Uninterruptible Power Supply Circuitry Design APC SmartUPS 1000

Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) - Circuitry

The SmartUPS 1000 is one of the most common in the class of corporate uninterruptible power supplies when
using a distributed redundant power scheme. This popularity of this model is explained by its rather high load
capacity, which makes it possible to use this model for feeding small servers and graphic stations, used, for
example, in engineering departments. In addition to good load characteristics, this model also provides good
functionality for remote source control. Therefore, the survey of this UPS will be very useful for those who
provide service to corporate electrical equipment.

The peculiarities of the SU1000 model, as well as the whole Smart family, are:

- increased reliability due to well-designed circuitry and high-quality practical execution;

- the presence of "intelligence", which allows you to monitor the status of the source, monitor the input and
output power supply network, and allows you to manage sources (including remotely), enabling them to turn on
and off at specified times;

-forming at the output of the "correct" sinusoidal voltage during operation from the batteries;

- use of an interactive topology, assuming that there are modes of boosting ( BOOST ) and lowering ( TRIM )
of the input mains voltage. This allows you to increase the battery life due to a more rare transition to battery
power.

The model that we will be considering today belongs to the third generation (3G) of APC's uninterruptible
power supplies. The functional diagram of APC SU1000 uninterruptible power supplies ( chassis 640-0733D )
is presented in Fig.1 . ( for a detailed view click here )

Figure 1. Block diagram of an uninterruptible power supply APC Smart-UPS 1000

Microprocessor
As a control microprocessor, an 8-bit microcontroller of the Intel I87C52 family is used.

Features of microcontrollers I87C52 are:

- the presence of a built-in high-performance electrically reprogrammable ROM (EPROM) with a capacity of
8K;

- 32 built-in programmable I / O ports;

- the presence of three 16-bit counters and timers;

- the presence of built-in RAM (memory) with a capacity of 256 bytes;

- the presence of a four-level interrupt system with 6 input interrupt lines;

- Presence of the programmed serial interface;

- the ability to work with both TTL logic and CMOS logic.

The main function of the microprocessor in UPS can be considered the execution of the control firmware stored
in the internal ROM. And according to this program the microcontroller provides:

- monitoring the parameters of the input mains voltage;

- monitoring of output voltage parameters;

- definition of emergency operation modes;

- monitoring the status of batteries;

- formation of signals for relay control;

- generation of signals for inverter control;

- access to external EEPROM memory;

- Maintenance of the device connected to the SNMP connector;

- Maintenance of the interface for communication with the PC.

The frequency of the internal generator of the microprocessor is set by a quartz crystal XT1 with a reference
frequency of 16 MHz. As the supply voltage of the microcontroller is used + 5V . The microprocessor is started
by the RESET signal . Setting this signal to a high level for a period of two clock cycles of the master oscillator
ensures that the microprocessor is reset.

The RESET signal is generated by a circuit executed on discrete elements ( Q51, Q52, Q53 and IC11 ). This
circuit provides the control of the magnitude of two voltages: + 12V and + 5V . If these voltages are lower than
the nominal values, the reset circuit inhibits the operation of the microprocessor.
The I87C52 microprocessor has only digital I / O ports, so all of its output control signals and sensors input
signals are discrete, i.e. have only two states: a high level and a low level.

The assignment of the contacts of the I87C52 microprocessor is described in Table 1 .

Table 1. Description of the I87C52 processor's contacts in the APC Smart-UPS 1000

No. Signal Description

1 P 1.0 ( D 0)

2 P1.1 (D 1 )

3 P1.2 (D2 )
An 8-bit multipurpose port used as an output data bus transmitted in parallel to a digital-to-analog converter ( IC 15). These
4 P1.3 (D3 ) data are used to form a reference sinusoid at the output of the DAC. At all these contacts, pulses (or bursts of pulses) should
be present, the repetition period of which is equal to or a multiple of 50/60 Hz. The amplitude of the pulses is
approximately 5V. The correctness of the formation of impulses is most easily estimated by the presence, in practice, of an
5 P1.4 (D4 ) ideal sinusoidal voltage of 50/60 Hz at pin 2 of the IC 15 IC . The presence of this sinusoidal voltage, in fact, means that
the microprocessor control microprogram operates absolutely correctly, and that the microprocessor is generally sound.
6th P1.5 (D5 )

7th P1.6 (D6 )

8 P1.7 (D7 )

The signal of the initial reset. The signal is active at a high level, i.e. when installing it in the log. The "1" microprocessor
is "cleared". The normal state of the signal is the log "0". When the UPS is turned on, there should be a short positive pulse
9 RESET
on this contact. After passing the pulse, the signal is set to a low level, in which it is located during the entire operation time
of the UPS .

