Pao” kicihsak hi.
Beh min malgawm zia
A beh neite’ zat malgawm zia mah kizui hi.
Zolai-ah “J” laimal <j> nei lo, Zopau-ah J awsuah /ʤ/ nei lo i
hih hangin, Zasuan cihsak lo-in, amau’ deih ahi Jasuan
kizatsak hi.
Tu-a i neih loh ahi J, Q, R, X ,Y cihte nidang ciangin i deih, i

zat nop hun hong om kha ding hi.
F pen Teizang kam-ah i zangh hi. “W” bel “A” khit ciangng i
zangh-a, kammal patna-in bel i zangh kei hi. [Topa aw, awm
natna a neite awng zo lo uh hi. Tua natna sung-ah awk den-a a
om ding uh, awi na hi hiam? Ko lam-ah hong awn suk inla,
amaute damsak in. Amaute a dam loh uh pen nawngkaai
mahmah hi.]
Khua min malgawm zia
Tiddim, Tedim
Tiddim pen Mangte’ hong lawhna hi-a, ei leh ei Tedim kici i
hih manin, Tedim kizangh zaw hi.
Kawl, Kawlpi, Kalemyo, Kalaymyo, Kaleymyo

Kawlpi ci-a i theih khua pen Kawlte in Kalemyo ci uh hi.
SPDC kumpi hong kah zawh ciangin, Kalaymyo ci-in a
kigelhna hong om hi. Tua ahih manin, a nih-in kisaang hi.
Kaleymyo bel kici ngei lo ahih manin, [hih] magazine sung-ah
kizangh lo hi.
Zangkong, Rangoon, Yangon
Page 172 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Hih pen, a gelhte’ gelh zan kizuihsak hi. Gentehna-in
“Zangkong Awging” a kici thuzaksakna lai pen, a neite in tu
ciang dong, “Rangoon Awging” lah ci lo, “Yangon Awging” lah
ci lo uh ahih manin, amau’ zat dan mah kizuihpih hi.
Khalkha, Haka, Hakha, Halkha

Nidangin, Haka a kici pen SPDC kumpi hun sungin, Hakha ci-
a a kizatna hong om ahih manin, Hakha kizangh hi. Khua leh
gam a neite in bang deih zaw uh cih a kitheih teh amau’ deih
dan zuih ding ahi hi.
Minam min malgawm zia
Zomi, Chin
Kawlte leh Mangte in “Chin” ci-a hong theih uh ahi ei minam
pen, ei leh ei Zomi kici i hih manin, “Zomi” kizangh hi. A
minam neite’ deih min, a kizatpih ahi hi.
Mang, Mangkang, Mangvom, Mikang

British-te, a diakdiak-in English-te pen Mang, Mangkang i ci hi.
A lai uh ahi English pen Manglai i ci hi. Mikang cih pen a vun
kaang ahi Europe mite ahi hi. Mangkangte zong Europe mi mah
hi uh ahih manin, Mikang ahi uh hi. Mangkang khempeuh
Mikang ahi uh hi. Ahih hangin, Mikang khempeuh Mangkang
hi lo hi.
Kammal Kinaaisak zia leh Kihalsak

zia
Zolai pen, mailam-ah, i telkan toto ding hi. Telkanna kician i
neih ma-in, a beisa hun-a i zatsate, i zangh lai ding hi.
1. Hih a nuai-a kammal leh a tak lam-a laimal/kammal-te kimat

hi.
Page 173 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
ki-
Kimu; kiho; kithutuak; kipumkhat
“ki” khit-a hong pai kammal (word) a patna laimal (letter) pen
vowel ahih leh, “ki” leh tua vowel kikaal-ah hyphen om ding hi:
ki-itna, ki-etna, ki-apna
2. Hih a nuai-a-te leh a vei lam-a laimal/kammalte kimat hi.
-a
tua huna kipan; tua muna i inn lam bel nuam saam ei.
“a” ma-a hong pai kammal (word) a tawpna laimal (letter) pen
vowel ahih leh, tua vowel leh “a” kikaal-ah hyphen om ding hi:
amah pen pa-a nei; an ne-a; tua hi-a; u-a hong nei na hi hiam,
nau-a hong nei na hi hiam?
-ah
tua munah; i gamah; i innah
“ah” ma-a hong pai kammal (word) a tawpna laimal (letter) pen
vowel ahih leh, tua vowel leh “ah” kikaal-ah hyphen om ding
hi: tua khua-ah; i lo-ah va kuan ning.
-in
tua ahih manin, tua ahih hangin, tua ahih ciangin,
“in” ma-a hong pai kammal (word) a tawpna laimal (letter) pen
vowel ahih leh, tua vowel leh “in” kikaal-ah hyphen om ding hi:
a mit na-in; an ne-in; tu hi-in, um lo-in; Pasian um-in
-na
itna, utna; hehpihna; hamphatna
-pih
mipih, sapih, paipih, dahpih
Page 174 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
-sak
seemsak; bawlsak,
-te
mite, thute, ute, naute, naupangte, makaite
3. Khua min, beh min cihte kimat hi.

Tedim, Lailui, Tonzang
Thawmte, Guite, Sukte, Bawmkhai
4. Khat-a a kingaihsun khawm thute, kimat hi.
Nang k’ong it hi.

A mah zong ka it hi. [Khial]
Amah zong ka it hi. [Maan]
Vai mim leh ga taam [Khial]

Vaimim leh gataam [Maan]
Bawng pi nawi va suuk ning. [Khial]

bawngpi nawi va suuk ning. [Maan]
Pa sian um in. [Khial]

Pasian um in. [Maan]
5. Gamtatna a kizomzomte, kimat hi.
Cingno kiang-ah Thangno khat vei a hawh hi.

Cingno kiang-ah Khamno sawm vei a hawh hi. Cingno kiang-
ah Khamno a hawhhawh hi.
Meitei gun in kan’ hun nei lo-in luangluang hi.
Ahi zongin theih ding khat:

Amah in gal a sim ciangin a zozo hi. [zo suakuak]
Page 175 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Zeisu in “A zo zo hi,” a ci hi. “zo zo” (=zo khin) hi-a, “zozo” hi
lo.
Zat zia pawlkhat

-in; in
Ka lawmpa, kei kiang-ah hong pai-in, sa hong kholh hi.

[declarative sentence]
Hih pen a tung-a “-in” (#6.2) sung-ah i mu khin hi.
Hong pai in. [imperative sentence]

Hih pen sawlna hi-a, “in” leh a mai-a kammal kimat lo ding hi.
Lawm aw, tho in. Kei zong tho-in pai ning.
ke’n; kei’n
Pai kei in. = Pai ke’n.

Kei in hih bangin ka ngaihsun hi. = Kei’n hih bangin ka
ngaihsun hi.
pen; peen
pen: Hih pen, Zolai leh Kawllai-ah, subject leh predicate zopna
(copula) ahi hi.
Solomon pen mipil ahi hi.
peen tawh kisai:

gol: adjective of positive degree
gol zaw: adjective of comparative degree
gol peen: adjective of superlative degree
Amah pen gol hi.
Amah pen a gol peen ahi hi.
Amah pen a gol peenpeen ahi hi.
Page 176 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
a; -a; a-
Amah a pai hi.

Tua hun-a kipan
Ahih hangin; ahi zongin
Awtom leh awsau

single vowel, double vowel
Awsau lah nadingin, a kulna mun-ah double vowel kizangh hi.

Tu ni-in amah in na nakpi-in seem [=to work] hi. Ama’ nasep
pen sasem [meat carver], ahi hi. Sa a kigawh khit ciangin,
amah’n sem [=to carve, to cut] hi.
Amah hong pil seemseem [=progressively] hi. Zum-ah na seem

[=to work] semsem [=unhesitatingly] hi.
o, aw
Awtom lahna-in “o” kizangh-a awsau lahna-in “aw” kizangh hi
Huihpi in tuipi a lawk hi. [Khial]

Huihpi in tuipi a lok hi. [Maan]
Amah a gol a gawl hi. [Khial]
Amah a gawl a gol hi. [Maan]
i, ih, ii
Kei ka pil hi.

Ei i pil hi.
Nang na pil hi.

No na pil uh hi.
Amah a pil hi.

Amau a pil uh hi.
Page 177 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
“Ei ih pil hi” cih bang-a i gelhna zong om-a, ahi zongin, tu
laitak-in “ih” zangh lo-in “i” kizangh hi.
“ii” pen Teizang-ah kizang phadiak hi.
Topa ii hehpihna tawh
Hih pen, Tedim-ah, apostrophe zangh-in,

Topa’ hehpihna tawh
kici hi.
Ahi zongin, khat veivei, “ii” zangh leeng, a kitel zawkna om hi.
Closed Quotation Zat Zia
Tu laitak-in zat zia nam nih om hi.

British English-ah:
Zomi sung-ah “Tedim”, “Falam”, “Hakha” leh a dangdangte
kihel hi.
Closed Quotation Mark [”] khit ciangin comma [,] pai pan hi.
American English-ah:
Zomi sung-ah “Tedim,” “Falam,” “Hakha” leh a dangdangte
kihel hi.
Closed Quotation Mark [”] ma-in comma [,] pai hi.
Rev. Pu Tg. Khup Za Go, Siapi Tg. Lian Za Go cihte pawl in

British English dan zangh uh hi. Amau’ article-te-ah amau’ zat
dan mah kizatpih hi.
Quotation mark zat dan a tel khol lote’ article-te-ah American

English dan kizatpih hi.
Page 178 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Saturday, April 19, 2008
A Nostalgic Small Piece of

Zolai Grammar
By Taang Zomi
Today (19 APR 08 SAT), I looked for and found a brief piece of
writing on Tedim Zolai grammar, which I wrote way back in
1996 (some twelve years ago).
In 1996, I began a newsletter-cum-mailing list, called The TBC

(The Thang Bawi Communique,
(http://web.archive.org/web/19991011083218/private.fuller.edu/
~pthang/tbc1.html),
which was a precursor of Zomi International Network
(http://groups.yahoo.com/group/zomi) and other yahoogroups
and googlegroups.
In March 1996, I began the first-ever Zomi websiste (The

Thang Bawi Home Page, (http://private.fuller.edu/~pthang).
This webpage is no longer valid, but most – but not all – of it is

archived here:
http://web.archive.org/web/19991010190932/private.fuller.edu/
~pthang/
During 1996, Thuah Aung (Wilfred Bening), a famous singer

and computer software programmer, also had his webpage
(Rammawi Home Page
(http://adams.patriot.net/~premil/rammawi.html),
which was the third or fourth webpage after mine.
Page 179 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
He sent us a list of sentences in English to be translated into
Tedim, Falam, Hakha, Matu, Mara, Cho, etc.
He translated it into Falam. I translated it into Tedim. He put our

translations on his webpage.
Today, I looked for his webpage, and found out that the
webpage no longer existed. I looked for the webpage on the
Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org), but it was not there.
I remember that Dr. Vum Son put my translation on his

webpage (Information Central for topics related to Zo Re-
unification and Democracy and Federalism in Burma,
(http://home.us.net/~suantak). When I tried to go there, I found
out that the webpage was no longer in existence. I went to the
Internet Archive, and fortunately the archive of the webpage is
still there:
http://web.archive.org/web/20031008112250/home.us.net/~suan
tak/
Fortunately, my translation is still there:

tak/l_tedim.htm
In 1995-1996, I used Eudora Light 1.x for Macintosh (see

http://www.eudora.com) as my main POP3 email client, which
was plain text only (that is, it did not have RTF or HTML
format). At that time web-based email (such as Hotmail or
Yahoo Mail) was un-heard of. I used Monaco (fixed,
monospaced font) 9 points when I wanted to write columnar
tables, and Palatino (proportional font) 12 points when I wrote
academic papers. (I used Micosoft Word 5.1 for formal writing.)
Now that I use Windows operating system, I use Outlook

Express 6 (both plain text and HTML) as one of my POP3
email clients. For tabulation, I use Courier New (fixed,
Page 180 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
monospaced font) 10 points in place of Monaco, and for
academic papers, I use Times New Roman 12 points in place of
Palatino. (Actually, I now use OpenOffice.org Writer 2.420 to
create tables.)
There have been lots of changes within 12 years!
With a deep feeling of nostalgia, I hereby reproduce my small

piece of writing on Tedim Zolai grammar.
We Zomis have not yet had a good, reliable grammar book. We

are still in the process of developing grammar and a grammar
book.
I look forward to comments from my readers.
20 Now, in September 2010, I use OpenOffice.org 3.2.1

Page 181 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
tak/l_tedim.htm
Tedim
ENGLISH Tedim
======== =====
How are you? Dam maw?
I'm fine. Dam mah.

Have you had your Nitaak-an (An) ne
dinner (meal)? khin maw?
Yes I have. He, ne khin.
What's up? Bang thu om a hia?
What are you up to? Bang seem na hia?
Nothing much. Bangmah seem khol
ke'ng ee.
Where are you going? Koi-ah pai na hia?
To “Van kau tlang”. “Vankau Mual”-ah.
It's too hot. Sa lua si.
Let's go to Church. Kikhawm ve ni ee.
It's very delicious. Lim mahmah si.
Give me that (Tua) hong pia ve.
(something).
Page 182 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Glossary:
======
Word or Definition
Phrase
dam*1 = (adjective or verb) healthy;
be healthy
maw; hia; = end particle used to show
hiam that the sentence is a
question
mah = affirmative particle
nitaak-an = (noun) dinner
an = (noun) food, meal
ne = (verb) eat
khin = (verb to be) present/past
perfect tense
(adverb of frequency)
already
he = (adverb of affirmation) yes
bang = (interrogative pronoun or
interrogative determiner)
what
thu = (noun) news; event; word;
case; matter
om = (verb) exist; be
a*2 = copulative particle used to
refer to third person
singular
na*2 = copulative particle used to
Page 183 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Word or Definition
Phrase
refer to second person
singular pronoun (nang;
nangmah)
bangmah = negative particle
seem = (verb) work; do
khol = (adverb of degree in a
negative sense) not much
ke’ng = short for "kei ing”
kei = (adverb of negation) not
ing*3 = end particle for first
person singular
ee = cosmetic end particle used
to enhance the beauty of the
sentence
koi-ah = (adverb) whither; to where
ah*4 = (postposition) to
mual = (noun) hill; hillock; mount;
mountain
sa*1 = (adjective/verb) hot; be hot
lua = (adverb) too; excessivel
si = end particle
kikhawm = (verb) worship (at church,
etc.)
(literally) be gathered
ve = cosmetic particle (to
enhance the beauty of the
sentence)
Page 184 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Word or Definition
Phrase
ni = (imperative or hortative
mood of verb) let us
lim*1 = (adjective/verb) delicious;
be delicious
mahmah = (adverb of degree) very
tua = (demonstrative pronoun;
demonstrative adjective)
that
hong*5 = adverbial particle used to
refer to direction inward
pia = (verb) give
_________________
Footnote *1 What is regarded as an

adjective in English grammar can be
regarded as a verb in Burmese, Zomi
(Laimi) and Hebrew grammar. Look at the
following sentences:
(1) Amah hau hi. (He is

rich.)
(2) A hau mi suak nuam ing. (I want to
become a
rich man.)
In the first sentence, "hau" (=be rich) is

a verb in Zomi (Laimi) and Burmese
grammar. [In Burmese, the sentence reads:
Page 185 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
"Thu chantha thi."] But in English, "rich"
is a predicative adjective (an adjective
used predicatively).
In the second sentence, "a hau mi" means

"a rich person". [In Burmese, it is:
"chantha thaw thu".] Here "hau" is an
attributive adjective (an adjective used
attributively). In this case, Zomi
(Laimi), Burmese and English grammars have
the same opinion.
Footnote *2 There are three such copulas,

viz., "ka", "na" and "a". Look at the
follwing sentences:
(1) Kei ka pai hi. ( I go.)

(2) Nang na pai hi. (You go.)
(3) Amah a pai hi. (He goes.)
"Ka" is the pronominal copula21 joining the

subject "kei" (first person singular
pronoun) and the verb "pai". "Hi" is the
end particle used to signify that the
sentence comes to an end.
"Na" is the the pronominal copula joing

the subject "nang" (second person
singular pronoun) and the verb "pai".
"A" is the pronominal copula joining the

subject "amah" (third person singular
pronoun) and the verb "pai".
21 In English, a copula is a verb-to-be (be, is, am. are, was, were, etc.).
Here, I use the word copula to mean, a word used to join two elements. I
call it pronominal prefix elsewhere.
Page 186 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Footnote *3 When we want to omit a

pronominal copula, such as "ka" or "na",
we replace the end particle "hi" with the
pronominal particle concerned. Look at the
following sentences:
(1) Kei ka pai hi.

Kei pai ing
(2) Nang na pai hi.

Nang pai teh
(3) Amah a pai hi.

Amah pai hi.
In the first sentence, we omit the

pronominal copula "ka" and the end
particle "hi". In place of "hi" we put the
prominal end particle for first person
singular "ing".
In the second sentence, we omit the

pronominal copula "na" and the end
particle "hi". In place of "hi" we put the
pronominal end particle for the second
person singular "teh".
In the third sentence, we omit the

pronominal copula "a". But we do not omit
the end particle "hi" because there is no
separate pronominal end particle for the
third person singular to replace "hi".
Page 187 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Footnote *4 In English, the preposition
(pre-position) is one of the eight parts
of speech. The word that is put before
(=pre) a noun or a noun equivalent is
called a preposition. Look at the
following sentence:
(1) Tedim-ah va pai in. (Go to Tedim.)
(1) Tedim- ah va pai in. (Go to Tedim.)
Here, in the sentence in English, the word

"to" is put _before_ a noun (Tedim).
Therefore "to" is a preposition.
But in Zomi (Laimi) and Burmese grammar,

"ah" ("to" in English) is put _after_
(=post) a noun (Tedim) or noun equivalent.
Therefore we should call it "postposition"
(post-position) instead of "preposition".
I think Japanese grammar is the same as
ours in this case.
Footnote *5 There are two adverbial

particles used to refer to direction of
movement, viz., "hong" and "va". Look at
the following sentences:
(1) Hong pai in. (Come here.)

