The ability of perception sensation appreciation attention

detecting relevant
information which is
not presented in an
actively monitored
input channel is
known as 0 0 0
The so-called on stimulating on stimulating the cochlea when no semicircular canal on stimulating
Coriolis effect (a the saccule and intensely is stimulated several
conflict in the utricle of the semicircular
information inner ear canals
processing in the simultaneously
brain) in spatial
disorientation
occurs:
0 0 0
To prevent vertigo look towards the breath deeply but control keep breathing normally not move the
in flight we should sides when we the respiratory frequency head suddenly
make a turn while we are
turning

0 0 0
A copilot has His/her self The increased command An upgrading does not His/her self-
passed an -concept is authority leads to a higher have any of the mentioned concept is going
upgrading course to going to be professionalism. psychological to change
become a captain. stabilized consequences. because of new
Which because of the roles and tasks
psychological higher status as which have to be
consequence is a captain. incorporated.
most likely?

0 0 0
Different non- 1, 2 and 4 are only 1 is correct 2 and 3 are correct 2,3 and 4 are
technical related correct correct
opinions between
pilots from different
cultural
backgrounds might
be seen in
connection with:

-1 : the variations of
technical training
and skills.

-2 : communication
problems.

-3 : conflicting ways
of management.

-4 : interpersonal
problems.

The combination of
correct statements
is: 0 0 0
When flying at night proprioceptive vision cochlea sense of balance
the first sense to be sensitivity
affected by a slight
degree of hypoxia
is the 0 1 0
In a glass-cockpit will be are facilitated from the does not loose its will increase as a
aircraft, hampered by the non-verbal point of view importance result of the
communication decrease in owing to the increased increase of
between the actions brought availability wich results technical
members of the about by from technical lightening of dissemination of
crew: technical the workload information
improvements

0 0 1
Angular the cochlea the semicircular canals the tympanum the saccule and
accelerations are the utricle
picked up in the
inner ear by 0 1 0
Which of the Mentally absent. Sensitive. Disciplined. Jovial.
following
behaviours is most
disruptive to
teamwork under
high workload
conditions in the
cockpit? 1 0 0
The 'cocktail party the tendency to the tendency not to the ability to pick up the ability to drink
effect' is believe perceive relevant relevant information too much at
information that information unintentionally social gathering
reinforces our
mental model of
the world

0 0 1
Which of the Friendliness. Assertiveness. Competitiveness. General
following intelligence.
personality
characteristics
makes crew
decision making
most effective? 0 1 0
The semicircular middle ear ear drum external ear inner ear
canals form part of
the 0 0 0
It is inadvisable to swollen tissue in swollen tissue in the pain and damage to the gentle descents
fly when suffering the inner ear will Eustachian tube will cause eardrum can result, at high altitude
from a cold. The prevent the air permanent hearing loss particularly during fast can result in
reason for this is: from ventilating descents damage to the
through the ear drum
tympanic
membrane

0 0 1
Which of the Read and listen Maintain manual straight Listen attentively and solve Talk and
following tasks are attentively. and level flight and solve a a problem. rehearse a
possible to do problem. frequency in
simultaneously working memory.
without mutual
interference?

0 1 0
The rate of 0,02 - 0,05 mg 0,2 - 0,25 mg % per hour 0,3 - 0,35 mg % per hour 0,01 - 0,015 mg
absorption of % per hour % per hour
alcohol depends on
many factors.
However, the rate
of metabolism or
digestion of alcohol
in the body is
relatively constant.
It is about

0 0 0
Our mental model entirely on the entirely on past on both our past on both our past
of the world is sensory experiences experiences and our motor experiences and
based information we programmes the sensory
receive information we
receive

0 0 0
"The Bends" as a pain in the CNS-disturbances loss of peripheral vision pain in the joints
symptom of thorax and a
decompression backing cough
sickness consists
of:

0 0 0
Very high ambition disturbe the fulfil the requirements of always promote teamwork improves the
and need for climate of stress resistance coping process
achievement cooperation with personal
failures

1 0 0
Once we have to give undue to give equal weight to to alter that model to give undue
constructed a weight to contradicting and unnecessarily frequently weight to
mental model we information that confirming information information that
tend contradicts the confirms the
model model

0 0 0
The use of modern facilitated considerably improved all reduced the scope for non- improved man-
technology applied feedback from the communication verbal communication in machine
to glass-cockpit the machine via facilities of the crew interpersonal relations communication
aircraft has: more concise as a result of
data for flight sensations
communication
on the flight
deck

1 0 0
One of the Carbonic Tar Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide
substances present anhydride
in the smoke of
cigarettes can
make it significantly
more difficult for the
red blood cells to
transport oxygen
and as a
consequence
contributes to
hypoxia. Which
substance are we
referring to? 0 0 0
When stopping the of the immediate that we are starting a spin of turning in the same of the sharp
rotation of a spin stabilization of into the opposite direction direction dipping of the
we have the the aircraft nose of the
sensation aircraft

0 1 0
When accelerating climb descent turn spin
in level flight we
could experience
the sensation of a

1 0 0
Any prolonged conductive presbycusis (eefects of a ruptured ear drum noise induced
exposure to noise hearing loss aging) hearing loss
in excess of 90 db
can end up in

0 0 0
All pilots are going are to cut out all will not affect a pilot's are to cut out the high are to cut out the
to suffer some tones equally hearing if he is wearing tones first low tones first
hearing ear-plugs all the time
deterioration as part
of the process of
growing old.