Multipurpose port contact (input). Used to receive the DATA - IN input signal , which is data from the SNMP adapter
P 3. 0
installed in connector J14 , or data from the interface connector (J1 ). Data transmission is carried out in a sequential
10 ( DATA - manner. Since there is no SNMP adapter, and UPS is not connected to the PC, then the signals on this contact are inactive.
IN) At power-on, the signal is set to a high level (+ 5V), after which it does not change.

P3.1 Multipurpose port contact (output). It is used as an output signal SD - OUT , which is the data transferred in serial form to
eleven (SD - OUT) the SNMP adapter or to the interface connector J 1. At the moment of UPS on, a pulse sequence is observed on the
contact, after which, the signal is set to a high level (+ 5V), after which it does not change.

Multipurpose port contact (input). Used to control the phase of the output voltage. After the UPS is turned on , pulses must
P 3. 2 be set on this contact, repeating with a period corresponding to a frequency of 100/120 Hz. These pulses are formed from
12 ( PHAS - the sinusoid generated by the DAC chip ( IC 15) at pin 2, and correspond to each sinusoidal transition through the 0 Volt
OUT ) level. The absence of pulses can be perceived as a malfunction of the external control circuits of the output phase (provided
that the sinusoid at the output of the DAC is created).

Multipurpose port contact (output). A signal is formed on the contact, which allows you to turn off the UPS in a "software"
P 3. 3
way. To turn off the UPS on this contact, pulses of considerable duration should be generated. In addition, the contact is
13 ( HF - OFF used to form the output select signal ( Chip Select ) of the EEPROM chip ( IC 13). After switching on the UPS , the
) pulses on this contact follow with a frequency corresponding to a frequency of 50/60 Hz.

Multipurpose port contact (input). Used to control the phase of the input mains voltage. After switching on the UPS in
P3.4
offline mode, this contact must establish a constant level of the log. "1" (+5 V ), since UPS is not connected to the mains,
14 (PHAS - and, consequently, there is no measurement subject. During UPS operation from the mains, an impulse voltage of 50 Hz
REF) appears on this contact.

Multipurpose port contact (output). Used to generate the LO - BATT signal , which reports its battery level at its active
P H. 5
level (log "0"). The signal is transmitted to the connector of the SNMP adapter (J14 ) and to the interface connector J1 ,
15 (LO - which is part of a simple interface connection to the PC ( Simple Signaling ). At the time of UPS startup , the signal is set
BATT) to a high level (+5 V ).

16 P3.6 Multipurpose port contact (output). Used to generate a signal controlling the input disconnect relay ( RY 5). When the
 (LIN-XFER) UPS starts , the signal is set to a high level (+5 V ).

Multipurpose port contact (output). It is used to generate a signal allowing the operation of the inverter power driver chip (
P3.7
17th IC 14). The signal is active low. When starting the UPS in stand-alone mode, the inverter should not work, and therefore S
(INV-EN) , the signal is set to a high level (+5 V ).

18 XTAL2 Contacts for connecting an external frequency-tuned resonator. When the UPS is turned on , a sinusoidal signal with a
frequency of approximately 16 MHz should be observed on these contacts. The absence of a sinusoid, in the first place,
means a malfunction of the microcontroller, although it is impossible to exclude the defect of the quartz resonator itself (
19 XTAL1 XT 1).

20 GND "Earth"

P 2. 0 Multipurpose port contact (output). Used to control the LED located on the back of the UPS , which has a green color and
21 ( +5 V - is designated as " SENSITIVITY ". Since when the UPS is turned on , the LED should be on, then the signal on this pin is
SIG) set to a high level, which is located during the entire operation time of the UPS .