(2) Va pai in. (Go there.)
In the first sentence, the vocative of

address is omitted. The sentence is the
same as the following:
Page 188 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
(1) (Nang) hong pai in. [(You) come here.]
"Hong" is used to refer to direction

inward, or to a destination directed
toward the person speaking.
In the second sentence also, the vocative

of address is omitted. The sentence is the
same as the following:
(2) (Nang) va pai in. [(You) go there.]
"Va" is used to refer to direction

outward, or to a destination directed away
from the person speaking.
Our special thank goes to Rev. Pau Cin Thang for his
contribution of Tedim dialect.
Back to Dialect
Back to Rammawi
Page 189 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Tuesday, April 29, 2008
Zolai Gelhmaan Bulpi

Pawlkhat
Some Basics of Zolai Grammar
By Taang Zomi
K'ong it USA Thupuak Editor aw,
1. Hih bangin, Zolai tawh kisai, na lunghihmawhna n'ong

pulaak ciangin, lai mi mahmah hong sa-in hong paakta ing.
Vahui Magazine 2006 bawlna-ah i kithuah pen nuam ka sa
mahmah-a, tu-in, USA Thupuak-ah pang khawm leeuleeu thei i
hih manin, ka aangtang mahmah hi.
2. Zolai Gelhmaan (Zolai Grammar) pen English Grammar

tawh kibang lo-in, Burmese Grammar tawh kinaai hi.
2.1 Zolai, Burmese, Latin, etc.-ah definite article (“the”) kinei

lo.22 English-ah definite article om. German, French, Spanish,
etc.-ah definite article dilhpi-in diil!
2.2 Zolai, Burmese, etc.-ah sentence word order pen SOV

(Subject-Object-Verb) hi-a, English-ah SVO (Subject-Verb-
Object) ahi hi.
22 Siapi Vul Za Thang le J. Gin Za Twang in bel “Tua a laibu” cih bang-ah
“a” pen article hi, ci uh hi. A ngaihsut huai thu khat ahi hi.
Vul Za Thang and J. Gin Za Twang, Chin-English Dictionary (Tiddim
Chin), Tiddim: self-published, 1975, (the dictionary portion, which is the
second portion of the book) pp. 1,3
Page 191 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
S (Subject) O (Object) V (Verb)

Tg. Thang Ho in bawng khat pen go hi.
Maung Ba thi nwa tit kaung ko that thi.
ေမာင္ဘ သည္ ႏြား တစ္ေကာင္ ကုိ သတ္ သည္။

David slaughtered a cow.
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/1470/chap-2-4-
2.html
http://homepage.ntlworld.com/vivian.c/Linguistics/LinguisticsG
lossary.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_order
2.3 English-a a om lo, Zolai le Burmese-a a om khat pen,

Nominative affix (“in”) ahi hi. Tua pen, subject tawh kimat
(written solid) lo-in, a tuam-a gelh (written open) ding hoih ka
sa hi.
Simple Nom- Simple Object- Pronom- Simple Assert-
Subject inative Object ive Affix inal Verb ive End
Affix Prefix Affix
Tg. in lo (pen)23 a kho hi.
Thang
Ho
Maung thi lay (ko)23 htun thi (i)
Ba
ေမာင္ဘ သည္ လယ္ (ကုိ)23 ထြန္ သည္
(၏)။
23 Sentence-ah, hih objective affix pen kikoih lo thei hi.

Page 192 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
2.4 English-a a om lo, Zolai le Burmese-a a om dang khat pen,

Imperative End Affix (“in”) ahi hi. Tua pen verb tawh kimat lo-
in, a tuam-a gelh ding hoih ka sa hi.

Vocat- Vocat- Simple Nom- Simple Object- Sim- Imperat-
ive of ive Subject inative Object ive ple ive End
Address Affix Affix Affix Verb Affix
Lai (pen)24 gelh in.
Sar (ko)24 yay bar.
စာ (ကုိ) 24
ေရး ပါ။
(Nang in)25 lai (pen)24 gelh in.
25 24
(Thin thi) sar (ko) yay bar.
(သင္ သည္) 25
စာ (ကုိ) 24
ေရး ပါ။
(Tg. aw,)26 (nang in)25 lai (pen)24 gelh in.
Thang
Ho
(Maung yay,)26 (thin thi)25 sar (ko)24 yay bar.
Ba
(ေမာင္ ေရ)26 (သင္ သည္)25 စာ (ကုိ)24 ေရး ပါ။
ဘ
3. Tu-in i subject pi (main subject) lam-ah pai ta ni.
3.1 Personal Pronoun le Pronominal Prefix-te:
24 Sentence-ah, hih objective affix pen kikoih lo thei hi.

25 Sentence-ah, hih subject le nominative affix pen kikoih lo thei hi.
26 Sentence-ah, hih nominative of address le address affix pen kikoih lo thei
hi.
Page 193 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Person Number Personal Pronom- Verb Pluraliz- Assert-
Pronoun inal ing ive End
Prefix Verbal Suffix
Suffix
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
First Singular Kei
Person ka pai hi.
Keimah
Plural Ei
Eimah
i pai (uh)27 hi.
Eimau
Eite
Ko
Komah
ka pai uh hi.
Komau
Kote
Second Nang
Person na pai hi.
Nangmah
No
Nomah
na pai uh hi.
Nomau
Note
Singular Amah a pai hi.

Third
Person
Plural Amau
a pai uh hi.
Amaute
27 Hih mun-ah pluralizing verbal suffix pen kikoih khin khol lo hi.
Page 194 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
3.2 Pronominal Prefix (“Ka, na, a”) tawh a form kibang napi, a
zatna tuamdang khat om leeuleeu-a, tua pen Possessive
Adjective ahi hi.
Per- Num- Poss- Noun Plu- Pro- Tran- In- Plu- As-
son ber essive ral- nomi sitive tran- ral- sert-
Ad- izing nal Verb sitive izing ive
ject- Nom- Pre- Verb Verb- End
ive inal fix (Ad- al Affix
Suf- jectiv Suffix
fix e)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
First Sing- Ka laibu ka sim hi

Per- ular
Ka inn a gol hi.
son
Plural I laibu i sim hi

(In-
I inn a gol hi.
clus-
ive)
Plural Ka laibu uh ka sim uh hi.

(Ex-
Ka inn uh a gol hi.
clus-
ive)
Se- Sing- Na laibu na sim hi.

cond ular
Na inn a gol hi.
Per-
son
Plural Na laibu uh na sim uh hi.
Na inn uh a gol hi.
Third Sing- A laibu a sim hi.

Per- ular
A inn a gol hi.
son
Plural A laibu uh a sim uh hi.

A inn uh a gol hi.
Page 195 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
3.3 “Kei ka pai hi,” hi zaw maw, “Kei kapai hi,” hi zaw maw,
cih tawh kisai-in, “Kei ka pai hi,” cih ding hoih zaw ka sa hi.
Dr. Joseph Herbert Cope’ hun, Rev. Sukte T. Hau Go’ hun, Rev.
Kam Khaw Thang’ hun-te-ah, “Kei ka pai hi,” cih dan mah
kizangh hi.
Bangbang ahi zongin, i zat khat pen zat paisuak (consistent)

ding kisam hi. “Kei kapai hi,” cih pen hoih zaw i sak leh zong,
tua dan-a zat paisuak ding hi-a, khat vei leh “Kei ka pai hi,” ci
zeel, khat vei leh “Kei kapai hi,” ci zeel, cih bang-a i om loh
ding thupi hi.
3.4 Kammal a kimat-a gelh ding dan tawh kisai-in, a beisa hun
(May 24, 2007 ni)-in, “Bang Kammalte Kinaaisak Ding? (1)”
[“Which Words are to be Written Solid? (1)”] cih khat, ka gelh
ngei hi.
May 24, 2007, 5:18 PM (Eastern Daylight Time)

Bang Kammalte Kinaaisak Ding? (1)
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/zomi/message/27266
August 10, 2007, 05:41 PM (Eastern Daylight Time)

Bang Kammalte.pdf
http://www.zocia.org/forum/showthread.php?t=91
4. Mailam-ah Zolai a hoih seemseem nading-in, hanciam-in

seem khawm ciat ni.
---------- Forwarded message ----------

From: Myanmar Mission <usathupuak@yahoo.com>
Date: Mon, Mar 31, 2008 at 11:33 AM
Subject: Fwd: USA Thupuak ( March 2008)
To: Cin Do Thawng <cinno06@gmail.com>, kamkhan thawn
<cnthawn@yahoo.com>, Dr
paumung <drpaumung@yahoo.co.uk>, En Lian Pau
Page 196 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
<enlianpau@yahoo.ca>, gk tuang
<gktuang@gmail.com>, Gin Khan Tuan <gtuang@gmail.com>,
Kham K Hang
<hangbawi@bellsouth.net>, HANG Z SUAN
<hzsuan@yahoo.com.au>, Kam Thawn
<kamkthawn@gmail.com>, Kham Do Thang
<khamdothang@yahoo.com>, Khen Sian
<kzsian@gmail.com>, Kham Khai
<myanmarchristian@yahoo.com>, thawng-suantak
<ncthawng@yahoo.com>, Neng N Lian
<Neng_lian@yahoo.com>, Neng K Pau
<nepaulehsaw@aol.com>, nkkhai347@gmail.com, Pau Lian
Nun <nunpi5567@yahoo.com>,
Pau Khai <paakhai@yahoo.com>, "Rev.Kam Hau"
<paradisehau@mandalay.net.mm>, Pau
Khan Khup <pau_khup@yahoo.com.sg>, Thang Suan Mang
<psuanpi@gmail.com>, Pum Chin
<pumzachin2000@yahoo.com>, Taang Sianpu
<sianpu@zomi.net>, suan tawng
<suantawng721@gmail.com>, Taangzomi@gmail.com, Tun G
Lian <tglianneu@gmail.com>,
tgzomithawn@googlemail.com, kap pu <zolaitai@yahoo.com>,
Zomi Innkuan Denmark
<Zomidk@yahoo.com>, Simon Muan <zomidk@yahoo.com>,
Vungh Pian Sing
<zosialtaang@gmail.com>
Dear Khazih sungah u leh nau,
USA Thupuak tha n'ong piak ciat manun, lungdamna k’ong ko

uh hi.
Ihkipat a kipan tuciang dong a haksa khat pen i Zolai gelh dan
nahi hi. Gelh dan tuamtuamte kaet koikoi ciangin hoih thei napi,
kasan’ zawh lohna pawlkhat om pahpah mawk hi. Zopau leh
Mangpau gualh dan kilehbulh keii napi, Mangte’ grammar
Page 197 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
khawng ihzat pih nop ciang ong buaihuai thei zel hi. Khat
veivei, grammar leh rule-te nak let lua le hang, ihpau dan
nangawn khel kik nop hun om thei hi. Aihang in, ‘kampau’ pen
a omsa hi a, ‘lai’ pen akiphuak tawm khat nahi lel hi, cih i thei
hi. Ei Zopau tawh akituak pen ding-- Manglai alphabets mah
maw, a dang phuah tawm theih khat peuh maw, grammar a tuam
khat maw—-mun khat teitei ah om ding hi cih zong ngaihsut
hun om hi. Bangbang ahi zongin, tu a dan mah tawh kikalsuan
ding ahih main, a nuai-a zat dan nam li-te kakhel pakna n’ong
theih siam dingun ong gen nuam ing.
Hih teng zat dan akibang hi. ( ‘a’ ‘ka’ ‘na’ ‘i.’)
Gentehna:-
(1) Thunget ding i phawk hiam?
(2) Thunget ding ihphawk leh thu ngen ni.
(3) Thunget ding na ut hiam?
(4) Thunget ding na-ut leh thu nangen in.
Ngaihsut dan tuamtuam naneih leh usathupuak@yahoo.com ah ong

theisak in.
Lungdamna tawh,
( Editor, USA Thupuak, Myanmar Mission Church,

Florida, USA)
Page 198 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Monday, July 16, 2007
Gelhmaan (Grammar) Telkan

(Research) Ka Bawl Dan
By Taang Zomi
1. A omsa thu
1.1 Mimal-in hi ta leh, kipawlna min-in hi ta leh, Zolai tawh

kisai a gelh om ngei khin hi.
1.2 Gentehna-in:
1.2.1 Mimal: Tg. Cin Sian Pau, Tg. H. Gin En Cin, Rev. Tg.
Khup Za Go, Dr. Tg. H. Kam Khen Thang, etc.
1.2.2 Kipawlna: ZCLS, ZOLUS, etc.
2. Kei’ pat dan
2.1 A gelh ngeisate’ gelhna sung-ah a hel khak loh uh, a phawk
khak loh uh, leh thu neuno khat-a ngaihsut khak uh thute pan-in,
ka kipan hi.
2.2 Gentehna-in:
2.2.1 Mun-awng (Space) tawh kisai thu pen, ei mi genloh

Mangkangte nangawn in tam gelh kha nai lo uh hi.
F.Z.I. (U.S.A.) ding pen F.Z.I.(U.S.A.) ci kha; F.Z.I. ( U.S.A.) ci
kha.
2.2.2 Tomlaakna (Abbreviation) tawh kisai thu pen, Kawlgam

phadiak-ah a maan lo-in kizangh mahmah hi. E.C. Member ding
pen E.C Member ci kha; Ph.D. ding pen Ph.D ci kha; Z.B.C.M.
Page 199 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
ding pen Z.B.C.M ci kha; R.C. pawlpi ding pen R.C pawlpi ci
kha.
2.2.3 Punctuation tawh kisai-in, punctuation mark-te lak-a a

thupi mahmah ahi, Comma thu, hoih tak-a a kigelhna om nai lo
hi.
2.2.4 Kammal Kinaai ding leh Kigamla Ding tawh kisai pen,
hoih tak-a a kigelhna om nai lo hi. “Pasian in hong it mahmah
hi,” cih ding pen “Pa sian in hong it mah mah hi,” ci kha;
“Pasianin hongit mah mahhi,” ci kha.
3. Mailam Thu
3.1 Morphology sung-a a kihel Kambul (Morpheme) tawh kisai

thu (Morphemics) pen a kilawm ciang ngaihsutna nei khin ka
hih manin, damdam-a gelh tohtoh ding hi. Hih pen Noun leh
Verb tawh kisai hi phadiak hi.
3.2 Phonology sung-a a kihel Awbul (Phoneme) twh kisai thu

(Phonemics) pen a bulpi pawlkhat ka ngaihsutsa hi-a, tu laitak-
in, Awsaang-awniam (Tone) thu ka ngaihsut laitak hi. Ka gelh
nop thute: Morphophonemic Changes; Tonemes; The
Difference between English and Tedim Phonemes; etc.
3.3 Tua kawmkaal mah-in Kamvui (Sentence) tawh kisai thu

(Syntax) zong, hun ngahna tawh kizui-in gelh ding, ka sawm hi.
3.4 Hun ka ngah teh ka gelh nop thute: The Polygeny (or
Polygenesis) of Koine Tedim; The Endangerment of Our
Language in the Face of Assimilation; etc.
4. Ma Pan’ Khop Ding Zotna
4.1 Hih thute, khat guak’ sep dingin, baih pak lo ding hi.
4.2 Zolai khan’toh ding a lunggulh khempeuh in ma pang
khawm ni.
Page 200 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Saturday, February 2, 2008
Zomi National Day 2008:
I am Proud of Zomi
I am Proud of a Zomi
I am Proud of Being a Zomi
By Taang Zomi
Hih bangin, Zomi Nam Ni muakna laimat (sticker) a
kihawmkhiat pen thupi sa ing.
Gelhmaan (grammar) pen ka uukna khat ahih manin, “I’m

Proud of Zomi” cih laigelh tawh kisai-in, ka ngaihsutna hong
gelh nuam ing.
I am Proud of Zomi
I am Proud of a Zomi
I am Proud of Being a Zomi
Hih a tung-a teng pen a khial om lo hi. Ahi zongin a khiatna

(semantics) kibang lo hi.
“I am proud of Zomi” (“I am proud of a Zomi” hi lo) ci-a i gelh

ciangin, Zomi a kici mi, thu, na, silsiam pen a huampi-a i genna
ahi hi.
“I am proud of a Zomi” (“I am proud of Zomi” hi lo) ci-a i gelh

ciangin Zomi a kici mi, thu, na, silsiam sung pan-a khat, i genna
ahi hi.
Page 201 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
“I am proud of a Zomi” a ci nu/pa pen Zomi khat hi tuan lo thei
hi. Mangkangte khat in nang hong paakta mahmah leh, ama’
lawmte kiang-ah, “I am proud of a Zomi” ci-in nang tawh kisai,
na gen thei ding hi. Amah pen Zomi khat hi lo-in, nang pen
Zomi khat na hi hi. Nang Zomi khat pen amah’n hong
aangtan’pih ahi hi. A aangtangpa pen Mangkang khat ahi hi.
Nang pen Zomi khat na hih-a, Zomi khat na hihna a aangtang na

hih leh, “I am proud of being a Zomi” na cih ding, ahi hi.
Tua tawh kizom-in, gen suak lai leeng:
Tuma kum tam sim lai (1960 ma)-in, Rangoon University Hill-
Chin Student Union (RUHCSU) in motto (thubulphuh) khat
neih ding na vaihawm uh-a,
I was born as a Chin

I shall live as a Chin
I shall die as a Chin
na ci uh hi.
Ei Zokam-in letkhia leeng,
Zomi khat bang-in ka suak hi