Multipurpose port contact (output). Used to generate a signal that allows the IC 17 to work. The signal is active at a low
P2.1 level. At the moment of inclusion on the contact for a short period of time, a log is set. "1", after which the signal is reset to
22
(ALL-EN) the low level, in which it is located during the whole operation time of the UPS , i.e. the operation of the IC 17 is allowed
and its serviceability can be estimated by the presence of impulses on the pin 4 - pin.7.

Multipurpose port contact (output). Used to generate the control signal of the TRIM relay ( RY 6). The signal is active
P2.2
23 low. When the UPS is turned on , a high level signal must be set on the contact, but at the initial moment a "short" negative
(TRIM) pulse "jumps".

Multipurpose port contact (output). Used to generate the BOOST control signal control signal ( RY 3). The signal is active
P2.3
24 low. When the UPS is turned on , a low level signal should be set on the contact, but at the initial moment a "short"
(BOOST) positive pulse "jumps".

P2.4 Multipurpose port contact (output). Used to generate a control signal for the input relay of the load shedding - the
25 (SHTDWN) Shutdown relay ( RY 1). The signal is active high. When you turn on the UPS , a high level signal must be established on
the contact.

P2.5 Multipurpose port contact (output). Used to generate the output signal of the selection ( Chip Select ) of the A / D
26th (CS - ADC) converter - ADC ( IC 10). After switching on the UPS , regular short pulses must be generated on this pin which are active
at a low level. The pulse frequency is high enough.

Multipurpose port contact (input / output). Used as a data link between a microprocessor, an ADC chip and an EEPROM
P2.6
27th chip . Data transmission is carried out in a sequential manner. Data transmission is bidirectional. After the UPS is turned
(S - DATA) on , regular short pulses are generated at this pin, which are active at a low level. The pulse frequency is high enough.

Multipurpose port contact (output). Used as a synchronization signal for data transmission on the S - DATA line . After
P2.7
28 the UPS is turned on , regular short pulses must be generated on this pin which are active at a high level. The pulse
(S - CLK) frequency is high enough.

29 PSEN Contact is not used.

Contact is not used. It is the contact for generating the gating signal of the ALE address . When the UPS is turned on,
thirty ALE regular high-frequency pulses are formed on this contact, which are easily diagnosed, although the contact is not connected
anywhere. The presence of pulses indicates that the microprocessor performs its internal firmware.

31 EA The contact is not used (connected to the +5 V power line ).

P0.7 Multipurpose port contact (output). A low battery level signal is formed on the contact. This signal is fed to the input of the
32
(LO-CHG) control chip of the battery charger ( IC chip IC 14) to change the mode of its operation.

P0.6
Multipurpose port contact (output). Used to control the charger, in the quality of which the inverter acts. When the UPS is
33 (HI - CHG) turned on , the signal is set to low.

P0.5 Multipurpose port contact (output). Used to control the speaker - "peeple" ( BEE - PER ). Setting a low level signal on this
34
(BEEP) pin results in the prohibition of the operation of the "pyschal-ki". At the time of UPS startup, high-frequency pulses of
 small amplitude (about 0.9 V) appear on the contact, which is accompanied by an audible signal. After that, the signal is set
to low. The pulses observed at the contact are formed outside the microcontroller, so their absence can be perceived as a
breakdown to the ground of the contact 34, or as a malfunction of the external generator of these pulses (IC IC 9 - pin 2).

P0.4 Multipurpose port contact (input). Used to monitor the state of the RY - WELD signal , by means of which the operation
35 (RY - of the input relays ( RY 5 and RY 4) is checked and their "sticking" is determined. Signal is active at a high level. When
WELD) you turn on the UPS , the signal on this pin must be set to low.

P0.3
Used to form a strobe signal that controls the decoders of the front control panel. When the UPS is turned on, short
36 (LED - "negative" low-frequency pulses are formed on the contact.
STRB)

P0.2 The port is used to generate a fan control signal. However, in the SU 1000 model the fan is not installed, so this contact is
37
(REM-FAN) not used.

P0.1 Multipurpose port contact (output). Used to generate synchronization pulses when transferring data (via the DSP - DATA
38 (DSP - line ) to the front-panel decoders. When the UPS is turned on, short "negative" pulses of low frequency are formed on the
CLK) contact.

Multipurpose port contact (output). Used to transfer data to the front panel decoders. This data describes the status of the
P0.0
control panel LEDs. The data is transmitted in a serial form in synchronization with the DSP - CLK signal . But since
39 (DSP - when on, UPS enters standby mode, and the control panel LEDs are not turned on, the signal on the contact is set to an
DATA) inactive high level, i.e. is always + 5V.

40 +5 V The supply voltage is +5 V.

Analog-to-digital converter
The ADC is the main element of analyzing the parameters of both the input and output voltages of the UPS. All
the UPS sensors that form analog signals are connected to the ADC inputs. The ADC0838 ( IC10 ) is used as an
ADC, which has 8 analog inputs CH0 ... CH7 . Which of the input signals is to be digitized is selected by the
UPS microprocessor. The number of the read channel is transferred to the ADC via the serial bus SPI (
Microware ). In particular, the channel number is transmitted over the data line DI, and the transmission of this
data is clocked by the clock signal CLK . In addition, when addressing the ADC chip, the microprocessor also
generates a chip selection signal ( CS ). It is at the CS signal that it is determined that the microprocessor is
addressing the ADC.

Input sensors in this UPS are connected in a unipolar circuit, i.e. the levels of all analog signals are measured
relative to one common contact ( COM ), which is connected to the schematic "ground" ( Fig . 2 ).
 Fig. 2. The processor reads signals from sensors using an ADC

Digitized data from the ADC is transmitted to the microprocessor in a serial form on the same SPI bus, while
the data transfer cycle is initiated by the microprocessor. Data transfer from the ADC to the microprocessor is
carried out via the DO signal line, and, of course, the data is clocked by pulses on the CLK line . The internal
architecture of the ADC0838 ADC is shown in Fig . This will allow better representation of the features of the
functioning of this analog-to-digital converter.
 Figure 3. Architecture of the ADC0838 analog-to-digital converter chip

For data exchange between the microprocessor and ADC0838 , a serial bus is used, in which the input ( DI )
and output data line ( DO ) are combined, i.e. On the microprocessor side, the data bus is bi-directional. This is
possible because the reception and transmission of data is carried out at different times. Initially, the address of
the channel is transmitted to the DI input, the information from which must be converted into a digital code and
processed. For this purpose, five clock pulses are generated on the CLK line, and the CS signal at the
microprocessor output is set to a low level. During these five clock pulses, the start bit, the analog channel
number and the type of the input signal (unipolar or differential) are transmitted along the line DI. After the end
of these five clock cycles, the process of transmission of the digital 8-digit code of the digitized analog signal
begins. This requires nine clock pulses.The very first of these nine measures can be considered the Start ( Start
), during which the analog signal is loaded and the ADC is prepared for data transfer. After the transmission of
the 8-bit code is completed, the CS signal is set to a high level, denying access to ADC0838. Thus, the
transmission of an 8-bit code of one analog signal takes 14 cycles . Timing diagram of ADC signals when
reading the readings of analog sensors is shown in Fig.4.
 Fig.4 Time diagram of ADC0838 operation

The pin assignment of the ADC chip is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Pin assignment of the ADC8038 ADC chip in the APC Smart-UPS 1000

Signal
Contact No. Appointment
Name

Signal from the UPS power button located on the rear panel. This signal, in fact, is removed from the "positive"
CH 0 1 24 VFET terminal of the battery, so its value is proportional to the voltage on the battery. By the input signal of channel CH 0,
the serviceability and the level of the battery charge are determined.

IN - RECT Signal from the input voltage sensor. The magnitude of the signal on this contact is proportional to the value of the
CH 1 2
input AC voltage.

Signal from the transistor current sensor of the inverter. The voltage at this contact is proportional to the magnitude of
CH2 3 XISTOR-I
the current flowing through the power transistors of the inverter.

OUT - Signal from the output voltage sensor. The value of the signal on this contact is proportional to the value of the
CH 3 4
RECT variable output voltage of the UPS .

Signal from the UPS off button . Pressing the button will cause a low level signal to appear on the input terminal CH 4.
CH4 5 OFF SENS
In this case, the contact performs the function of determining the state of the discrete signal.

Signal from the output current sensor. The magnitude of this signal is proportional to the amount of current consumed
CH5 6th PWR-OUT
by the UPS load , i.e. is proportional to the load power.

Signal from the temperature sensor. The voltage on this contact is proportional to the temperature inside the UPS . As
CH 6 7th RTH
the temperature increases, the voltage at the contact increases.