Zomi khat bang-in ka nungta ding hi
Zomi khat bang-in ka si ding hi
cih hong suak hi.
Grammar tawh kisai-in a khialhna om lo hi.
Ahi zongin, i cihnopna taktak sukha lo hi.
Zomi khat bang-a suak na hih leh, nang pen Zomi ahi lo zong,
na hi thei hi.
Page 202 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Tua lai hun pen Sia Taang Go Suan Nang, sangnaupang ahih
laitak ahi hi. Ama’ u, Taang Ginkhatsuan in, “Tu-a na lai gelh
uh maan kei. Ei pen Zomi khat bang-a a suak hi lo hi hang.
Zomi ahisa-a a suak hi hang. Ei pen Zomi hi hang. Zomi a bang,
hi lo hi hang. Tua ahih manin, na laigelh uh, hih bangin kheel
un,” ci-in hih a nuai-a bangin, na gelh hi:
I was born a Chin

I shall live a Chin
I shall die a Chin
Tua pen, na mang uh-a a kizangh suaksuak ahi hi.
1973-1974 Rangoon Universities Chin Literature and Culture

Subcommittee Annual Magazine-ah Tedim Editor le English
Editor ka sep hun pan-a kipan-in, hih bang-in ka na gelh hi:
I was born a Zomi

I shall live a Zomi
I shall die a Zomi
A nunung peen-in, Vahui Magazine 2006 sung-ah zong tua

bangmah-in ka na gelh hi. (Taang Sianpu in Vahui Magazine a
lei kha lo, a ngah kha lote in zong a sim theih nadingin,
zocia.org website (http://zocia.org) hiam khat-ah “koih ding na
phal hiam,” hong ci-a, “Phal mah ung,” na ci ing. A sawt lo-in
mi kim’ et theih dingin hong kikoih ding hi.)
Page 203 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Monday, July 14, 2008
Tedim Labu a Lui le a Thak

Etkaakna Tawmno (01)
By Taang Zomi
01. Tu sawng tengin, Tedim Labu a lui le a thak a om manin,
lasak dan a nop lohna thu, kigen hi. A thak bawl huai lo hi, a ci
zong om hi. A lui khet kik ding hoih lo hi, a ci zong om hi.
02. Tua bang-a a sak a nop lohna pen, i zongsat khitsa khat hong
kikheel ciangin, a thak pen hoih zaw kha phial ta leh, a lui pen
ciapteh nop zaw ahih man, ahi hi.
03. A lui khempeuh hoih lo khin lo-a, a thak khempeuh zong sia
khin lo hi.
04. A lui peuhmah ahih leh hoih lo hi, a’ihke’h a thak peuhmah
ahih leh hoih lo hi, cih ding hi lo hi. Amau’ hoihna, hoih lohna
pen i et cian khit ciangin, khentatna (thukhupna) nei pan leeng,
maan thei peen ding hi.
05. Tu-a k’ong gelhna-ah, la a sak a nuam le a nuam lo tawh

kisai hi lo zaw-in a thu a maan le a maan lo tawh kisai hi zaw
hi.
06. Kei kiang-ah Tedim Labu om lo ahih manin lawmte’ aa khat

ka et leh, a laidal kim nawn lo ahih manin, a thu a cing-in mu lo
hi’ng. Tua laibu zong, tu mahmah-in kei kiang-ah om lo hi. Ka
et laitak-a ka ciaptehna:
Tedim La Bu
Page 205 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
TBCEU
May 14, 1969
Hih ka ciaptehna pen maan hiam, maan lo hiam, tel lo hi’ng.
Hih pen Labu #1 ci ni.
07. A bu dang khat, ka mu leeuleeu hi:
Tedim Labu Thak

Hymns of Heaven
&
Our Eternal Hope
Compiled by Rev. Thang Khawm Pau

January 24, 2004
Hih zong, tu laitak-in kei kiang-ah om lo hi.
08. A thumna khat ka mu leeuleeu hi:
TEDIM LABU
TEDIM HYMN BOOK
Tonic solfa Notation
ZOMI CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY
2001
TEDIM LABU
Tonic Solfa Notation, 7th Revised Eition 1999
© Copy Right Reserved ZCLS
1st Reprint 2001
Printed at Swapna Printing Works (P) Ltd, 52, Raja Rammohan
Sarani, Calcutta-700 009
Hih laibu pen kei kiang-ah, tu laitak-in om hi.
Page 206 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
09. I etkaak pak dingin, hih a nuai-a la, k’ong teel hi.
Labu #1 sung-ah hih bangin kigelh hi:
249 NIH VEI NA SUAK KIK IN M. 366

Ye Must Be Born Again
Doh is Eb
1. Upa khat zan lai Zeisu kiangah pai-a,

Gupna ngahna ding khuavak lampi dong hi.
Topa in a tel tak a hilh kik-a,
“Nih vei na suak in,” ci.
SAKKIK:
Nih vei na suak kik in,

Nih vei na suak kik in.
A maan tak-in kong ci hi, kong hilh kik hi.
2. Topa Zeisu thu hilh kikna a pha hi.

Leitung mihingte ngaihsut ding kilawm hi.
A thupiakna a mawkna hi lo ding hi.
“Nih vei suak kik in,” ci.
3. A teel mite tawh lungdam-in la sa ta.

Mi phate’n a min thang lung dam in nuam-a
Hin’ tawntung lungdamna nuam na ngah nop leh,
4. Na muh nop mihingte vantung khuapi-ah

A siangtho kong biangah nang hong ngak uh hi,
Tua bang na muh nang hih thu piakna ngai in.
Page 207 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
10. Khial ka sakna mun pen font bold red28 tawh ciamteh-in, a
khial ahi khin pah lo ka sak mun pen bold violet (or bold
magenta)29 tawh ciamteh-in, maan ka sakna mun pen bold blue30
tawh ka ciamteh hi.
11. Hih la pen ka neu lai pek-in, ka mu hi. Ka Tan Khat lai, ka
Tan Nih lai pawl hi kha ding hi. Ka neu lai pek mah-in maan ka
sa kei hi. Mi khat pen, a nu’ sung pan-in a suah ciangin, khat vei
a suak, ahi hi. A nu’ sung pan a suah khit teh, “khat vei suak
kik” leh, a kigawm-in nih vei a suak, ahi hi. “Nih vei suak kik”
leh a kigawm-in thum vei a suak, ahi hi.
12. Nicodemus pen khat vei a suaksa ahi hi. Jesus in, “Khat vei
suak kik in,” a ci hi leh-a, amah zong “khat vei suak kik” leh, a
suah pen a kigawm-in nih vei hong hi ding hi. “Nih vei suak kik
in,” Jesus in a ci hi leh-a, Nicodemus zong “nih vei suak kik” hi
leh, a suah pen a kigawm-in thum vei hong hi ding hi.
13. Tua ban-ah, Jesus in Nicodemus kiang-ah, “ Khat vei suak

kik in,” lah ci lo-in, “Nih vei suak kik in,” lah ci lo hi. “ Suak kik
in,” ci bek hi. “Khat vei” a’ihke’h “nih vei” pen a kibehlap kha,
ahi hi.
14. Stanza #1, Line #4:

“Nih vei na suak in,” ci.
pen maan thei teei hi. A suah khat veina leh a suah nih veina, a
kigawm-in “nih vei suak” ding, ahi hi. “Nih vei suak kik” ding ci
lo hi.
“Khat vei na suak kik in,” a ci hi leh zong, maan thei teei hi.
“Khat vei a suah” khit ciangin, “khat vei suak kik” leh, a
kigawm-in nih vei a suak, ahi hi.
28 Bold red mun-ah Comic Sans MS Bold Italic 10 pt. kizangh.

29 Bold violet (or bold magenta) mun-ah Curlz MT Bold Italic 12 pt. kizangh.
30 Bold blue mun-ah Times New Roman Bold Italic 12 pt. kizangh.
Page 208 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Khat vei suak = Nu’ sung pan suak

Khat vei suak kik = Nih vei a suak hi ta.
Nih vei suak = Nih vei a suak hi ta.

Nih vei suak kik = Thum vei a suak hi ta.
Khat vei suak kik = Nih vei suak

Nih vei suak = Khat vei suak kik
A tung-a para #12 sung-a ka gen mah bang-in, “Nih vei” cih pen
a kibehlap kha ahi hi.
15. A Manglai-ah hih bangin kigelh hi:
YE MUST BE BORN AGAIN

John 3:5 (John 3:3-7)
Lyrics: 1877 Music:
William George Coles
True Stebbins
Sleeper
(1819-1904) (1846-1945)
1. A ruler
once came to Jesus by night
To ask Him the way of salvation and light;
The Master made answer in words true and plain,
“Ye must be born again.”
REFRAIN:
“Ye must be born again,

Ye must be born again,
I verily, verily, say unto thee,
Ye must be born again.”
Page 209 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
2. Ye children of men, attend to the Word,
So solemnly uttered by Jesus the Lord;
And let not this message to you be in vain,
3. O ye who would enter that glorious rest,

And sing with the ransomed the song of the blest,
The life everlasting if ye would obtain,
4. A dear one in Heaven thy heart yearns to see,

At the beautiful gate may be watching for thee,
Then list to the note of this solemn refrain,
16. Hih la pen John 3:3-7 sung pan a kila hi-a, a thulu pen John
3:7 pan a kila ahi hi. A kilaakna Lai Siangtho pen King James
Version ahi hi:
John 3:5-7 (King James Version)
5 Jesus answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a

man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot
enter into the kingdom of God.
6 That which is born of the flesh is flesh; and that which
is born of the Spirit is spirit.
7 Marvel not that I said unto thee, Ye must be born again.
17. Hih mun-ah “Ye” a cih pen “Nang” (second person singular
nominative) hi lo-in “No” (second person plural nominative) ahi
hi. Nicodemus pen mi khat bek hi na pi-in, Jesus in a hopih
ciangin, “Thou must be born again,” (“Nang na suak kik in”) ci
lo-in “Ye must be born again,” (“Note na suak kik un”) ci hi.
Second person singular accusative pen “Thee” hi-a, second
person plural accusative pen “You” ahi hi. [Nominative
Pronoun–Accusative Pronoun–Possesive Adjective–Possessive
Page 210 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Pronoun: Thou–Thee–Thy–Thine; Ye–You–Your-Yours] Ahi
zongin, hih thu pen, tu-a i thulu in huam kha taktak lo ahih
manin, gen beh dah ni.
18. Labu #2-ah hih bangin kigelh hi:
KISIKNA LE KIHEELNA
144 NIH VEI NA SUAK KIK IN SS 366
W. T. Sleeper Ye Must Be Born Again George C. Stebbins

(1840-1920) Zawhang 3:3 (1846-1945)
Key E
1. Upa khat zan-in Zeisu kiang va pai a,

Hotkhiatna ngah nading khuavak lampi dong hi.
Topa’n zong man tak tel takin na hilh a,
“Nih vei na suak kik in.”
SAKKIK:
Nih vei na suak kik in,

A maan taktak-in nang tung K’ong gen ding hi:
“Na suah kik loh phamawh.”
2. Leitung mimal kim in pha tak ngaihsun un.

Topa Zeisu in thupi tak-in hong hilh hi.
A hong hilh thu a mawkna suaksak kei un.
3. Vantung-ah tawldam nuamna a ngah nuamte,

Tatkhiatsa mite tawh la sa khawm nuamte aw,
Hin’ tawntung lungdamna nuam na ngah nop leh,
“Kikheel-in suak kik in.”
4. Van-a na muh nop na lunggulhte khat in,
Page 211 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Nang tun’ ding ngak-in kongpi-ah hong ngak gige,
Tua hi a, hih thu lim tak-in ngaihsun pha in,
19. Labu #1 bangmah-in khial lai hi. Ahi zongin, Sakkik Line
#4-ah “Na suah kik loh phamawh,” ci-in, “khat vei,” “nih vei”
kammal zangh lo ahih manin, maan hi. Stanza #3, Line #4-ah,
“Kikheel-in suak kik in,” ci-in, “khat vei,” “nih vei” kammal
zangh lo ahih manin, maan hi.
20. Labu #3-ah hih bangin kigelh hi:
NA SUAK KIK TEITEI IN 249

Ye Must be Born Again S.S.366
W.T. Sleeper Johan 3:3 G.C. Stebbins
(1819-1904) (1846-1945)
Dob is Eb
1. Upa khat zanlai Jesuh kiang va pai a,

A kihotkhiat nang khuavak lampi dong a;
Topa in tel tak-in a mah na hilh hi.
“Na suak kik in,” ci hi.
SAKKIK:
“Na suak kik teitei in!
Na suak kik teitei in!
A man tak-a nang kiangah kong gen-in ah,
“Na suak kik teitei in!”
2. No mihingte aw Topa’ thu ngai dih un.

Topa Jesuh’n a cih takpi hi, zui un;
A hong thupiak a mawkna hi lo ding hi,
3. A tawldam nuamte Ama kiangah pai un,

Page 212 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
A tatkhiatsate tawh phatna la sa un;
Tawntung nuntakna na ngah takpi ding hi.
4. Na muh nop mahmah vana na itpa in,

A etlawm kongpi ah nang hong ngak lai-in,
Hih thupha limtakin na ngaihsun ding hi,
“Na suak kik in!” ci hi.
21. Hih Labu #3-ah “Khat vei suak kik” ding lah ci lo, “ Nih vei
suak kik” ding lah ci lo-in “Suak kik” ding bek ci hi.
22. A lui sangin a thak a hoih loh zawkna om thei-a, a lui sangin
a thak a hoih zawkna om thei hi.
23. Hih la (“Ye Must Be Born Again”) tungtaang-ah a lui sangin

a thak hoih zaw hi.
Page 213 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Saturday, June 7, 2008
Noun pen Capital Letter tawh

Gelh Ding Vai le Zolai Vai
Tuamtuam
By Taang Zomi
1. Hih bangin, i kikup khop theih manin, lungdam hang.
2. Noun pen capital letter-a gelh ding cih pen ngaihsutna (idea)
hoih khat ahi hi.
3. German kam-ah noun ahih nak leh capital letter tawh kigelh
hi.
4. Tua ban-ah pronoun sung panin, second person singular

pronoun pen informal (familiar) tak-a a gelh uh ciangin du
(small letter)-in gelh uh-a second person plural pronoun pen ihr
(small letter)-in gelh uh hi. Formal (unfamiliar; polite;
respectful) tak-a a kizat ciangin singular hi ta leh plural hi ta leh
Sie (capital letter) ci-in zangh uh hi.
5. Spanish-ah zong, informal tak-a a zat ciang-un second person

singular pronoun pen tu (small letter) ci uh-a, formal tak-a a zat
ciang-un Ud. (a sau-in, Usted) ci-in capital zangh uh hi.
6. English leeuleeu-ah first person singular pronoun pen I

(capital letter) ci-in gelh uh hi.
7. Tu ciangciang, i Zolai-ah English kibulphuh ahih manin,

noun-te-ah, proper noun cih simloh, capital letter kizangh lo hi.
Page 215 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
8. Nidangin English-ah zong noun teng-ah capital kizangh-a tua
zat zia pen a beibei lam hi ta hi. David Crystal31 (formerly
Professor of Linguistics, University of Reading32) in ama’ laibu
gelh By Hook and By Crook: A Jourmey in Search of English
sung-ah hih bangin na gelh hi:33
At the end of the Portmadog cob, on the left if you are

driving towards Portmeirion, is a small house where until
recently you had to pay a 5p toll per car – an unusual
practice, to say the least, on a British A-class road. It’s a
legacy of William Madocks’ original toll, which helped
rescue him from financial difficulty. But it is no more. The
road was nationalized by the Welsh Assembly in 2005.
The opening paragraph of the old toll-board is a Roget’s
Thesaurus of early nineteenth century vehicle names:
TO BE TAKEN AT THIS GATE
For every Horse or other Beast of Draught drawing any
Coach, Sociable, Berlin, Landau, Chariot, Vis-a-Vis,
Chaise, Calash, Chais-marine, Curricle, Chair, Gig,
Whisky, Caravan, Hearse, Litter, Waggon, Wain, Cart,
Dray, or other Carriage, any Sum not exceeding One
Shilling:
For every Horse, Mare, Gelding, or Ass, laden or unladen,
31 http://davidcrystal.com/David_Crystal/biography.htm
http://david-crystal.blogspot.com/
http://www.bangor.ac.uk/linguistics/about/davidcrystal.php.en
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal
32 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Reading
http://www.reading.ac.uk/
33 David Crystal, By Hook and By Crook: A Journey in Search of English,

(Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 2008), pp.37-38
http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0007235577/crystalrefere-
21
Page 216 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
and not drawing, the Sum of Sixpense: but if there shall
be more than one such Horse, Mare, Gelding, Mule, or
Ass, belonging to the same Person, then the Sum of
Sixpense shall be paid for one of them only, and the Sum
of Threepense only for every other of them:
For every Drove of Oxen, Cows, or Neat Cattle, any Sum
not exceeding Five Shillings per Score, and so in
proportion for any greater or less Number:
For every Drove of Calves, Pigs, Sheep or Lambs, any
Sum not exceeding Three Shillings and Sixpense per
Score, and so in proportion for any greater or less
Number:
And for every Person crossing or passing on Foot,
without any beast34 or Carriage, any Sum not exceeding
Two-pense.
The sign shows the eighteenth-century liking for capital
letters on nouns considered to be important – Coach, Mare,
Pigs, Horse, Berlin, Person, Chaise ..., of course, as these
are the factors; but also Numbers, Sum, and Foot, which the
sign-writer felt needed extra prominence. The fashion for
noun capitalization died out by the end of the century.
9. Mailam-ah kikum toto ni.

From: anthony lian <anthony_lian@yahoo.com>
To: zomi@yahoogroups.com
Sent: Tuesday, June 03, 2008 3:01 PM
Subject: Re: [ZONET] Zolai Kammal Kaihkhop Ding Vai - II
34 beast (small letter) of Carriage: Hih zong noun mah ahih manin, capital
letter hi lo ding hiam, ci-in ka ngaihsun hi. Laimai 39 ka et leh, hih a
tung-a lai ii photocopy om-a, tua sung ka et leh Beast (capital letter) of
Carriage na ci hi. Hih a tung-a lai pen misprint ahi hi.
Page 217 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Guai,
Hih bangaa Zolai khantoh nang ki kupna atuamtuam te i

sim khak ciang tha ngah huai mahmah hi. Mai lam ah apicing
Zolai ki nei in, Minam picing ihih ding hun hong nai tektek
zong cih theih lailai hi.
Bangmah kuppih theih luat na ding theihna ki cing i neih

loh hangin, i tun gam leh muhna tawh ki zui-in them hong kup
pih nuam ing. Ih Zolai Kammal aki at ciangin Noun aki ci-
Nungtakna anei, aneilo van khat peuhpeuh leh NI le KHA aki
lawng thei leh aki lawng theilo (Chemical) min khat peuh i at
ciangin Liamal gol tawh pan leng hoih ding hi. Mangteń tau
dan a at loh hang poi kei na ven maw!
EU sungaa gamtampi te lai at ka etet ciangin Noun ahih

nak leh laimal gol (capitalletter) tawh pan-in, amau lai ahilo
khat azat uh ciangin zong laimal gol mah tawh pan uh hi. Bang
mah i theih loh hangin Min khat hiń teh ciń akhiatna zon nop-
theihnop- khiatnop pah hi. Ei Zolai ah zong Laimal kibang in,
khiatna ki bang lo tam ahih man-in tuadan zangtheileng hoih ka
sak thu khat hi. Tuaciang-in Zolai kammal ahilo Kammal- Lai
khat peuhpeuh i at ciangin, ei ma lai ahih lohman-in Laimal gol
mah tawh ki pan leh ciń hong kuppih nuam ing.
Zolai leh Manglai asiam teń Manglai Grammer etteh in,

Zolai grammer hong ki vai hawm leh mailam ah ki zang thei
mahmah dingin um ing.
Hong kuppih,
A.Lian
Frankfurt
Page 218 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Thursday, June 26, 2008
Zolai Tongphan:
Awmung Nih Kithuap le

Pawfi Zatna
(The Use of the Double Vowel and the
Apostrophe)
By Taang Zomi
1. Tu laitak manlah pian ka hih manin, July kha sungin, kei’
ngaihsutna, a sau zaw deuh-a, k’ong gelh zawh na’ng, hong
hanciam ning.
2. Awmung Kithuap (Double Vowel) Zatna:
Awmung nih kithuap pen aw a sau lahna-in kizangh hi.

Thumaanna = Truthfulness
A kitelkhial thei kha ding munte-ah awmung kithuap (double

vowel) zat ngam lah loh ding, ahi hi.
“Nargis huhau-a neek ding nei lote, an le tui ka ka va piak uh

leh, a lungdam mahmah kei uh hi.”
(awmung [e] khat bek = [e].)
Lungdam lo uh, a ci suak hi.
“Nargis huhau-a neek ding nei lote, an le tui ka ka va piak uh

leh, a lungdam mahmah keei uh hi.” (awmung [e] kithuap =
Page 219 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
[ee].)
Lungdam uh, a ci suak hi.
3.Pawfi (Apostrophe) zatna:
Pawfi pen:
3.1 Neihsa lahna-in kizangh hi.
Kei inn
“Kei” le “inn” a cihna suak thei. Kisaina om lo.
Kei ii inn = nga ih ein = nga-ih-ein = (ငါ ၏ အိမ္)

Inn khat om. Tua inn a neipa pen kei.
Kei’ inn = ngah ein = ngah-ein = (ငါ႔ အိမ္)

Kei ii inn = Kei’ inn
(“ii” taangin pawfi kizangh.)
3.2 Laimal (letter) a’ihke’h kammal (word) taangin kizangh hi.
“Amah thumang hi.” (He is obedient.)

“Ama’ thuman’na pen hoih mahmah hi.” (His obedience is very
good.)
Hih mun-ah pawfi pen laimal “g” taangin kizangh hi.
“Ama’ thumangna pen hoih mahmah hi,” kici lo-in, “Ama’

thuman’na pen hoih mahmah hi,” kici hi.
Tedim Labu La #340 “Ciamna Kip Thupha” (Blessed

Assurance) Dawng #2 le Dawng #3 khawng khat-ah
“Thumanna” kammal om hi. Mi tampi tak in, “thumaanna” sa
kha uh hi. A Manglai-ah i et ciangin, Truth, Honesty,
Page 220 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Truthfulness, Faithfulness, Justice cih kammalte na om lo-in
Submission na om hi. Tua ahih manin, “thumanna” ci-a a
kiletkhia pen “thumaanna” hi loin, “thuman’na” (submission;
obedience) na hi zaw hi. “Thumang” pan-a hong pai, ahi hi.
ZCLS in 2001 kum-a hong khet kikna-ah a thulu pen
“Lungmuanna Thupha” hong ci uh-a, “perfect submission” pen
“ki-ap siang ta ing,” ci-in hong puahpha uh-a, kitel zaw hi. (Tu-
a kei’ zat dan bang hi leh “Lungmuang” pan-a hong pai ahih
manin, “Lungmuan’na Thupha” cih ding ahi hi. Ahi zongin
“Lungmuanna Thupha” i cih zong, tel loh nading om tuan saam
lo hi.)
4. Coach le Mentor vai pen, tu laitak, ngaihsun man nai ke’ng.
5. Lawmte pawlkhat in Tedim Lai Siangtho (Puahphatna, 2004)

pen bulphuh ding hoih hi, a cih uh tawh kisai-in, kei’ ngaisutna,
mai lam-ah hong gelh ning.

From: Jhum <j_h_care@yahoo.com>
To: blessedzomi@yahoogroups.com
Sent: Tuesday, June 24, 2008 11:57 PM
Subject: [ ZOGAMNET ] Zolai gelh zia dotna
Lawmte,
zolai in a nuai a te bang ci igelh tam? Hong kuppih dih ve vua.
Thumanna (thuman'na)? ; truthfulness
thumanna: thuma'nna?; obedience
mentor:
coach:
John Hum
Page 221 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Thursday, July 3, 2008
Zolai Tongphan:
Awmung Nih Kithuap le

Pawfi Zatna – 2
(The Use of the Double Vowel and the
Apostrophe – 2)
By Taang Zomi
1. Zolai-ah kammal i neih beh ding a hoih khat om hi. Tua in,
truthfulness le loyalty a tuam tuaka neih ding, cih ahi hi.
Ngaihsunsun leeng, a pian’ theihna khat hong om ding hi.
2. Lai Siangtho a maan peenpeen-a i letkhiat nop leh, Lai

Siangtho a gelhte (Moses, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Matthew, Paul, etc.)
in a zat uh lai pan-in letkhiat ding hoih peen hi. Thuciam Lui
pen Hebrew lai tawh kigelh (mun tawmkhat pen Aramaic tawh
kigelh; ahi zongin Hebrew le Aramaic pen kibang dektak hi)-a,
Thuciam Thak pen Greek tawh kigelh ahih manin, tua laite pan-
a letkhiat ding, hoih peen hi. Hebrew pan Manglai-ah kiletkhia,
Manglai pan Kawllai-ah kiletkhia, Kawllai pan Zolai-ah
kiletkhia cih bang hi leh Hebrew-a a kigelh peen le Zolai-a a
kigelh peen, hong kilamdang mahmah ta ding hi.
3. Hih Paunak 3:3-ah “Do not let love and loyalty leave you”
pen “Thumanna leh itna khahsuah ngei kei in,” ci-a kiletkhia
ahih leh, tua mun pen bang Lai Siangtho pan-a a kiletkhia hi
ding hiam, theih masak huai hi.
Page 223 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Tua n’ong gelh Manglai liinlian a kiletkhia ahih leh bel:
(1) “Ngei” pen a kibelap hi ding hi: “... khahsuah ngei kei in.” A
Manglai-ah “Do not” ci-a “Never” ci lo hi. “...khahsuah kei in,”
hi zaw ding hi.
(2) A gualh zia kilehbulh hi: A Manglai-ah “Love and loyalty”

ci ahih manin, “Itna leh thumanna” hi zaw leh, a kilawm zaw
kha tam, cih nop huai hi.
(3) Tua Laisiangtho mun (passage) na muhna Tedim Lai

Siangtho sung, a mun (passage) dangte-ah obedience,
truthfulness, faithfulness, loyalty cihte bangci bangin kiletkhia
hiam cih theih huai hi. A mun (passage) dangte-ah, loyalty,
truthfulness, etc, pen “thumanna” ci-a a kiletkhiat naak leh, tua
pen letkhia khial kici thei tuan lo ding hi. Obedience zong
“thumanna” a cih veve leh bel, letkhia khial kici thei ding hi.
Tedim Lai Siangtho (Puahphatna, 2004) sung-ah “thumang” cih

kammal mun (passage) 6 bang om hi:
Paikhiatna 24:7 [Judson-Tedim] [WEB-Tedim]

Tua ciangin amah in thuciamna laibu la-in, mite’ zakin tua
laibu a sim hi. Amaute in, “Topa’ gensa khempeuh kote in
ka hih ding uh a, kote ka thumang ding uh hi,” a ci uh hi.
Zefaniah 3:1 [Judson-Tedim] [WEB-Tedim]
Ama mite mah nengniamin, thumang loin a tatsia,
Jerusalem khuapi in gimna ngah ding hi.
Timoti Masa 1:9 [Judson-Tedim] [WEB-Tedim]
Ahi zongin i phawk dingah, mi hoihte-a' dingin thukham a
kibawl hilo a, thukham zuilote, thumang lote, Pasian'
deih bangin a gamta lote leh mawhneite, biakna lungsim a
neilote leh kam kilawmlo a paute, nute pate a thatte,
midang a thatte,
Titus 3:3 [Judson-Tedim] [WEB-Tedim]
Bang hang hiam cih leh eite zong nidangin haitatin,
Page 224 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
thumang loin, vakvai-in, duhna deihna a tuamtuamte
thuaklahin, thusia leh en'na lungsim tawh a gamtate, mite
in hong mudahin, eite khatlekhat zong a kimudah ngeite
ihi hi.
Hebru 5:8 [Judson-Tedim] [WEB-Tedim]
Amah, Pasian' Tapa hinapi-in a thuakna tawh thumang
ahih theihna ding a na kisin hi.
Hebru 10:31 [Judson-Tedim] [WEB-Tedim]
A nungta Pasian' khutsungah thumang loin i tun'khak
ding a lauhuai mahmah ahi hi.
“Thuman” pen 469 sangin a tam zaw om hi: 6 khawng khat

lakhia pak leeng:
Piancilna 6:9 [Judson-Tedim] [WEB-Tedim]

Noah’ tangthu hih bang ahi hi. Noah a thuman mi khat hi
a, ama khangah paubaanglo hi. Noah pen Pasian tawh
kikhawl hi.*6:9 2 Pe 2:5.
Tua ciangin Topa in Noah kiangah, “Nang leh na
innkuanpih mi khempeuh teembaw sungah pai un. Bang
hang hiam cih leh hih khang mite sung panin nang bek a
thuman na hihna ka hong thei hi.
Im kei ning. Bang hang hiam cih leh Topa in Abraham'
tunga a ciamsa thu a tun'sak theihna dingin ama khita a
tate leh a innkuanpihte in thuman leh thutangin nasepna
tawh Topa' thupiakte a zuih theihna dingun a hilh dingin
amah ka teel khin hi,” a ci hi.
Tua ciangin Abraham in hong naihin, “Thuman mite,
migilote tawh susia khawm takpi ding na hi hiam?
Tua khuapi sungah thuman mi sawmnga bang om leh, tua
sunga om thuman mi sawmngate' hangin khahloin tua
Page 225 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
khua susia teitei ding na hi hiam?
Thuman mite, migilote tawh a kibatna dingin migilote
tawh thuman mite thahkhawm ding, hi thei ding ahi hiam?
Tua pen hi theilo ding hi. Leitung khempeuh Thukhenpa a
manin gamtalo ding ahi hiam?” a ci hi.
“Thumanna” pen mun 113 om hi. 6 khawng lakhia pak leeng:

“Ka topa' tungah a itna kip leh a thumanna a pelhlo, ka
topa Abraham' Pasian, Topa in thupha ngah ta hen. Kei ka
hih leh, ka topa' behte' inn zuatna lampi-ah Topa in hong
paipih hi,” a ci hi.
Tua ahih ciangin nang' tung pana ka thaman a en dingin
nong pai ciangin ka thumanna na hong nung muh ding
hi. Keel lakah a puanglo leh a giallo peuhmah leh tuuno
lakah a vomlo peuhmah, kei kiangah a kimuh zenzen leh,
gukin kiseh pah ding hi,” a ci hi.
Siampi Laibu 19:15 [Judson-Tedim] [WEB-Tedim]
“Note in thukhenna-ah thu a tangloin na khen kei ding uh
hi. Mizawngte langgen loin, a liante' thu zuiloin,
thumanna tawh na vengte uh thu na khen ding uh
hi.*19:15 Pai 23:6-8; Thkna 16:19.
Thu Hilhkikna 6:25 [Judson-Tedim] [WEB-Tedim]
Amah in eite hong thupiak bangin Topa i Pasian' mai-ah
hih thupiakte khempeuh limtakin zui lehang eite-a' dingin
thumanna hi ding hi,’ na ci ding uh hi.
“ Topa na Pasian un note mai panin amaute a nawhkhiat
khit ciangin, na lungsim uhah, ‘Hih leitang a luah dingin
Topa in hong paipihna pen komau' thumanna hang ahi
hi,’ ci kha kei un. Topa in na mai uhah amaute a
hawlkhiatna pen hih minamte' gitlohna hang hizaw hi.
Page 226 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Na thumanna hang uh ahi a, na lungsim manna hang uh
tawh ahi zongin amau' leitang a luah ding na hi kei uh hi.
Topa na Pasian un na mai panun amaute a hawlkhiatna
pen hih minamte' gitlohna hang leh Topa in na pu na pate
uh Abraham, Isaac, leh Jakob tungah a thuciamna kammal
a kipsak theihna ding ahi hi.
“Thuman’na” cih kammal om lo hi.
“Obey,” “obedience” cih bang kammalte pen “thumang” ci-in

kiletkhia-a, ahih hangin, “Na thuman’na hangin k’ong paakta
hi,” cih bang mun-te-ah, “thuman’na” cih kammal kizangh lo-a,
“Thumang na hih man-in k’ong paakta hi,” cih bangin kiletkhia
hi.
Tua bang-a a kiletkhia suaksuak (translated consistently) ahih

naak leh, kiletkhia khial kici thei lo ding hi.
4. Kei’ letkhiat ding bang hi leh bel, loyalty cihte pawl pen
“thumaanna” ci-in, obedience pen “thuman’na” ka ci nuam hi.
5. “Na degree ngah kisaktheihpihna’n nei kei in”:
Hih mun-ah pawfi (apostophe) pen neihsa lahna-a a kizang hi lo

hi. Laimal (letter) or kammal (word) a kilokhia lo (omitted)
taang-a a kizang (substitute) ahi hi.
Kisaktheihpihna-in = Kisaktheihpina’n
Pawfi pen “in” sung-a om “i” taang-a a kizangh ahi hi.
6. Kikum to zeel ni.

Page 227 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
From: Jhum
To: blessedzomi@yahoogroups.com
Sent: Friday, June 27, 2008 2:00 AM
Subject: [ ZOGAMNET ] zolai gelh zia
Lawmte aw,
Abeisa a kong dot te, Ka telnop takpi kong dot a hi a, limtak
nong dawn man un ka lungdam hi.
anaui a te zong hong kuppih lai un.
1. Paunak 3:3 ah, laitei pa in" Thumanna leh itna khah suah ngei
kei in" cih pen " Do not let love and loyalty leave you". Hih pen
"thumaanna" cih zawk ding ahia leh. (Pawlkhat te cih dan hi leh
laitei pa-in tei khial ai tam.
2. ( ’ ) apostrophe pen neihsa lah na mun ah ki zangh ci leeng,
gentehna in: Na degree ngah kisak theih pih na'n nei kei in, ci
leeng a ki ci thei na. Ahih kei leh, aw sau ahih teh: "kisak theih
pih naan nei kei in, ci zaw ding maw.( tunai zolai kihawm khia
pawl khat te ah tua ci zat ziau ka muh man hi)
Page 228 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Tuesday, May 27, 2008
Attachments:
(1) Lungdampih Ankuang Uum Khopna [Puahphatna].pdf.
(2) Bang Kammalte Kinaaisak Ding (1).pdf
Zolai Vai Pawlkhat le Zokam

Tone Vai
By Taang Zomi
K’ong it Tawi Lun’ Pa,
1. N’ong email khak, lungdamna tawh na ngah ing.
2. Mitpil tak-in a khialhna n’ong kawkkhiat manin, nuam ing.
I pau pen puah theih ahih hangin, puah thei luat om lo-a, i lai
bel puah tohtoh ding, ahi hi.
4. Hih bangin, i muhnate kihawm, kidong, kikum-a i om pen

nuam [nuaàm] mahmah hi. Zong nuam [nuaǎm] mahmah
ing!:)
5. Zan lam deuh-a n’ong lai khak zong, k’ong thuh zawh teh
hong thuk ning. Tone vai hi-a, tu laitak, ka uuk mahmah khat hi.
[Hih laikhak a tawpna lam-ah tawm hong maleep ing.]
6. Ka laigelh tawh kisai:
Page 229 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Attachment: Lungdampih Ankuang Uumkhopna.pdf
pen
Attachment: Lungdampih Ankuang Uum Khopna.pdf
ding hi zaw hi.
Tua mah bangin,
Miami khua-a om Taang Lian Hau Mung (Tg. Hau Mung) in

zong, lungdampihna ankuang umm khopna khat hong vaihawm
hi.
pen
Miami khua-a om Taang Lian Hau Mung (Tg. Hau Mung) in

zong, lungdampihna ankuang uum khopna khat hong vaihawm
hi.
ding hi zaw hi.
A gelh khial hi ing.
Niang kiang-a information ka nget pen ka ngakngak hangin,

hong tung thei lo; Hau Mung in hong sap tuam vilvel ahih
manin, a ziakai lua lo-a suaksak nuam; computer problem om-
in, nai nih hal-in system shut down om; tua ahih manin, nawh
tat mahmah-in, ka man khit teh khak pah; ka khak khit Monday
khawng teh, a khialte pawlkhat mu kik.
Nang’ muhte (hih a tung-a-te geel) ban-ah pawlkhat khial.