CH 7 8 CH-ERR UPS charger malfunction signal .

EEPROM
The nonvolatile memory is designed to store the UPS settings and its calibration values, for example, a
parameter such as Run Time. The microprocessor accesses the non-volatile memory via a serial SPI bus,
consisting of three signal lines (DI, DO, SK). In addition, the input of the memory chip also comes with a
crystal selection signal (CS)
Digital to analog converter
The DAC is designed to generate a sinusoidal signal (to pin 2 - IOUT), which, as a reference signal, is used to
create a pseudosinusoidal output voltage of the UPS when operating from batteries. Key management of the
inverter is carried out using a sinusoidal shaped modulating signal. To obtain an output sine wave, the DAC
chip is powered by two voltages: positive + 12V and negative -8V. The shape of the sinusoid is described by
digital signals transmitted in parallel form from the microprocessor. These data are formed on the output pins of
the 8-bit digital port (P1.0 - P1.7) of the microprocessor.

Key Drivers
Key drivers are custom ICs manufactured by APC. These chips generate signals for controlling the power
transistors of the inverter. Drivers provide the distribution of control signals between the transistors of the
"upper keys" and the transistors of the "lower keys" taking into account the input modulating signal of the
sinusoidal form. In addition, the chips monitor the current flowing through the transistors of the inverter, and
provide a limitation and adjustment of this current. It is interesting to note that when generating control signals,
the drivers monitor the magnitude and phase of the UPS output current, which allows for phase adjustment of
the control signals, taking into account the current consumption of the load.

Inverter
The inverter is an element that provides the conversion of direct current from the battery to the alternating
current outputted to the load. The inverter is built according to the bridge converter scheme (Fig. 5). This circuit
has the highest efficiency, and allows the creation of a symmetrical alternating current in the winding of a
power transformer. The inverter is a power switch that switches in a certain order, which ensures the formation
of a sinusoidal voltage at the UPS output.

Fig. 5 Equivalent circuit of the bridge converter

As power keys, MOSFETs are used, switched in parallel to increase the power ( Fig . 6 ). Control of transistors,
i.e. generation of signals for their switching, is carried out by the key drivers, which were considered above.
 Fig.6 Increase the inverter power by parallel switching on its power transistors

To obtain a sinusoidal output current, the transistors of the inverter are switched with a high frequency, and the
open state of the transistors is regulated by the drivers according to a certain law (sinusoidal law with the
network frequency), i.e. PWM modulation takes place. The principle of forming a variable output current of a
sinusoidal shape by a bridge inverter is shown in Fig .
 Fig.7 Formation of a sinusoidal (approximated) alternating current by a bridge converter

An interesting feature of SU1000 UPS inverters is that it also performs the function of the charger. At times
when the mains voltage is normal, the inverter's transistors are switched by a certain algorithm, ensuring
rectification and regulation of the current charging the batteries. The source of energy for charging batteries is
the winding of the power transformer and the EMF induced in it when the mains current flows through the high-
voltage winding of the transformer.

Thus, in the SmartUPS 1000, the charger, as a separate function module, is not available.

Input / output filters and power circuit

Input filters provide the filtering of the mains voltage from the most diverse interference. In the composition of
these circuits, an important position is occupied by devices protecting from significant surges (suppressors).
Such protection is realized due to application of metal-oxide varistors (MOV). Such varistors are placed both at
the UPS input (to protect its components from surges) and at the output (to protect the load connected to the
UPS). In addition, an automatic current fuse located on the back of the UPS and providing short-circuit
protection must also be included in the protection elements.

The power part of the UPS consists of several relays and a power transformer. The configuration of the power
section is shown in Fig. As we have already mentioned, the SmartUPS 1000 is an interactive uninterruptible
power supply that allows you to increase or decrease the input mains voltage, providing a nominal output
voltage, without switching to battery power.