Gentehna:
p. 2, para 3, line 3 (Corner Stone University)

pen Cornerstone University ding hi zaw;
Page 230 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
p. 3, para 1, line 1 (Southampton United Kingdom)

pen United Kingdom ding hi zaw;
p. 3, para 7, line1 le p. 4, para (p. 3 pan para kizom), line 1:

Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics nuai-ah
School 8 leh Institute/Center 4 om hi: Faculty of Law, Arts and
Social Sciences (LASS) nuai-ah School 6 le Institute/Center 2
om hi.
[“hi” khit teh colon kikoih kha hi.]
pen
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics nuai-ah

School 8 leh Institute/Center 4 om hi. Faculty of Law, Arts and
Social Sciences (LASS) nuai-ah School 6 le Institute/Center 2
om hi.
[“hi” khit teh period ding hi zaw hi.]
ding hi zaw.
Ka khialhna a dang zong om lai kha-in teh. A maan khin kei

zongin, ka puahphatsa pen hong khak ing.
7. Kammal Kinaaisak Zia ka gelhsa khat [Bang Kammalte

Kinaaisak Ding? (1)] hong khak ing. (2) pen gelh man nai lo
hi’ng.
8. Tone (aw saang-niam) pen a saan’na a niamna (pitch) le a

tomna a sauna (length) tawh kizui-in, hih bangin mu ing.
8.1 Pitch pen li phasak ing:
8.1.1 Falling-Rising (tawmkhat nuaikiat, tua teh kahto, kawito).

Nuam [Nuaǎm] mahmah ing. Tui [tuǔi] duh ing. A mai
[maǎi] a tai hia?
Page 231 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
8.1.2 Rising (kahto)
Na hai [haái] tawh tui suak in. Hih laimal na kheel [kheél] a
hia? Ka pa’ [paá] laibu a sim hi ve’ng [veéng] aw [áw].
8.1.3 Level (pheipai)
Paipai [Paīpaī] lecin tualpi [tuaālpi] zang [zaāng] khat na

mu ding hi. Tua tualpi [tuaālpi] pen Tualzang [Tuaālzaāng]
kici mai lo dia?!
8.1.4 Falling (nuaikiat)
Hau [haàu] leeng [leèng] nuam [nuaàm] hi [hiì], kici

[kìciì] hi [hiì]. Khial [Khiàl] leeng [leèng] mawh [màwh]
maaisakna [maàisàkna] om hi.
8.2 Length pen li phasak ing.
8.2.1 Partial (A bup kilo kha lo)
Hih Partial pen tone li pha lo-in thum bek pha hi.
Falling: Ka [Kà] nu le ka [kà] pa ka it hi.
Level: Ing-ga-land [ī ng-gā-laānd] gam pen tuikulh ahi hi.
Rising/Falling-Rising: Ka [ká/kǎ] pian’na khua-ah va hawh

ning. Ka [ká/kǎ] laibu na [ná/nǎ] sim ve.
Hih pen koi hi zaw hiam, khen hak mahmah hi.
Glottal Stop/Creaky
Page 232 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Hih Creaky zong tone thum bek mah pha hi.
Falling: Hong hawh [hàwh] pahpah [pàhpàh] o!
Level: Hih zong, a aw i lawh theih hangin, kammal i zat taktak

tam lo hi leh kilawm hi.
Rising/Falling-Rising: Ama’ hehna [háhna/hěhna], ama’

dahna [dáhna/dǎhna] cik teh[téh/těh] bei ding?
Hih zong koi peen hi zaw, tel hak hi.
8.2.3 Short (aw tom)
Hih pen tone li pha hi.
Falling: Tum [tùm] peuh leng [lèng] ngah lel ning.
Hih mun-ah, peuh le ngah pen Short hi lo-in Creaky ahi hi.
Level: Lengtong [Lēngtōng] Pauno na thei hia?
Rising: An na kham [khám] dong na ne o [ó]!
Falling-Rising: An [ǎn] na kham dong [dŏng] na ne [neě] o!
8.2.4 Long (aw sau)
Long zong tone li mah pha hi.
Falling: Seem [seèm] in la, ne in.
Level: Hiah tu [tuū] in la [laā], pau [paāu] kei in.
Page 233 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Rising: Zomi na hi [hií] hiam [hiaám]?
Falling-Rising: Zomi [Zomiǐ] na hi hiam?
8.3 Tone pen li nei hang-a, tonemic 16 nei hi hang. Ahi zongin,
a tung-a i muh mah bangin, 14 bek a taktak ahi hi. 2 pen a thu
bek hi-a a taktak-ah kizang thei lo hi.
8.4 Nung-a na gen:
Thunget ding i phawk hiam?

Thunget ding ihphawk leh thu ngen ni.
cih tawh kisai-in,
Thunget ding i [ì] phawk hiam

cih pen Partial Length sung-a Falling Pitch peen hi. See para
8.2.1 and Table 2, #01
Thunget ding ih [í/ǐ] phawk leh thu ngen ni.

cih pen Partial Length sung Rising/Falling-Rising peen hi. See
Para 8.2.1 and Table 2, #03
8.5 Theih ding:
8.5.1 Hih mun-ah aw tom ahih lam pen vowel khat tawh kilak
hi. Van [Vàn] = goods. Aw sau ahih lam vowel a kibang nih
tawh kilak hi. Van [Vaàn] = sky
8.5.2 Hih mun-a a kizang terminology pen i gen thu a kitel pak
nading cihna hi-a, mai lam-ah a hoih zaw, a maan zaw i muh
ciangin, a kikheel thei ding, ahi hi.
8.5.3 Awsuah (pronunciation) pen square bracket nih kikaal-ah

kikoih hi.
Page 234 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Gen = [Geěn]
8.5.4 Phoneme pen slash nih kikaal-ah kikoih hi.

ph = /f/
8.5.5 Laimalte pen angled bracket nih kikaal-ah kikoih hi.

kh = <kh>
8.5.6. Lim (figures, digarms, charts, graphs, tables, etc.) pen a

kitheih tuam khak leh cihna bek hi-a, a suaih dan kisiam nai lo
hi.
Tone Marks for Zolai
` [grave accent] = falling

¯ [macron] = level
´ [acute accent] = rising
ˇ [caron or hacek] = falling-rising
1. nuaikiat
` [U+0060]
à [0224] [U+00E0]
è [0232] [U+00E8]
ì [0236] [U+00EC]
ò [0242] [U+00F2]
ù [0249] [U+00F9]
2A. pheipai
¯ [0175] [U+00AF]
Page 235 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
ā [U+0101]
ē [U+0113]]
ī [U+0128]
ō [U+014D]
ū [U+016B]
or
2B. pheipai
¨ [0168] [U+00A8]
ä [0228] [U+00E4]
ë [0235] [U+00EB]
ï [0239] [U+00EF]
ö [0246] [U+00F6]
ü [0252] [U+00FC]
3. tangkahto [a tang tak-a kah to]
´ [0180] [U+00B4]
á [0225] [U+00E1]
é [0233] [U+00E9]
í [0237] [U+00ED]
ó [0243] [U+00F3]
ú [0250] [U+00FA]
4. kawikahto [a kawi-a kah to]
ˇ [U+02C7]
ǎ [U+01CE]
ě [U+011B]
ǐ [U+01D0]
ŏ [U+014F]
ǔ [U+01D4]
Page 236 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Diagrams
Diagram 1: Falling-Rising Tone
Diagram 2: Rising Tone
Diagram 3: Level Tone
Diagram 4: Falling Tone
Diagram 5: All Four Tones
Page 237 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Tables
Table 1: Theoretically 16 Tonemes
Length Partial Glottal Short Long

(Creaky?)
Pitch
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Falling-Rising (04) tǎ (08) tǎh (12) tǎng (16) taǎng
Rising (03) tá (07) táh (11) táng (15) taáng
Level (02) tā (06) tāh (10) tāng (14) taāng
Falling (01) tà (05) tàh (09) tàng (13) taàng
Table 2: Practically only 14 Tonemes
Length Partial Glottal Short Long

(Creaky?)
Pitch
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Falling-Rising (03) tǎ (06) tǎh (10) tǎng (14) taǎng
tá táh
Rising (09) táng (13) taáng
Level (02) tā (05) tāh (08) tāng (12) taāng
Falling (01) tà (04) tàh (07) tàng (11) taàng
Page 238 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan

From: Nepaulehsaw@aol.com
To: thuphazomi@yahoo.ca
Sent: Monday, May 26, 2008 11:58 PM
Subject: Re: [ZOMIFLA] Lia Kham Man Niang in Ph.D. a Ngah
Lungdampih Ankuang Uum Khopna ?
Dear Sia Thangbawi,
Dam maw? HIh lai nagelhna ah color tawh kahihnate na-et pak
sak ve. Uumkhopna (avekpi kizom) aci zaw dan mah hi ni teh
maw. Tuaciang, ankuang uum cih zangh leng zu umm cih dan in
zangh maw, a tuam khat zangh nahia? Khatveivei, kigelh khial
thei-in, tua lamsang a gen nuam hi keng. Nagelh dan athei nuam
hi zaw ing.
Tawilun'pa
==
In a message dated 5/25/2008 8:11:40 P.M. Eastern Daylight Time,

thuphazomi@yahoo.ca writes:
Attachment: Lungdampih Ankuang

Uumkhopna.pdf
Taang Lian Hau Mung’ Thusiamna Tawh
Lia Kham Man Niang in Ph.D. a Ngah
Lungdampih Ankuang Uum

Khopna
Page 239 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
By Taang Zomi
2007 kum-in Lia Kham Man Niang in University of
Southampton pan-in Ph.D. (Electronics and Electrical
Engineering) ngah hi. Leitung mun tuamtuam panin
kilungdampih ciat hi.
Miami khua-a om Taang Lian Hau Mung (Tg. Hau

Mung) in zong, lungdampihna ankuang umm khopna
khat hong vaihawm hi.
==xxooxx==
Date: Mon, 12 May 2008 08:18:29 -0700 (PDT)

From: Myanmar Mission <usathupuak@yahoo.com>
Subject: Re: Fw: [Zolite] Some Basics of Zolai Grammar
To: Zomi News Relay Service <ThuphaZomi@yahoo.ca>,
USAThupuak@yahoo.com, NePauLehSaw@gmail.com
CC: ThuphaZomi@yahoo.ca
Dear Tg Zomi,
Hih bangin veina lianpi tawh thu n'ong kup kik pen nakpi takin
manpha leh lungdam huai sa ing. Na lungsim sung a om
bangbang, sit nei lo in n'ong suut khiat den ding pen aki
lunggulh den hi. Nacih nopna zong ong theih pih ing. Thupi leh
kician mahmah hi. Tutung kei' cih nopna pen tuam pai pian in
mi a tam zaw in sang zo lo ding in lamen ing. Kei' muh dan
akicing zaw in na-et kik sak phawtphawt in.
Thuletpi ding
(1) Leitung ah Zopau lian bek mi khempeuh in pau ziahziah,
Mangpau, Kawlpau cih bang om vet lo cih dan in ngaih sun
phawtphawt ding. ( Pau nam tuamtuam tawh meh lo ding cihna)
(2) Tua Zopau pen mantak in akicih kik theihna dingin
Alphabets ( a-z) leh punctuation teng ciang suakta takin zangh
Page 240 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
ding.
(3) Zolai tawh kisai buaina a-om simin Zopau bulphuh in puah
kik ding.
HIh a tung a thum teng kei ma letpi thu khat hi. Bang hang hiam
cih leh Manglai leh ei lai kibang lo lua kisa in, zong kilehbulh
lo lai hi. Kisai vet lo i ci diam maw. Zolai siamna dingin
Manglai siam phawt zong kisam lo hi. Zopau siam phawt ding
kisam hi. Ih Zolai pen Mangte' ong phuah sak ahih manin,
aphawk khak loh uh na tampi om pah hi.
Mangte' aa a val in i laak dan

Gentehna in min ( Cin) pawlkhatte bangin Zolai in (C) ihneih
hang Mangte in i ( C) alawh uh ciang ( S) in ging sak, (CH)
tawh Zopau in khiatna nei lo, aging mawk khat suak, ahi zong
in tua (CH)pen mah kilai teitei; tua min neite' lai gelh sim leng
lah amin lian uah ( CH) akoih pong uh hang thu leh la agelhna
uh ah (C) mah zang veve; mipil in ih upmawhte tata hi
sawnsawn.
Nung a kacih nopte:
Gentehna:
Thunget ding i phawk hiam? Thunget ding ihphawk leh
thu ngen ni.
Atung ah, (i) or (ih) tuaktuak a khiatna kibang na pi amasa pen

ah kidam lawh in a nunung pen kinak lawh den hi. Dam lawh na
ding mun leh nak lawh ding mun pen tua laigual ihsim khit teh
kithei pan hi. Tua pen, khuamial ah lampai tawh kibang in,
guam neu ah i khe a kiat vat leh lampi peuh na sang vat in ihpai
khit teh kithei pan tawh kibang hi. Nuam lo duaiduai mahmah
hi.Tua bang a-om loh theitheina dingin kagualh kholhna hi.
Mangte leh Kawlte kiangpan kalaak hi lo hi.
Kacihnopna ah, Manglai leh mite' pau tuamtuam tawh Zolai
Page 241 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
ihpuah sawm leh bangmah kagen ding om kei. Zopau tawh i
puah sawm leh bek kei a lunglut mahmah khat hi mawk ing.
Atung a kacih dante tawh kisai n'ong behlap nop a-om

leh ong gelh lai in. Nagen nop a-om pak kei leh zong mai ah
ihkikup nop pen kammal guak om sak ding maw gawm khawm
ding cih tawh kisai thei cian nuam ing.
Tua teng lak ah, ( Sak ) cih tawh kisai hi.
(Sak) cih kammal pen amah guak omsak ding maw, amah guak
om tawntung sak lo ding maw. Natheih bangbang, ong thei kik
pahpah sak in...., cih dan hi.
( Zopau bulphuh in ong kum kik in.) Hih tawh kisai kakan san
laitak hi.
Lungdamna lianpi leh lametna lianpi tawh,
Editor
USA Thupuak
Page 242 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Tuesday, October 10, 2006
Zolai Gelhmaan:
Title Suan’na, Degree

Suan’na, Apostrophe Zatna,
etc.
By Taang Zomi
Hih pen, min mai-a Title (Rev., Dr., Prof., Col., Tg., U, Salai,
Saw, Mahn, Sai, etc.) suan'na, min nung-a Degree (B.A., M.A.,
Ph.D., etc.) suan'na, le kammal (word) sung-a om laimal (letter)
taang-a Apostrophe zatna, cihte bangci zat ding cih tawh kisai,
Dr. Tg. Neng Ngaih Lian tawh email zangh-a ka kikupna uh hi-
a, aituam thute pen phiat-in tua a kiphiat mun-ah x x x x x x x x
x x ka koih hi.
==
[01]
D.Min. Ngah Ta Ing

From: Neng Lian <neng_lian@yahoo.com>
To: khatthang@aol.com
Sent: Sunday, August 20, 2006 10:53 AM
Subject: D.Min. Ngah Ta Ing
Sanggamte aw,
Page 243 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
August 18, 2006 ni in ka D.Min. Certificate ong tung
khongkhong ta hi. Sum tawh tha tawh ka buaipih khat hi a, ka
lungdamna ong ko hi ing. Seminary min nei leh zahtak huai bel
hi kei, a hi zongin Zomite kihai lai, kizawng laite lakah kihel lai
ka hih manin kei adingin manpha bek hi lo in ka hihtheih
tawpnahi ta hi. Maban bel certificate ngahna dingin laisim ngap
nawn keng.
xxxxxxxxxx
Ka mawtaw leh doctorate boih lawm khawm nuam mahmah

ing, dolla mah a om kei leh vai kihawm zo kei veh, x x x x x x x
xxx
Sia Khup Za Go Biography ka bawl zo ta ing, Aug 23 in release

ding. A lemtang khat in ong fwd ning. Cihtaak ta kei leh ong
simsak le uh cin maw,na man uh ciangin.
Tg. Lian
Gauhati
==
[02]
Dr. Neng Ngaih Lian Aangtan’pihna

From: Taang Zomi News Relay Service
<ThuphaZomi@aim.com>
To: Neng Lian ; blessedzomi@yahoogroups.com ;
ciimnuai@yahoogroups.com ;
korea_zomi@yahoogroups.com ;
siamsinpawlpi@yahoogroups.com ; zomi@yahoogroups.com ;
zomifla@yahoogroups.com ;
zomikhangthak@yahoogroups.com
Page 244 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Sent: Sunday, August 20, 2006 4:55 PM
Subject: (Blessed Zomi) Dr. Neng Ngaih Lian Aangtan’pihna
Dr. Neng Ngaih Lian Aangtan’pihna
By Taang Zomi
Tg. Ngaih Lian Swante ci-a ih theih ih lawm Ngaih Lian in,
Andersonville Theological Seminary, Camilla, Georgia panin,
Doctor of Ministry (D. Min.) degree hong ngah ahih manin,
lungdampih-in ih aangtan’pih hi.
Min. certificate pen August 4, 2006 ni-in, kikhak-a, August 18,

2006 ni-in, ama’ omna Indiaah ngah hi.
Dr. Neng Ngiah Lian in M.R.E. zong a ngahsa ahi hi. Oakland
Park, Florida-a a om sung-in, M.R.E. ngah-in, tua khit ciangin,
D. Min. sin to hi. D. Min. a ngah ma-in, India-ah va ciah hi.
Amah pen, Rev. Khup Za Go’ sanggampa’ tapa ahi hi. Mipil
innkuan hi uh ei!
Ama’ mailam ding khempeuh, Topa Pasian in na makaih, lam

na lak hen!
==
[03]
Re: x x x x x x x x x x
To: Taang Zomi News Relay Service
Sent: Saturday, September 23, 2006 4:52 AM
Subject: Re: x x x x x x x x x x
Page 245 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Sia Thangbawi,
Doctorate ngah nong lungdampihna na sim ing. Ka Lungdam

mahmah hi.
Sept 02 in Lamka ah Pawlpi mite tawh Lungdamkohna hun vok

khat go in na bawl ung. Manpha sa ing. Maban pen Pasian
thuthu hi.
Kuamah peuh na hoihkim ding uh kong lamen hi.
Taang pen Doctor/Dr in i kheng mai diam or any suggestion?
Tg. Dr. Ngaih Lian Swante

Gauhati
==
[04]
Dr. Tg. Ngaih Lian Swante
From: Zomi News Relay Service <ThuphaZomi@aim.com>
To: Neng Lian <neng_lian@yahoo.com>
Cc: ThuphaZomi@aim.com ; ZomiTaktak@gmail.com
Sent: Sunday, September 24, 2006 1:58 PM
Subject: Dr. Tg. Ngaih Lian Swante
K’ong it Ngaih Lian,
1. Thu kiza thei zeel ih hih manin, nuam ing.
2. Doctorate ngahna lungdam koh pawi, na bawl thei na hih

man-un, lungdam huai seem hi.
Page 246 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
3. Suggeted Order of Words:
(1) Rev. Dr. Tg. Ngaih Lian Swante
(Hih bel, ordained pastor na suah leh, zat ding, ahi hi.)
Rev. masa ding.

Dr. in zom ding.
Tg. in zom ding.
Min mai-ah Dr. kisuang khin zo ahih man, min nung-ah D. Min.
suan’ kul nawn lo.
Dr. Rev. hi lo.

Tg. Dr. hi lo.
Tg. Rev. hi lo.
Tg. Dr. Rev. hi lo.
Dr. Tg. Ngaih Lian Swante, D. Min. hi lo.
(2) Dr. Tg. Ngaih Lian Swante
(Hih bel, ordained pastor na hih kei leh, zat theih, ahi hi.)
Tg. Dr. hi lo.

Dr. Tg. Ngaih Lian Swante, D. Min. hi lo.
(3) Dr. Ngaih Lian Swante
Dr. Ngaih Lian Swante, D. Min. hi lo.
(4) Tg. Ngaih Lian Swante, D. Min.
Min mai-ah Dr. kisuang lo ahih manin, min nung-ah D. Min.

kisuang thei.
4. Kawlgam-ah hih bangin kizang hi:
Page 247 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Dr. U Kyaw Than
U = Tg.
Dr. U Kyaw Than = Dr. Tg. Kyaw Than
Rev. Dr. U Ba Han

U = Tg.
Rev. Dr. U Ba Han = Rev. Dr. Tg. Ba Han
Rev. Dr. Daw Eh Wah

Daw = Lia
Rev. Dr. Daw Eh Wah = Rev. Dr. Lia Eh Wah
Col. (Dr.) (U) Hla Han

Col. (Dr.) (U) Hla Han = Col. (Dr.) (Tg.) Hla Han
Amah pen, galkap bu (colonel) hi-in, siavuan (doctor) zong, ahi
hi. Galkap a sep laitak-in, a min mai-ah Dr. kisuang khol lo-in,
Col. Hla Han kici hi. Ahi zongin, khat veivei, siavuan a hih lam
a kitheih ding a kul hun om thei ahih manin, Col. (Dr.) Hla Han
kici thei hi. Kawlgam-ah, galkap za min khit teh U kisuang lo
hi. Tua ahih manin, Col. U Hla Han kici lo-in Col. Hla Han bek
kici zaw hi. Galkap a sep nawn loh ciangin a min mai-ah Col.
kisuang nawn khol lo-in Dr. U Hla Han kici hi.
5. Hih a nuai-ah, ka gelhsate pawlkhat hong lak ing. ZoNet na

sign-up nading-a na zat, na yahoo.com email address tawh na
lut lecin.
Lia & Taang, Nu & Pa, leh Pi & Pu

Gelhtu: Taang Zomi
Min Mai-a Lia/Taang, Nu/Pa, Pi/Pu Zatna

By Taang Zomi
http://www.geocities.com/tgzomi/
Page 248 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
“Lia” leh “Taang” Zatna
Taang Zomi
“Pi Lia” leh “Pu Taang”

Thu
By Taang Zomi
“Pi Lia” leh “Pu Taang”

Thu
(Revised) [Discard the previous posting]
By Taang Zomi
Lia leh Taang, Nu leh Pa, Pi leh Pu Thu Gentel Kikna (1)
By Taang Zomi
By Taang Zomi
By Taang Zomi
By Taang Zomi
[Correction; please discard the previous posting]
By Taang Zomi
Page 249 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
By Taang Zomi
6. Topa in thupha hong piak behbeh hen.
N'ong it,
Thang Bawi
==
[05]
Re: x x x x x x x x x
To: Zomi News Relay Service <ThuphaZomi@aim.com>
Sent: Monday, September 25, 2006 2:23 AM
Subject: Re: x x x x x x x x x
Sia Thangbawi,
Lungdam hi. Ko lam hoihtek buang ung. Zanin Sia JM Paupute

tawh Gauhati ah ZCF kikhopnaah kimu ung. Amau innah
kikhop tawp ciangin baang ing. Kikhopnaah doctorate ngah
Pawlpite tung ah lungdam lahna in niangtui leh moh na in na
vak ing. Kikhop tawp in innkongah
dawn ngengngang ung. Topa thupha hi.
xxxxxxxxxx
Ka mawtaw a nunglam truckkhat in ong nawk sak zek kha a, tua

bawlsaka paihi ing. Tuni la khia ta ning. Minor damage hi.
Page 250 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Kithuza zel ni.
Tg. Ngaih Lian
==
[06]
Re: Dr. Tg. Ngaih Lian Swante

From: Neng Lian
To: Zomi News Relay Service
Sent: Monday, September 25, 2006 2:31 AM
Subject: Re: Dr. Tg. Ngaih Lian Swante
Sia Thangbawi
Suggestion hoihtak nong pia a, nuam ing. Dr. Tg. Ngaih Lian in
na gelh ning.
Lamka CBA sunga ka mission secy. uh Rev. a ngah ma in Ph.D.

ngah zo a a khua nungin ordination ngah hi. Aman Dr. Rev. ci in
at hi. Dr. ngah masa zaw ahih mana a masasa a at um ing. Tua
mah bangin JM Paupu, leh etc in Rev ngahmasa uh a a khua
nungin doctorate ngah uh a, Rev. Dr. ci ahi tam ci ing. Nang cih
bangin Rev. Dr. cih pen ahi zaw ding mah in tuat ing, ngah
nunung/masak cih bang hi lo in.
Lungdam Topa thupha!
Dr.Tg. Ngaih Lian Swante
==
[07]
Page 251 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Dr. Tg. Ngaih Lian Swante / Tg. Ngaih Lian

Swante, D.Min.
From: ThuphaZomi@aim.com
To: Neng Lian
Sent: Tuesday, September 26, 2006 3:11 PM
Subject: Dr. Tg. Ngaih Lian Swante / Tg. Ngaih Lian Swante,
D.Min.
K'ong it Ngaih Lian,
Title (Rev., Dr., Prof., etc.) leh Degree (B.A., M.A., Ph.D. , etc.)
suan’ zia tawh kisai, ka gelhsa khat, k’ong piak ding mangngilh
kha ka hih manin, hih mun-ah hong pia ing.
Yahoogroup (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/zomi) pen, na

subscribe-na Yahoo email tawh kilut thei ding-a, forum
(http://zocia.org/forum; http://www.zogam.com) pen na sign-up
phot kul ding hi.
Rev., Dr., Prof., etc. ih Suan’na Ding Mun leh Hun

By Taang Zomi
http://zocia.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=270
http://zocia.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=270&highlight=rev+
+prof
http://www.zogam.com/modules.php?
name=Forums&file=viewtopic&t=1598
http://www.zogam.com/modules.php?
Page 252 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
name=Forums&file=viewtopic&t=1598&highlight=rev++prof
N’ong it,
Thang Bawi
==
[08]
Re: Dr. Tg. Ngaih Lian Swante / Tg. Ngaih

Lian Swante, D.Min.
To: ThuphaZomi@aim.com
Sent: Thursday, September 28, 2006 6:37 AM
Subject: Re: Dr. Tg. Ngaih Lian Swante / Tg. Ngaih Lian
Swante, D.Min.
Sia Thangbawi
Lungdam hi, i kiho thei zel nuam hi.
Damin website na en ning. Thukhat pakah “K’ong” na cih pen

LS ah “Ko’ng” kici zaw hia le, ken “ko’ng” ci in na gelh zel
ve’ng in. Koi zaw amaan ahia?
Thudang genpak ding om kei, kithuza zel ni.
Ngaih Lian Swante

Gwahati
==
[09]
Page 253 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
K’ong, N’ong, etc.

From: ThuphaZomi@aim.com
To: Neng Lian <neng_lian@yahoo.com>
Sent: Thursday, September 28, 2006 7:05 PM
Subject: K'ong, N'ong, etc.
K’ong it Ngaih Lian,
1. N’ong email khak, lungdam ing.
2. Apostrophe Zatna
K’ong = Ka ong = Ka hong

N’ong = Na ong = Na hong
Thu k’ong gen hi. = Thu ka ong gen hi. = Thu ka hong gen hi.
Thupha n’ong pia hi. = Thupha na ong pia hi. = Thupha na
hong pia hi.
Apostrophe pen laimal khat or khat sang-a tam zaw taang-a a

kizangh ahi hi.
Hih mun-ah:
Apostrophe pen "-a" taang-a a kizangh ahi hi.

Ka ong = K’ong
Na ong = N’ong
Apostrophe pen "-a h-" taang-a a kizangh ahi hi.

Ka hong = K’ong
Page 254 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Na hong = N’ong
Ko’ng
No’ng
ci-a a gelh ding hi lehang, apostrophe pen bang laimal taang-a a
kizangh hi ding?
3. Thu kikum toto ni.
N’ong it,
Thang Bawi
==
[10]
Re: K'ong, N'ong, etc.

To: ThuphaZomi@aim.com
Sent: Tuesday, October 03, 2006 6:18 AM
Subject: Re: K’ong, N’ong, etc.
Sia Thangbawi
Lungdam ing. Kician mahmah hi, nong hilhcianna thu.
Lai Siangtho ah Sia Kam Khaw Thang leh aseppih mi

tuamtuamte’n bang dinga nang cih bangin na zang lo uh ahi
tam, cih simsim om lai, tawmno khat. English a ‘do not’ pen
‘don’t’ paizia pan ci leng lah ...... na gen pen kip zaw mah.
xxxxxxxxxx
Page 255 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Lungdam mahmah hi.
Ong phawk den,
Dr.Tg.Ngaih Lian Swante

Gauhati
Page 256 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Monday, January 14, 2008
Zomi Culture 2008:
Zomi Mimal Minnote Vai
(The Issue of Zomi Personal

Diminutive Names)
By Taang Zomi
1. Pu Tong Seal’ lai gelhte, i sim khak loh hong sawt pian ta
ahih manin, tu'n i muh kik teh, i lung khat bang hong nuam
tuam liang hi.
2. Pu Tong Seal’ gen bangmah-in, Pi Julia Haukhek’ lai gelhte

pen, thugil-in, sim ding leh zuih ding-a a kilawm mahmahte ahi
hi.
3. Postscript sung-a a gelh “Sia Lialian” cih tawh kisai pen,

amah’n zong hong gelh kha ding hi ta leh, kei’n zong, kei’
aituam-in hong gelh nuam ing.
3.1 “Lialian” sung-a “Lia” a cih pen lakam-a “Lia” (numei;

female) a cihna peen hi lo hi. Sia Hang Khan LIAN’ minno
(diminutive) sung-a a kihel min hi.
3.2 Minno pawlkhat pen hih bangin kinei hi:
Page 257 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Minpi Tawpna Minno Gentehna
or Minpi
Sung-a Khat
peuh
CIN Cicin Tg. Thang Khen CIN;
Rev. Tg. Thawng Khan CIN
CING Cicing Lia Niang Hau CING
DIM Didim Lia Cing Khan DIM
GIN Gigin [tu’n Tg. En Suan GIN
Suanpi kici ta.]
HAU Hahau Lia Niang HAU
LAM Lalam Lia Ciin LAM Niang [?]
LIAN Lialian Tg. Hang Khan LIAN;
Lia Niang Ngaih LIAN
LUN Lulun Lia Lian Khan LUN
KHAI Khakhai; Tg. Khup Sian Nun KHAI
Khaikhai
MAN Maman Lia Ciin En MAN
MANG Mamang Tg. Kham Khan MANG
SIAN Siasian Tg. Thang SIAN Lian
SUAN Suasuan Tg. Gin Za SUAN
THAWN Thawthawn Tg. Thang Za THAWN
3.3 Suahsak ding-a ka sawm nai loh ahih hangin, Zomi Personal
Names (draft) hong khahkhia ing. A kiman hi nai lo hi. Behlap
nopna, laakkhiat nopna a neite in, hong huh thei ding cih
lametna tawh, k’ong khahkhiat hi.
4.1 Lakam “Lia” pen, min mai-ah i koih ciangin, a tam zaw in,
Page 258 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
nungak’ min mai-ah koih uh hi. Pasal (husband) a neih uh
ciangin, a min mai uah “Lia” koih nawn lo uh hi. Bang hang
hiam cih leh, “Lia” pen nungak a cihna kisa kha ahih man hi.
Tua mah bangin “Taang” pen, min mai-ah i koih ciangin, a tam
zaw in, tangval’ min mai-ah koih uh hi. Zi a neih uh ciangin, a
min mai uah “Taang” koih nawn lo uh hi. Bang hang hiam cih
leh, “Taang” pen tangval a cihna kisa kha ahih man hi. “Lia”
pen numei cihna hi-a, “Taang” pen pasal cihna ahi hi. Kum tam,
kum tawm tawh kisai lo, pasal/zi neih leh neih loh tawh kisai lo,
ta/tu neih leh neih loh tawh kisai lo hi.
4.2.1 1250–1950 kikaal sung, bang kum hiam khat-a a kiphuak,

Hauzel Beh Lapi sung-a om Tanu Khakna La-ah hih bangin na
om hi:35
3. Tukawl tawi ing, khawh louma va zam ing e,

Ka sial za-in tam, ka chiin lianu ngai ing e,
Lakmai ka luankhi’n zel hi e.
ciin = u
lia = nu; numei
ciin lia = unu, u numei
4.2.2 Tua Hauzel Beh Lapi sung-a om Ton’ La-ah hih bangin na
om hi:36
3. Ka pahtaangah ni nel sum bang kai e,

Aisa phek nangin hon zial hi e,
Ka tuai lianu’n siktui bing bang khai hi e.
tuai = nau
lia = nu; numei
tuai lia = naunu; nau numei
35 H. Lianzamang Guite, Hauzel Genealogy (ed. J. Thang Lian Pau)

(Aizawl, Mizoram: Haukhum Hauzel, 2006), p. 101
36 Ibid., p.102
Page 259 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
4.2.3 Tua hun pawl mah-a a kiphuak Dousel Beh Lapi sung-a
om Tanu Khaakna La-ah hih bangin na om hi:37
3. Mazam loin kum khua vei ing e,

Mazap hon sui ding chiin lianu lah
Khulsin tang tah e.
ciin = u
lia = nu; numei
ciin lia = unu; u numei
6. Von lianu lah mu bang ngai nang e,

Khulsin dawhtam tungah aw,
Zanga phualmul pha bang hei nah e.
von = ta
lia = nu; numei
von lia = tanu; ta numei
37 Ibid, p. 104
Page 260 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Wednesday, June 13, 2007
Zomi Mimal Minte
(Zomi Personal Names – Draft)

By Taang Zomi
Minpite
A D
Gawh
Ai Dah Gen
Aih Dai Giah
Al Daih Giak
Alh Dal Gin [=Gin’]
Am Dam Ging
Awi Deih Go
Awih = Oih Deng Goih
Awn Diah Gul
Awt = Ot Din
Dim (awphei) H
B Dim (nuaikiat)
Do (awphei) Hang
Bawi Do (aw nuaikiat) Hau
Beel (nuaikiat) Don Hauh
Bia Dong Heh
Biak Dot Hen
Hil
C E Ho
Hon
Ciang El Hong
Ciin En Hua = Haw
Cin [=Cin’] Eng Huai
Cing Eu (kahto) Huam
Cingh (nuaikiat) Huat
G Hum = Vum
Page 261 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Hung Lai Nen
Lal Neng
I Lamm (awkah) Ngai
Lamh (awkia) Ngaih
It Laang Ngam
Langh Ngem
K Leengh (= le hangh) Ngul (awphei)
Let Ngul (awnuaikiat)
Kaangg Liah Ngulh
Kai Lian Nial
Kaih Liang Nian
Kam Liap Niang (awphei)
Kap Liing Niangg (awkahto)
Khaam Lo (nuaikiat) Ning
Khai Luai (awphei) No (pheipai)
Khaat Luai (nuaikiat) Nok
Kham Luan Non
Khan (pheipai) Lun Nuam
Khan (nuaikiat) Lut Nun [= Nun’]
Khat Nung (← Tungnung)
Khawl (nuaikiat) M
Nuun (pheipai)
Khawm
Khen (awsau) Man
Khen (awtom) Mang (awsau) O
Khoi Mang (awtom)
Khua [= Khaw] Min (awphei) Oih = Awih
Khual Minh (nuaikiat) Ot
Khup Muan [=Muan’]
Ki Muang P
Kim (awphei) Mun
Kimm (awtungkah) Mung Pau
Kimlai Pha
King [=kumpi] N Phal
Kip Phat
Koh Na Phawng
Komm Nang Phungh
Kop Nawl Phut
Kung Nawn Pian [=Pian’]
Neek Piang
L Neem (pheipai) Pil
Neem (nuaikiat) Pum
Laan (=Laan’) Nei
Laang Neih S
Page 262 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Saan Tai (aw-tom, pheipai) Uap
Saang Tawi (awphei) Uk
Sawm (aw pheipai) Tawi (awnuaikiat) Up
Sawmh (nuaikiat) Tawk
Sawnh Tawn V
Sawnn Tawngg
Seel Tel Vai (awphei)
Shwe (=khamh) Teng [= Thein = tulza] Vai (nuaikiat)
Sial (nuaikiat) Thah Vaih
Siam (pheipai) Than [=Than’] Van (awphei)
Siamm (kahto) Thang Van (awnuaikiat)
Sian (nuaikiat) That Vial (awphei)
(<---Pasian) Thawn Viall (awkahto)
Siang (Si Hang) Thawng Vum (pheipai)
Sing (Siing) Thein (= Teng = sang, Vum (nuaikiat)
Sim tulza) Vung (awphei)
Simh Theu Vungh (nuaikiat)
Sin Thiau
Soi Thual Z
Son Thuam
Song Thuk Za
Su (← Zeisu) Thupha Zaang (awphei)
Suai [= Shwe = gold] Tual (awphei) Zaangg (awkah)
Suak Tual (awnuaikiat) Zam
Suan Tuam (pheipai) Zel
Suang Tuan Zen
Suann Tuang Zil
Suum Tul Zing
Suut Tun Zo (awphei)
Tung Zo (awkah)
T Tungnung Zom
Tut Zong
Taan Zuan
Taang U Zuang
Taanzaau
Some Non-Standard Names