Fig.8 Equivalent diagram of the power section of the UPS APC Smart-UPS 1000

Interactive technology is provided due to the presence on the power transformer of an additional
autotransformer winding. The EMF induced in this winding is either added to the mains voltage or subtracted
from it, resulting in either an increase or a decrease in the output voltage. Switching of this autotransformer
winding is carried out with the help of two relays: BOOST relay (RY3) and relay TRIM (RY2), switching of
which changes the current direction in the auto-transformer winding. The principle of creating in-phase or
antiphase current in an autotransformer winding is shown in Fig.
 Fig.9 Principles of increasing / decreasing the output voltage of the UPS

In addition to these two relays, there are also other relays:

- output relay RY1, which allows you to connect / disconnect the load to the UPS;

- input relay RY5, which ensures complete disconnection of the input power supply network, i.e. this relay
allows to disconnect both the phase and the neutral;

- the relay relay RY4 (the relay of the operating mode from the battery (On Battery)). This relay, in fact, is a
duplicate, breaking simultaneously with the input relay also a phase wire.

The input and transmission relays are controlled by one signal from the microprocessor and therefore operate
simultaneously. Disconnection of the input network must occur without fail at every transition to work from the
batteries. Otherwise, UPS will try to maintain the voltage in the mains supply, which will lead to its
instantaneous overload and the failure of the power keys of the inverter. That is why, in SmartUPS 1000, a
special sensor is introduced - a sensor for "sticking" the relay. This sensor avoids the situation in which a relay
failure will cause UPS to operate on the primary network. This sensor generates an active signal only when the
contact group of the transmitting relay is actually switched ( Fig . 10 ). If, after the microprocessor generates a
signal to switch input relays (LIN-XFER), no confirmation signal ( RLY-WELD ) does not come from the
sticking sensor, the source inverter is blocked and the UPS improper operation situation.
 Fig.10 Transmitter "sticking" sensor

Sensors
Uninterruptible power supply sensors allow the microprocessor to evaluate the quality of both input and output
alternating current and voltage values, as well as measure the temperature inside the UPS casing. With the help
of sensors, the input and output network parameters such as voltage, current consumption, current phase and
reactive component of the output current are measured.

Voltage and current phase sensors are constructed using step-down transformers that perform galvanic isolation
between the power primary part and the low-voltage secondary part of the UPS ( Fig . 11 ).

Fig.11 Principle of construction of sensors for input / output voltage

The use of isolating transformers greatly improves the reliability of an uninterruptible power supply. To monitor
the parameters of the input voltage of the network, the transformer T1 is used , and for monitoring the
parameters of the output voltage - the transformer T2 .

The voltage sensors provide rectification of the alternating current generated on the secondary side of the
transformers, allowing the measurement of the magnitude of the applied voltage. This rectified voltage is
further analyzed by an analog-to-digital converter. The value of the input voltage is determined by the
magnitude of the signal IN-RECT , which is obtained by rectifying the sinusoidal undervoltage with diodes
D18 / D19 . The IN-RECT signal is read by the ADC chip.

The phase of the input voltage ( PHAS-REF ) signal is taken directly from the secondary winding of the
transformer T1 . Further, this signal is converted into rectangular pulses by transistor Q41, after which pulses
are applied to the input P3.4 of the microprocessor.

The phase sensor of the output current when operating from the batteries is a phase detector that calculates the
mismatch between the theoretical and real frequency and the phase of the output voltage, i.e. the phase of the
output current is measured taking into account the phase of the sinusoidal reference voltage generated by the
DAC chip. This allows the microprocessor to correct the reference sinusoid and adjust the frequency and phase
of the output current. In other words, the output current phase sensor and microprocessor together form a PLL
system, which allows to form the correct output voltage. The output current phase signal ( AC-OUT1 ) is
removed directly from the secondary of the transformer T2 and is applied to the base of the transistor Q54 via a
resistor R135 . The signal of the phase of the reference sinusoid is taken from the output of the operational
amplifier TL064 - IC8 ( pin 7 ) and through the resistor R134 is fed to the base of the same transistor Q54 .
Transistors Q54-Q56 form a phase detector circuit. The received phase mismatch signal is fed to the
microprocessor input ( pin 12 - P3.2 ).

SmartUPS 1000 is also equipped with a sensor of the reactive component of the output current. The reactive
component is determined by measuring the current flowing through the capacitor C17 (which is composite, that
is, in reality it consists of several capacitors). This capacitor is installed parallel to the UPS output ( Fig. 12 ),
and the current through it will flow only when a load with a reactive character is connected to the UPS, which,
as is known, consumes current in one half-cycle, and in the next half-cycle it returns it back to the source, t .e.
in the UPS. The reactive component of the load determines the shift of the current consumed relative to the
voltage, but does not affect the shape of the current consumed (sinusoid). The current of the capacitor C17
flows through the primary winding of the current transformer CT1 . The voltage taken from the secondary
winding CT1 is proportional to the current of the charge C17 and fed to the inverter's key management chip.
Thus, the reactive component of the load changes the operating mode of the inverter.