Ciin Sial Za Tam Deih Cng Thei Lo
Cing Sial Niang (numei) Cing Ngaih Lian (pasal)
Cin Kual Ngiiungeeu Minthang Cing Sian Saang Kim (pasal)

Khaw Don Ngaih Mang (numei)
Page 263 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Cing San Ong (Aung) (pasal)
Khup Sian Nun Khai (pasal)
Cing Thupha Kim (numei)
Khup Sian It (numei)
Cope Hen Cin (← Joseph Herbert
Cope) (pasal) Khup Sian Koh Lun
Cope Lian Cing (← Joseph Herbert Kim Leeng Nuam

Cope) (numei)
Neem Ho Cing (numei)
Dal Siam Lian
Neem Khan Shwe (numei)
Dal Sian Khawm Thang
Neem Sian Komm
Dal Sian Kop Lal
Sian Khan Cing (← Pasian) (numei)
Dal Sian Phawng
Sian Khua Lian (← Pasian) (pasal)
Diah Khaw Hau (numei)
Su Za Muang (← Zeisu) (numei)
Do Sian Su (← Zeisu) (pasal)
Thang Liang Si Hangh (pasal)
Do Vinghvengh Thang (pasal)
Tual (pheipai) Za Tai (pheipai-tom)
Hau Leengh Nuam (numei) (pasal)
Kam Pian Tuam (pasal) Vungh Teng Suai (= Vungh Thein

Shwe) (pasal)
Khai Gen Zo
Zam King Mang (pasal)
Khen Kaangg Lo (pasal)
Some Non-Standard Spellings

Gin Za Twang
Kam Ya Dal
Neng Ngaih Lian Swante
Some Dialectal Alternative Names

Chiau = Thiau Ngin = Gin Thuan = Suan
Chian = Sian Ngo = Go
Ngen = Gen Thian = Sian
Page 264 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
Minnote
Diminutives
A G Lek
Leuh San
B Gaw (pheipai) Sau
M Sen
Bawi H
Bawk Meengg T
Beu Hoih
Beuh N Ta
Boih I Tal
Buah Neu Tawii (awkahto)
Buai K Ngek Tawng
No Teu
C Kaang (pheipai) Nu Teuh
Kaang (kahto0 Tom
Ciai Kawi O
Ciau Kek U
Keengh P
D Khek V
Dawng Kok Pi
(pheipai) Kuak Pu Vom
Pumm (kahto)
E L Z
S
Compounds
Bawinu Nuno Piteuh
Keenghno Pabawi Pivom
Khekno Pakaang (awphei) Puno
Kheknu Pakaang (awkah) Sanno
Kuaknu Pakeeng Santa
Lano Patawng Senno
Ngekno Pipi Sennu
Ngeekta Pisan Tabawi
Nukaang Pitawng Tano
Page 265 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Special
Cicin Khakhai Siasian
Cicing Lalam Suasuan
Dadang Lialian Thawthawn
Didim Lulun Gia Mung
Gigin Maman Cia Thawn
Hahau Mamang Tha Pau
Non-Standard Diminutives
Pulun (numei) Suumthang (pasal) Putheen (pasal)
Page 266 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Linguistics (Phonemics):
Draft:
Zolai Awbulte
(Zolai Phonemes)
By Taang Zomi
(Hih pen draft hi pan hi. Zo nai lo ban-ah, kheel ding tampi
om lai ding hi. Na muhna uh, hong zasak un.)
1. Zolai Bulpi (Zolai Fundamentals) tawh kisai-in, hunpi 3-in ka

khen hi:
(1) Dr. Joseph Herbet Cope’ hong zatpihna (1910-2010)

(2) Taang Pau Cin Thang’ kanna le muhna (1974-2006)
(3) Taang Zomi’ kanna le muhna (2006-2010)
Dr. Joseph Herbert Cope’ hong zatpihna (1910-tu dong))
2. Dr. Joseph Herbert Cope’ hong bawlsak pen, puahphatna

tawmtawm a om hangin, ama’ aa peen mah, a paipi-in kinei-a,
tua pen tu dong mah ahi hi.
3.1 Tua hun sung-a i theihna-ah, Zolai-ah Letters of the

Alphabet 20 i phasak hi:
Page 267 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
a b c d e
g h i k l
m n o p s
t u v w z
3.2. Tua ahih manin, hih a nuai-a laimal 6-te a nei lo i hi hi:
f j q r x
y
3.3. Tua laimal 20 sung pan-in, hih a nuai-a laimal 15 teng pen
Laimung (Consonant) ahi hi:
b c d g h
k l m n p
s t v w z
3.4. Tua laimal 20 sung pan-in hih a nuai-a laimal 6 pen

Awmung (Vowel) ahi hi.
a e i o u
aw
Hih a tung-a teng pen sang-a a kisin Zolai Sim Bu (Dr. Cope’
bawl peen) leh 1974 khit lam pawl-a a kibawl Zolai Sim Bu-te-
ah kizangh hi.
3.5 Zolai Phoneme pen Laimung (Consonant) 15, Awmung

(Vowel) 6, a kigawm 21 ahi hi.
Page 268 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Tg. Pau Cin Thang’ Kanna le Muhna (1974-2006)
4.01 Taang Pau Cin Thang in Rangoon Universities Chin

Literature and Culture Subcommittee Magazine (1973-1974),
Rangoon Universities Chin Literature and Culture Committtee
Magazine (1978), le Zomi Magazine (1980)-te-ah ahi zongin,
Vahui Magazine 2006-ah ahi zongin, hih Zolai Bulpi thu, gelh
hi.
4.02 Tua hun lai-a ama’ muhna-ah Laimung (Consonant) i cih

pen “laimal” (letter) hi lo-in, “aw” (sound) hi-a, “laimal” (letter)
tawh a kigelh ahi hi, cih thu ahi hi.
4.03 Letters of the Alphabet
a b c d e
f g h i k
l m n o p
s t u v w
z
Letters of the Alphabet 21 pha hi.
Hih Letters of the Alphabet sung-ah “F’ kihelsak hi.
4.04 Consonants:
b c ch d f
g h k kh l
lh m n ng p
ph s t th v
w z
Page 269 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Consonant 22 pha hi.
Ahi zongin,
(1) “W” pen consonant-in kizangh lo hi. Vowel pian’sakna-ah
kizangh-a, tua zong “A” khit ciang bek-in kizang hi. Gtn. AW.
(2) “Ch” pen a kizatna tam lo hi.
(3) “F” zong a kizatna tam lo hi.
Tua ahih manin, hih thum teng pen consonant sazian pan
phiatkhia leeng, consonant 19 pha ding hi.
4.05 Tua hun lai-a ama’ muhna-ah Awmung (Vowel) i cih pen
“laimal” (letter) hi lo-in, aw (sound) hi-a “laimal” (letter) tawh a
kigelh ahi hi, cih thu ahi hi. Vowel zong nam thum kinei hi, cih
mukhia hi.
4.06 Vowels:
Vowel pen a kigawm 23 i nei hi.
(1) Monophthongs:
a e i — u
[o]
aw
Monophthong pen 5 kinei hi.
“O” pen a laimal-in i neih hangin, monophthong-in i nei kei hi.

Kawlkam-a “Ko Maung Bo (ကုိေမာင္ဘုိ) cih bang pen “Ku
Mawng Bu” peuh i ci hi.
“O” pen laimal khat bek ahih hangin “OU” aw suak ahih manin
diphthong ahi hi.
Page 270 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
“AW” pen laimal nih ahih hangin aw khat bek suak ahih manin
monophthong ahi hi.
(2) Dipththongs:
ai ei ii oi ui
awi
au eu iu ou uu
awu
ia ua
Diphthong pen 14 i nei hi.
“Awi” le “Awu” pen laimal thum ahih hangin diphthong ahi hi.
“Ii” le “Uu” pen lawh hak mahmah hi.
Hih laibu na sim ngiingeei o!
Amah khuamial sung-ah pai khuukhuu hi.
(3) Triphthongs:
iai uai
iau uau
Triphthong pen 4 i nei hi.
Tua ahih manin vowel pen a kigawmin 23 i nei hi.
4.07 Zolai Awbul (Phoneme) pen Laimung 22 le Awmung 23,

akigawm 45 ahi hi.
Page 271 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Taang Zomi’ Kanna le Muhna (2006-tu dong)
4.08 Hih hun sung-in Taang Zomi in linguistics thu, laibu hoih
pawlkhat tungtawn-in le Internet tungtawn-in, sim kha thei hi.
4.09 Consonant pen 22 mah suah hi. Consonant pen, kammal

patna-a a kizang (onset: x-), kammal tawpna-a a kizang (coda:
-x) leh kammal patna le tawpna-a a kizang (both onset and
coda: -x-) ci-in kikhen hi.
4.10 Awmung (Vowel) pen 42 suah hi. Aw tom 21 le aw sau 21

ahi hi.
4.11 Awbul (Phoneme) pen, Laimung (Cosonant) 22 le

Awmung (Vowel) 42, a kigawm 64 ahi hi.
4.12 Ama’ muhkhiat-te, a nuai-a bang ahi hi.
Page 272 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
4.12.1 Laimungte (Consonants)
x x- -x -x-
01 b- /b/ 01 b- /b/
02 c- /ts/ 02 c- /ts/
03 ch- /tʃ/ 03 ch- /tʃ/
04 d- /d/ 04 d- /d/
05 f- /f/ 05 f- /f/
06 g- /ɡ/ 06 g- /ɡ/
07 h- /h/ 07 h- /h/
08 -h /ʔ/ 1 -h /ʔ/
09 -k- /k/ 08 k- /k/ 2 -k /k/ 1 -k- /k/
10 kh- /x/ 09 kh- /x/
11 -l- /l/ 10 l- /l/ 3 -l /l/ 2 -l- /l/
12 -lh /lˀ/ 4 -lh /lˀ/
13 -m- /m/ 11 m- /m/ 5 -m /m/ 3 -m- /m/
14 -n- /n/ 12 n- /m/ 6 -n /m/ 4 -n- /n/
15 -ng- /ŋ/ 13 ng- /ŋ/ 7 -ng /ŋ/ 5 -ng- /ŋ/
16 -p- /p/ 14 p- /p/ 8 -p /p/ 6 -p- /p/
17 ph- /pʰ/ 15 ph- /pʰ/
18 s- /s/ 16 s- /s/
19 -t- /t/ 17 t- /t/ 9 -t /t/ 7 -t- /t/
20 th- /tʰ/ 18 th- /tʰ/
21 v- /v/ 19 v- /v/
22 z- /z/ 20 z- /z/
22 20 9 7
Page 273 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
4.12.2 Vowels
1a 2e 3i 4o 5u
Monophthongs
01 S. a /ʌ/ e /ɛ/ i /ɪ/ o /ɒ/ u /ʊ/ 5
02 L. aa /ɑː/ ee /e:/ ii /iː/ aw /ɔː/ uu /uː/ 5
Diphthongs
03 S. ai /ʌɪ/ ei /ɛɪ/ ii /ɪɪ/ oi /ɒɪ/ ui /ʊɪ/ 5
04 L. aai /ɑːi/ eei /e:i/ iii /iːi/ awi /ɔːi/ uui /uːi/ 5
05 S. au /ʌʊ/ eu /ɛʊ/ iu /ɪʊ/ ou /ɒʊ/ uu /ʊʊ/ 5
06 L. aau /ɑːu/ eeu /e:u/ iiu /iːu/ awu /ɔːu/ uuu /uːu/ 5
07 S. ia /ɪʌ/ ua /ʊʌ/ 2
08 L. iia /iːɑ// uua /uːɑ/ 2
Triphthongs
09 S. iai /ɪʌɪ/ uai /ʊʌɪ/ 2
10 L. iiai /iːɑːi/ uuai /uːɑːi/ 2
11 S. iau /ɪʌʊ/ uau /ʊʌʊ/ 2
12 L. iiau /iːɑːu/ uuau /uːɑːu/ 2
12 42
S. = Short Vowel L. = Long Vowel
4.12.3
Lai-awn [/] le lai-awn [/] kikaal-a laimal pen awbul (phoneme)
lahna ahi hi. Gtn. /b/, /ŋ/, /tʃ/, /ɑː/
Square brackets sung-ah a kikoih a om leh phonetic

alphabet/symbol ahi hi. Gtn. [b], [ŋ], [tʃ], [ɑː]
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) kizangh hi.

Page 274 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
5. Tehkaakna
Thu Dr. Tg. Pau Cin Taang Zomi

Cope Thang
Letters of the Alphabet 20 21 21
Phonemes (Consonants + Vowels) 21 45 64
A. Consonants 15 22 22
B. Vowels (Monophthongs + 6 23 42
Diphthongs + Triphthongs)
aa. Monophthongs 6 5 10
bb. Diphthongs 14 24
cc. Triphthongs 4 8
̥6. Kikup Ding:
6.1 Consonant sung-ah “ch” /tʃ/ le “f” /f/ hel huai maw, hel huai
lo?
6.2 Consonant lak-ah “w” /w/ hel huai maw, hel huai lo?
6.3 Vowel lak-ah “w” /w/ hel huai maw, hel huai lo?
6.4 “c” taangin bang phonetic alphabet zangh ding?

/ts/ maw? /c/ maw?
6.5 “kh” taangin bang phonetic alphabet zangh ding?

/χ/ maw, /x/?
6.6 “h” taangin /ʔ/ a zat huai hiam?
6.7 “lh” pen consonant lak-ah hel huai mah maw? Phonetic
alphabet bang zang ding? /lʔ/ maw, /lˀ/?
Page 275 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
APPENDIX
English Phonemes
Consonants Vowels
01 /p/ pig Monophthongs
̥02 /b/ big 01 /ə/ waiter
03 /t/ tea 02 /iː/ seat, she
04 /d/ din 03 /ɪ/ sit
05 /k/ kin 04 /e/ set
06 /ɡ/ gap 05 /a/ sat
07 /h/ hen 06 /ʌ/ cut
08 /m/ men 07 /ɑː/ cart
09 /n/ nap 08 /ɒ/ cot
10 /ŋ/ sing 09 /ɔː/ caught
11 /l/ lid 10 /ʊ/ pull
12 /r/ red 11 /uː/ pool
13 /w/ wed 12 /ɜː/ pearl
14 /j/ you Diphthongs
15 /tʃ/ chin 13 /eɪ/ day
16 /dʒ/ gin 14 /aɪ/ die
17 /f/ fat 15 /ɔɪ/ boy
18 /v/ vat 16 /əʊ/ toe
19 /θ/ heath, thin 17 /ɑʊ/ how
20 /ð/ though, 18 /ɪə/ near, tear
then (noun)
21 /s/ bus 19 /ɛə/ tear (verb)
22 /z/ buzz 20 /ʊə/ tour
23 /ʃ/ shoe
24 /ʒ/ confusion
Page 276 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
English consonants pen 24 pha-a, vowel 20 pha ahih manin,
English phoneme 44 a pha, ahi hi. Vowel-ah monophthong 12
pha-a, diphthong 8 pha hi.
Triphthong nih (fire /faɪə/ le power /pɑʊə/) behlap leeng vowel

pen 22 pha thei ding-a, ahi zongin, a tung-a sazian pen a tam
zaw-ah official ahi hi.
Orthography-a “j” leh phonetic alphabet /j/ kisuun ahih manin,

buai huai dektak khat hi. Orthography-a “j” pen aw suah /ʤ/ hi-
a, Germany /ˈʤɜːməni/, Japan /ʤəˈpæn/ cih bangte-ah kizang
hi. Phonetic alphabet /j/ pen “y” aw hi-a, you /ju/, youth /juːθ/
cih bangte-ah kizangh hi.
Page 277 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Tedim Zomi and Burmese Consonants
Post-Alveolar
Retroflex
Bilabial
Dental
Palatal
Glottal
Alveolar
Velar
Labio-dental
P.A.
M.A.
(1) Plosive
or Stop:
vl.unas. pပ tတ tဋ kက h အ
/p/ /t/ /ʈ/ /k/ /ʔ/
vl. asp. ph ဖ th, ht, th, ht kh ခ
/pʰ/ ထ ဌ
/kʰ/
/tʰ/ /ʈʰ/
vd. unas. b ဗ dဒ dဍ gဂ
/b/ /d/ /ɖ/ /ɡ/
vd. asp. b, bh d, dh ဓ d, dh g, gh
ဘ /dʰ/ ဎ ဃ
/bʰ/ /ɖʰ/ /ɡʰ/
(2)
Affricate:
vl. c, ky ch ခ်
က် /ʧ/
/ʦ/
vd. gy ဂ်
/ʤ/
(3)
Fricative:
vl. unas. f th s စ sh ရွ kh hဟ
/f/ သ /s/ /ʃ/ /x/ /h/
/θ/
vl. asp. hs ဆ
Page 278 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Palatal
Alveolar
Post-Alveolar
Velar
Retroflex
Bilabial
Labio-dental
Dental
Glottal
P.A.
M.A.
/sʰ/
vd. unas. v th zဇ
/v/ သ /z/
/ð/
vd. asp. z, zh စ်
/zʰ/
(4) Nasal:
vl. hm မွ hn ႏွ hn ဏွ hny hng ငွ
/m̥/ ညွ /ŋ¡/
/n̥/ /ɳ¡/
/ɲ¡/
vd. mမ nန nဏ ny ည ng င
/m/ /n/ /ɳ/ /ɲ/ /ŋ/
(5)
Lateral:
vl. hl လွ
/l̥ /
vd. lလ
/l/
(6) Semi-
vowel
vl. hw ဝွ
/w̥/
vd. wဝ rရ yယ
/w/ /r/ /j/
Page 279 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Legend: unas. = unaspirated
Other remark:
Color Code: Retroflex = Cerebral
red = exclusively Tedim Zomi
blue = exclusively Burmese Absent from this chart:
black = common to both Tedim Zomi w /w/ in Tedim Zomi phonemics is
and Burmese considered to be a component of a
gray background = of Sanskrit, Pali monophthong /ɔ/ (aw) rather than
or Hindi origin; rarely a separate consonant.
pronounced as such in
modern Burmese. ဆ (hsa-lein), the seventh letter of
the Burmese Alphabet, has not yet
Abbreviation: been assigned a phonetic symbol.
P.A. = Place of Articulation
M.A. = Manner of Articulation
စ် (zha-myin-sway), the ninth letter
vl. = voicless of the Burmese Alphabet, has not
vd. = voiced been assigned a phonetic symbol.
asp. = aspirated
A more detailed inventory of Zokam and Kawlkam consonant phonemes is

available at the following sites:
(1) Zokam Consonant Phonemes:
http://zomilibrary.com/main/archive/files/zokam-consonants_8a1ed4aace.pdf
http://www.scribd.com/doc/15908187/Zokam-Consonants
(2) Kawlkam Consonant Phonemes:
http://zomilibrary.com/main/archive/files/kawlkam-
consonants_46037e1d02.pdf
http://www.scribd.com/doc/15908671/Kawlkam-Consonants
(3) Zokam and Kawlkam Consoant Phonemes:
http://zomilibrary.com/main/archive/files/zokam-and-kawlkam-consonant-
phonemes_6b0d75af2a.pdf
http://www.scribd.com/doc/15908733/Zokam-and-Kawlkam-Consonant-
Phonemes
Page 280 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Index
Laimai (page) khat sung-ah kammal khat pen khat vei bek mah
a om leh a laimai nambat bek kilak hi.
en-dash: 100, 102
Laimai (page) khat sung-ah kammal khat pen nih vei leh a
tungsiah a om leh, tua laimai nambat khi teh “p” kikoih hi:
em-dash: 100p., 110
Alphabetical Index
Abbreviation.................................................................97, 117pp.
Acute Accent.............................................................................25
Adverb..................................................................................160p.
Adverb of Degree....................................................................160
Adverb of Manner...................................................................161
ampersand...............................................................................105
apostrophe....24pp., 102, 105, 118, 146p., 178, 219p., 223, 228,
243, 254p.
asterisk......................................................................................24
Asterism....................................................................................25
Awmal (syllable).....................................................................151
awmung..............................................................................156pp.
Brace.........................................................................................25
Breve.........................................................................................25
capitalization ..........................................................................105
Caret..........................................................................................25
Cedilla.......................................................................................25
Circumflex................................................................................25
closed bracket............................................24, 104, 106, 109, 112
closed quotation mark.......................................24, 104, 106, 109
Colin Brown..............................................................................12
Page 281 of 288
Zolai Gelhmaan
colon............................................24, 95, 104, 106, 109, 150, 231
Colophon.....................................................................................5
comma....24, 95, 97p., 104, 106, 109, 120pp., 124, 132pp., 142,
150, 178
Conjunction.............................................................................158
dash......................................................24, 103pp., 114, 149, 281
Diaeresis....................................................................................25
Disciple Kap Sian......................................................................13
Disyllabic or Bisyllabic Words...............................................151
Double Dagger..........................................................................25
Ellipsis.......................................................................................25
ellipsis points...........................................................................105
Elohim.......................................................................................11
em-dash........................................................................103p., 114
en-dash............................................................................103, 105
exclamation point..............................................24, 104, 106, 109
First Person Plural Exclusive..................................................158
First Person Plural Inclusive...................................................158
First Person Singular...............................................................158
Fist.............................................................................................25
full stop...............................................................24, 95, 106, 109
Gelhmaan..................................................................1, 3p., 117p.
Grave Accent.............................................................................25
hyphen................................24, 52, 103, 105, 149p., 156pp., 174
Index..................................................................................25, 281
interrogation point.....................................................................24
Joseph Herbert Cope.................................11, 155, 196, 264, 267
Kamvui.........................................................................153p., 162
Kamzepna..................................................................................24
Lia Luan Za Cing....................................................................155
Lia Niang Za Dim.....................................................................11
Macron......................................................................................25
Manglai....................................................................91, 93, 123p.
Min...........................................................................26p., 34, 248
Monosyllabic Words...............................................................151
Mun-awng...............................................................................101
Page 282 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Noun........................................................................................118
Numbered Clause......................................................................25
oblique stroke......................................................................24, 83
open bracket.....................................................24, 96p., 104, 112
open quotation mark..........................................................24, 104
Paragraph..................................................................25, 103, 149
Paragraph sign.................................................................103, 149
Parallels.....................................................................................25
period.........................................................97p., 104, 119pp., 124
Polysyllabic or Multisyllabic Words.......................................151
Possessive Adjectives................................................................27
Pronoun...................................................................................158
Punctuation.....................................................94, 101, 104, 117p.
question mark..............................................24, 95, 104, 106, 109
research...................................................................13, 25, 27, 34
Second Person Singular..........................................................158
Second Persona Plural.............................................................158
Section...........................................................................25, 27, 92
semicolon.......................................................24, 104, 133, 135p.
Sing Pi.......................................................................................13
Single Dagger............................................................................25
slash.........................................................................................105
space.11, 73, 94pp., 101, 103, 105p., 109, 112pp., 121p., 124p.,
132, 134p., 137p., 142, 148, 150, 153pp.
star mark....................................................................................24
Taang Zomi.......1, 3p., 14, 91, 101, 117p., 127p., 145, 162, 179,
191, 199, 201, 205, 215, 219, 223, 229, 239, 243pp., 248pp.,
252, 257, 261, 267, 272, 275
Tat-huh....................................................................................160
telkan.....................24p., 27, 32, 34pp., 38p., 41p., 44pp., 52pp.
Tg. Cin Sian Pau.....................................................................199
Tg. Ginkhatsuan................................................................76, 118
Tg. Go Khan Pau.......................................................................13
Tg. H. Gin En Cin.............................................................76, 199
Tg. H. Kam Khen Thang.........................................................199
Tg. J. Gin Za Twang............................................................12, 76
Page 283 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Tg. J. Hang Khan Pau,..............................................................76
Tg. Joshua Gin Khaw Mang.....................................................13
Tg. Kam Khan Thawng.............................................................12
Tg. Kam Khaw Thang.......................................................11, 155
Tg. Kam Khen Cin....................................................................12
Tg. Kam Sian Tung...................................................................13
Tg. Khup Za Go......................................................161, 178, 199
Tg. M. Khup Lam Thang..........................................................76
Tg. Michael Suan Lian Pau.......................................................13
Tg. Nang Sawm Piang..........................................................5, 13
Tg. Pau Cin Thang..........................................5, 76, 90, 269, 275
Tg. Pau Khan En.......................................................................12
Tg. Pau Lian Nun (Tg. Nunpi)..................................................13
Tg. Pau Za Dongh.....................................................................11
Tg. Paul Khaipu........................................................................13
Tg. Paul Thuam Thang..............................................................12
Tg. Raymond Pau Lian Mang...............................................5, 13
Tg. S. L. Hang Khan Pau..........................................................12
Tg. S. Pau Khan En.............................................................15, 17
Tg. Sing Pi.................................................................................13
Tg. Sukte T. Hau Go............................................................11, 76
Tg. Sukte Tualhang Hau Go....................................................155
Tg. Thang Khaw Pau.................................................................13
Tg. Thang Za Kam....................................................................11
Tg. Tual Khan Suan..................................................................13
Tg. Vul Za Thang................................................................12, 76
Third Person Plural.................................................................158
Third Person Singular.............................................................158
Tilde..........................................................................................25
Tomlaakna..........................................................................117pp.
Vahui Magazine 2006..............................................................161
virgule.......................................................................................24
vowel..................................................................156pp., 174, 177
YHWH......................................................................................11
Zokam.....................................................................................151
Zolai............................................1, 3p., 91, 101, 105, 117p., 176
Page 284 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Zolai Gelhmaan....................................1pp., 16, 117p., 191, 243
Zolai Grammar............................................................................4
Zomi Christian Literature Society.............................3pp., 12, 14
Zomi Innkuan Singapore.................................................3pp., 14
Zomi Linguistics Research Group.....................................3pp. 5
‫אלהים‬................................................11
‫ לה•ים‬ƒ‫א‬................................................11
‫יהוה‬...................................................11
‫י†הו…ה‬...................................................11
Page 285 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
(1) Cope Topa’ Tangthu,
(2) Zogam Khristian Tangthu,
le (3) Zolai Gelhmaan
LAIBU THUM BAWL NADING SUMBUL HONG PIATE
SGD SGD
01) Biak Sung, Sianu................ 20 37) Michael Pau Khan Thawn,

02) Ciin Mun Mang, Tg. …...... 50 Tg. …................................. 100
03) Cin Hau Mung, Tg …......... 50 38) Mung Hau Thawn, Tg. ….. 60
04) Cin Kim Pau, Rev. …......... 10 39) Nang Sawm Piang, Sia ….. 200
05) Cin Za Lal, Tg. …............... 50 40) Nem Deih Niang, Lia ….... 200
06) Cing Deih Man, Lia …....... 60 41) Ngin Sian Muang, Tg. ….... 5
07) Cing Deih San, Lia …........ 70 42) Ngo Khan Tuan, Tg. …...... 50
08) Cing Khawl Kim, Lia ….... 40 43) Nian Deih Cing, Lia …....... 5
09) Cing Lian Don, Lia …........ 110 44) Niang Khan Huai, Lia ….... 70
10) Cing Ngaih Kim, Lia …...... 40 45) Niang Khan Zo, Lia …....... 60.
11) Cing San Kim, Lia ….......... 90 46) Niang Ngaih Hau, Lia ….... 160
12) Cing Sian Nem, Lia …........ 220 47) Niang Sian Muang, Lia ….. 110
13) Cing Suan Lian, Lia............ 220 48) Ning Khan Nuam, Sianu ... 200
14) Dal Do Langh, Tg. …........ 150 49) Ning Lian Cing, Sianu …... 110
15) Dim Hawm Lian, Lia …..... 110 50) Ning San Lian Kim, Lia … 110
16) Dim Khan Man, Lia …...... 5 51) Noreen Hong, Lia ….......... 50
17) Dong Khen Mung, Tg. …... 20 52) Pau Khan Khup, Tg. …...... 1200
18) Gin Suut Mang, Tg. …....... 100 53) Pau Khat Suan, Tg. …........ 300
19) Hang Khan Lian, Tg. …....... 200 54) Pau Lian Tuang, Tg. …...... 100
20) Hau En Vung, Sianu …....... 220 55) Pau Sian Mung, Tg. …...... 70
21) Kam Khen Mang, Tg. ….... 100 56) S. Khup Cin Pau, Rev. Maj. 200
22) Kam Suan Mang, Tg. …...... 200 57) Siang Hnem Par, Lia …..... 70
23) Kam Za Thang, Tg. 58) Suan Khan Lal, Tg. …....... 60
& Cherry, Lia ….................. 100 59) Suum Sian Khai, Tg.. ….... 50
US$ 60) Thang Lam Tuang, Tg. ….. 130
100 61) Thang San Nuam, Lia ….... 150
24) Kap Khan Dim, Sianu ….... 50 62) Thang Sian Suum, Tg. …... 50
25) Khawm Suan Ciin, Lia ….. 110 63) Thang Thawn Mung, Tg. ... 100
26) Khen San Lian, Tg. …....... 70 64) Thang Thian Khai, Tg........ 20
27) Khup Khawm Mung, Tg. ... 200 65) Thawng Khan Suut, Sia …. 5
28) Khup Lian Thang, Tg. …... 200 66) Thual Khen Mung, Tg. ….. 200
29) Kim Tul Cing, Lia …......... 10 67) Tual Khaw Siam, Tg. …..... 50
30) Lang Suan Mung, Pa …..... 50 68) Tual Suan Mung, Tg. …..... 220
31) Lian Lam Mang, Tg. …..... 60 69) Tun Za Mung, Tg. …......... 160
32) Lian Sawm Sing, Tg. …..... 220 70) Vung Go Ciin, Sianu …..... 170
33) Lian Zo Mung, Tg. …....... 50 71) Vung Lian Cing, Sianu ….. 50
34) Luai Hmin Thang, Tg. ….. 150 72) Vungh Suan Mang, Tg. …. 30
35) Mang Lian Thang, Tg. …... 200 73) Zam Suan Kim, Sia …....... 50
36) Michael Hmun Hei, Tg. 74) Zen Lam Mang, Sianu …... 110
& Betty, Lia …................... 100 75) Zen San Mang, Lia …......... 50
Page 286 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Thu Ciaptehna
Hih laibu sung-a thute ciapteh nop a om leh ciapteh na’ng mun
Thu Laimai
Page 287 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan
Thu Laimai
Page 288 of 288

Zolai Gelhmaan Bu 1 (10 NOV 10 WED) PDF A-1a

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Zolai Gelhmaan Bu 1 (10 NOV 10 WED) PDF A-1a

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Zolai Gelhmaan

Zolai Gelhmaan, Bu II (Zolai Grammar, Volume II)

Zomi Ngeina Pawlkhat (Some Points in Zomi Culture)

Zokam Awneenbulthu le Awbulthu (Zokam Phonetics and

Circulation of this book is restricted to

A publication of Zomi Linguistics Research Group

Sponsored by Zomi Innkuan Singapore

Distributed by Zomi Christian Literature Society

Zolai Grammar, Volume One

Copyright © 2010 by Taang Zomi

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in

Please contact the author at:

First Edition: November 2010

Printed in Yangon, Myanmar

This is a co-operative effort of Zomi Linguistics Research Group, Zomi

The author has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of residential

Zolai Gelhziate Pawlkhat ........................................23

Zolai Bulpite Pawlkhat ...........................................75

Manglai leh Zolai-a Ih Khialh Khaak Pahpahte

Comma, Semicolon, Colon, Dash, Period leh Space

A Nostalgic Small Piece of Zolai Grammar.........179

Title Suan’na, Degree Suan’na, Apostrophe Zatna,

1. To YHWH Elohim ([‫ ]יהוה אלהים‬or [‫ים‬O‫ לה‬Q‫ה א‬M‫הו‬N ‫)]י‬

2. To the late Rev. Dr. Joseph Herbert Cope, for reducing

3. To my father’s second cousin, the late Rev. Tg. Sukte T. Hau

4. To my father, the late Pastor-General Tg. Thang Za Kam (Tg.

To my late maternal grandfather, Sia Tg. Pau Za Dongh (Tg.

5. To my mother, Lia Niang Za Dim (Lia Dimno), for teaching

To my maternal uncle, Sia Tg. Kam Khen Cin, for encouraging

To Rev. Tg. Paul Thuam Thang, for encouraging me to delve

8. To the late Siapi Tg. Vul Za Thang, and

To the late Sia Tg. J. Gin Za Twang,

for inspiring me — by compiling Chin English Dictionary

9. To My brother-in-law, Lt.-Col. (Dr.) Tg. Kam Khan Thawng,

To my doctoral mentor, Rev. Dr. Colin Brown (professor of

for inspiring me to greater diligence, meticulousness, and

11. To Tg. Michael Suan Lian Pau for implementing the

12. To Rev. Tg. Go Khan Pau (Fort Lauderdale, Florida),

To Tg. Thang Khaw Pau (Cumming, Georgia), and

To Tg. Sing Pi (Clarkston, Georgia)

for willingly and proactively letting me use their computers;

14. To Tg. Tual Khan Suan (USA),

To Tg. Disciple Kap Sian (Sianpu) (Malaysia),

To Tg. Paul Khaipu (Australia), and

To Tg. Joshua Gin Khaw Mang Shoute (Canada)

for encouraging me to write this kind of paper and this kind of

15. To My brother, Tg. Raymond Pau Lian Mang (Tg.

To brother-in-law, Tg. Nang Sawm Piang, for helping me in

16. To Zomi Innkuan Singapore, for financially sponsoring me

To Zomi Christian Literature Society, for taking the

Kohnop Lungdamhuai Thu

Pasian’ bawlsa hih i leitung ah minam khat-a i pian’ nak

Paulehaam a manthan’loh nadingin minam khangto

Minam dangte mah bangin ei Zosuan tate in zong pau i

Ahi zongin tua Sangmang Cope topa’ hong patsak laite

Hih bang hun lian laitakin paulelai lamah Pasian in

Zosuan tate’ lai ding hong bawlsak Sangmang Cope

Tung Pasian in hih laibu a gelhte, a pian’zawh nadinga a

Rev. Tg. S. Pau Khan En, Ph.D.

Hih Laibu A Kibawlna A Hang, A

1. 1968 kum pawl-a a kibawl Zomi sangnaupang magazine khat

2. 2000 kum-in ZoNet (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/zomi/)

3. Laibu khat ka bawl ding a deih lawm le gualte’ hanthotna