Fig.12 The sensor of the reactive total output power

Another sensor is the current sensor of the power inverter, which allows you to protect the key transistors of the
inverter from an excessively large current and limit its value to a safe level. The IC17 driver chip performs the
key protection function. But the magnitude of the current is calculated by measuring the voltage at the midpoint
of the transistor column ( Fig . 13 ). The voltage of the midpoint (signals XFMR1 and XFMR2) is fed to the
IC17 input ( pin 12 and pin 13 )
 Fig.13 Current sensor of power inverter

As a temperature sensor measuring the temperature inside the UPS, a thermistor RTH1 is used.

Power Supplies
For the operation of the entire UPS electronic circuit, several supply voltages are necessary, namely:

1) + 5V voltage (designed to power the microprocessor, ADC and all UPS logic);

2) + 12V voltage (intended for supplying operational amplifiers, DACs, interface circuits, etc.);

3) voltage + 24V (designed to power the relay);

4) -8V voltage (needed for powering the DAC, inverter drivers and interface circuits).

Voltage + 24V is formed by accumulators, and from it all other positive voltages are obtained by means of
linear integral stabilizers:

- at + 12V (IC4 - Low-Drop stabilizer type LM340T-12)

- at + 5V (IC5 - the classic stabilizer LM7805).

The most interesting construction is the voltage source -8V . To generate this voltage, an autogenerator is used
that generates pulses, which are then rectified and smoothed ( Fig . 14 ). The use of such a source is possible
because the load of the -8V channel is low-current.
 Fig.14 Principle of formation of negative voltage -8V

BEEPER
In various emergency modes, UPS issues warning beeps. For the formation of these signals, a "peep" is used (in
English, Beeper ), denoted in scheme BZ1 . High-frequency pulses, generated by an auto-generator, used to
form a negative voltage -8V , are fed to the "beeper". The pulses from the output of the operational amplifier of
the autogenerator ( contact 2 - IC9 ) via R92 are fed to the base of the transistor Q46 , which already directly
creates an impulse current through BZ1 . In addition, the base of transistor Q46 is connected by port P0.5 (
pin.34 ) of the microprocessor. This output of the microprocessor is an open collector output ( Fig . 15 ). During
normal operation, this port is open, i.e. it establishes a " log. 0 "(the pulses of the autogenerator are shunted to
ground). As a result, the transistor Q46 is closed and the "pshchalka" does not work. When an emergency
occurs, port P0.5 is closed, i. goes into a state of high impedance. As a result, the oscillator pulses are applied to
the base of transistor Q46, and BZ1 starts to make sounds.

Fig.15 Principle of control of the "blower" APC Smart-UPS 1000 UPS

Interfaces
To communicate with the computer, the SmartUPS 1000 uses the DB-9 interface, which can work in both
Simple Signaling and Smart Signaling modes . For operation via the DB-9 interface, a special black connecting
cable is used (number according to the company catalog No. 940-0024C ), which UPS is connected to the RS-
232 serial port of the computer. The connector in the diagram is designated J1. The assignment of the connector
signals is shown in Table 3 .

Table 3.Signals of the interface connector

No. Name Description

UPS shutdown signal . To turn off the UPS , a high-level TTL signal (+ 5V) or high level signal of the RS - 232
1 Shutdown Input interface (+12 V) for at least 4.5 seconds must be set on this contact . UPS shuts down after 20 seconds after the signal
is activated. The UPS responds to the trip signal only if it is in battery mode. If UPS is in smart alarm mode ( smart
 signaling mode ), then the contact is used to receive input (control) data from the PC. If the UPS has been disconnected
via this signal, the UPS can only be turned on after the input mains voltage again becomes nominal.

An output signal indicating that the UPS has switched to battery power. When the UPS switches to battery power, this
Transfer To On signal changes its state from the low level of the RS - 232 interface (-12V) to the high level of the RS - 232 interface
2 Battery Signal (+12 V). Therefore, the "normal" state of this signal, i.e. When the input mains voltage is at the nominal level, the low
Output level state (-12V) is. If smart alarm mode is used ( smart signaling mode ), then this contact is used to transfer the
output data from the UPS to the PC.

An output signal indicating that the UPS has switched to battery power. The main difference of this signal from the
signal to the counter 2 is that it is an open collector output, and therefore can control circuits operating with TTL level
Normally Open On signals . Signal Normally Open On The battery is set to low when the UPS switches to battery operation. Since this
3
Battery Signal is an open collector output, a bias voltage of the TTL level must be applied to this contact via external circuits . This
contact allows direct control of any load powered by a voltage of up to 40 V, but the value of the load current in this case
should not exceed a value of 50 mA. The load directly controlled by this contact must not be inductive type.

4 Common Common (earth).

Output signal indicating that the batteries are exhausted. The contact is an open collector output. The signal on the
Normally Open contact is set to low if the battery voltage falls below the corresponding threshold, i.e. when the batteries are exhausted.
5 Low Battery Signal The output is compatible with TTL level signals . In addition, the load can be directly connected to the contact,
supplying voltage up to + 40V, while the current through the contact must not exceed the value of 50mA. The connected
load must not be inductive type.

Output signal indicating that UPS has switched to battery operation. The contact is an open collector output. The
Normally Closed
difference of this signal from the signal to the pin 3 is that the internal transistor controlling this signal switches off when
6th On Battery Signal
switching to battery power, setting the signal on this contact to a high level (while the transistor controlling contact 3, on
the contrary, opens , setting its output signal to a low level).

Remote UPS power on and off input signal . UPS switches on and supplies the load connected to it when this signal is
Remote Turn On /
7th set to a high level of the RS - 232 interface (+12 V) for a time longer than 1 second. If the earth potential (0V) is
Off
applied to this contact for a time longer than 1 second, UPS is turned off.

Unregulated voltage + 24V DC. This contact must have a voltage of at least + 18V. A current-limiting resistor must be
Unregulated +2 4
8 connected in series between the current source + 24V (+ 18V) and pin.8, which limits the current of the con- tact to 8 at
Vdc
the level of 40 mA ( R 1 and R 2 connected in parallel ).

9 Common Common (earth).

The interface is controlled using a specialized IC2 chip. This chip, in turn, is controlled by the microprocessor
via a serial interface by sending commands and reading data on the SDO-ASIC and SDI-ASIC lines. However,
these signals to the microprocessor pass through the 74HCT257 multiplexer ( IC22 ), on the microprocessor
these signals are labeled DATA-IN and SD-OUT .

In addition, the SmartUPS 1000 is also equipped with an interface for connecting SNMP devices that extend the
functionality of the UPS. In particular, when using SNMP devices, it is possible to connect SmartUPS to a local
network, and also to equip it with various additional sensors (humidity, smoke, temperature, etc.) that allow
monitoring of the environment, which can be very useful, for example , when placing the UPS in a separate
server room. Signals on the SNMP connector are fed in part from the microprocessor directly, and some signals
pass through the 74HCT257 multiplexer IC22 .

To ensure interaction with the user, SmartUPS have a fairly informative operator panel, which reflects both the
amount of load, battery level and current operating mode. Since there are a lot of LEDs on the operator panel,
they are controlled by two UCN5821 chips ( IC18 and IC19 ). These chips are 8-bit serial-to-parallel converters
with snap-in function of the output data. Information about which control panel LEDs should be lit is
transmitted using DSP-DATA , DSP-CLK and LED-STRB signals . These data are generated by the
microprocessor and transmitted in a serial form along the DSP-DATA line . The transmission of the 8-bit serial
code is clocked by the clock signals on the DSP-CLK line. When the data transfer is complete, the
microprocessor generates an LED-STRB signal , by which the parallel code obtained from the serial code is
latched on the outputs of the UCN5821 chip.

In addition, there are two ON and OFF buttons on the control panel.

We will finish the review of APC SmartUPS 1000 UPS circuitry, and its schematic diagram is presented here .
After reviewing the circuitry, as well as after analyzing the flowchart shown in Fig. 1, there should not be any
special difficulties in working with the schematic diagram.