The effects of aging

0 0 1
The human ear is 30 - 15000 dB 16 - 20,000 Hz 0 - 16 Hz 20,000 - 40,000
capable of Hz
perceiving
vibrations between
the frequencies

0 1 0
The intensity of a cycles per curies decibels hertz
sound is measured second
in

0 0 1
Information stays in less than 1 from 5 to 10 minutes around 24 hours about 20 seconds
the short-term second
memory

0 0 0
The ozone-layer is thermosphere ionosphere stratosphere troposphere
situated in the

0 0 1
The group of tiny the maxillary the middle ear the inner ear the outer ear
bones (the sinus
hammer, anvil and
stirrup) are situated
in

0 1 0
An individually The receiver of The feedback should not The feedback should The feedback
given feedback the feedback be referred to a concrete always relate to a specific should only be
improves should situation. situation. given if requested
communication. immediately by the captain.
Which of the justify his
following rules behaviour.
should a feedback
comply with?

0 0 1
The chemical 78 % nitrogen, 78 % nitrogen, 21 % 78 % nitrogen, 28 % 71 % nitrogen, 28
composition of the 21 % oxygen, oxygen, 0,9 % carbon oxygen, 0,9 % carbon % oxygen, 0,9 %
earth´s atmosphere 0,9 % argon, dioxide, 0,03 % argon dioxide, 0,03 % argon argon, 0,03 %
(I C A O standard 0,03 % carbon carbon dioxide
atmosphere) is dioxide

1 0 0
A fatigued pilot considerably will show signs of is acting similar as when will get precordial
increases the increased irritability encountering a state of pain
ability to depression
concentrate

0 1 0
The barometric 18 000 feet 10 000 feet 25 000 feet 30 000 feet
pressure has
dropped to 1/2 of
the pressure at sea
level at

1 0 0
A slight lack of 0.2 % blood 0.05 % blood alcohol 0.1 % blood alcohol 0.15 % blood
coordination which alcohol alcohol
can make it difficult
to carry out delicate
and precise
movements occurs
when the level of
alcohol in the blood
is exceeding

0 1 0
The carcinogen (a nicotine carbon monoxide lead tar
substance with the
ability to produce
modifications in
cells which develop
a cancer) in the
bronchi of the lungs
is

0 0 0
Decompression Gay Lussac´s Henry´s law Boyle Mariotte´s law Dalton´s law
sickness occurs in law
association with
exposure to
reduced
atmospheric
pressure.

The evolution of
bubbles of nitrogen
coming out of
solution in body
tissues can be
derived from: 0 1 0
The normal rate of 32 to 40 cycles a 60 to 100 cycles a minute 20 to 30 cycles a minute 12 to 16 cycles a
breathing is minute minute

0 0 1
The main function to participate in the cellular defense of the to contribute to the immune to transport
of the red blood the process of organism response of the organism oxygen
cells is coagulation of
the blood

0 0 0
Altitude-hypoxia, between 3 000 between 5 000 m and 7 below 3 000 m up to 5 000 m
when breathing m and 5 000 m 000 m
ambient air, should
not occur
(indifferent phase)

0 0 1
During paradoxical the tone of the respiration is very regular the rhythm of the heart is rapid eye
sleep muscles is very regular movements can
similar to that in be observed
the waking state

0 0 0
The human independancy flexibility speed working memory
information from attention capacity
processing system
is highly efficient
compared to
computers because
of its

0 1 0
Motor programmes stored routines stored routines that enable rules that enable us to deal rules that enable
are: that enable patterns of behaviour to be with novel situations us to deal with
patterns of executed without preconceived
behaviour to be continuous conscious situations
executed only control
under
continuous
conscious
control

0 1 0
Working memory to remember our to remember a clearance to store a large amount of to ignore
enables us, for own name long enough to write it visual information for about messages for
example, down 0.5 seconds other aircraft

0 1 0
The relationship approximately approximately linear approximately exponential approximately
between arousal the form of an increasing sinusoidal
and flying inverted U
performance is

1 0 0
In a complex task reduce failures narrow the span of improve performance lead to better
high levels of attention decision-making
arousal

0 1 0
In the short-term- 5 minutes 1 hour a couple of days 20 seconds
memory,
information is
stored for
approximately

0 0 0
According to the 2 °C every 1000 constant in the - 2 °C every 1000 feet 10 °C every 100
I.C.A.O. standard metres troposphere feet
atmosphere, the
temperature lapse
rate of the
troposphere is
approximately

0 0 1
Which of the 2,3,4 1,2,3 2,4 3,4
following operations
are performed more
effectively by
automatic systems
than by people ?

1. Waiting for an
infrequent
phenomenon

2. Long term
controlling of a set
value (e.g holding
of trajectory)

3. Monitoring to
ensure that certain
values are not
exceeded (e.g
holding of flight
path)

4. Qualitative
decision-making 0 1 0
What are the main 1,3 3,4 1,2,3 2,4
factors which bring
about reduced or
low vigilance
(hypovigilance) ?

1. The monotony of
the task

2. Tiredness,the
need for sleep

3. A lack of
stimulation

4. Excessive stress 0 0 1
Which of the tends to occur at only affects certain may occur at any moment essentially occurs
following the end of the personality types of the flight several minutes
statements mission as a after the intense
concerning result of a take-off phase
hypovigilance is relaxation in the
correct ? operators'
attention
Hypovigilance :

0 0 1
What is "divided Ease of Difficulty of concentrating The adverse effect of Alternative
attention"? concentrating on on a particular objective motivation which leads to management of
a particular one's attention being several matters of
objective dispersed interest

0 0 0
What are main 1,3 1,4 2,3 2,4
signs indicating the
loss of vigilance ?

1. Decrease in
sensory perception

2. Increase in
selective attention

3. Sensation of
muscular heaviness

4. Decrease in
complacency 1 0 0
Which of the 1,4 1,2 1,3 3,4
following are the
most favourable
solutions to
manage phases of
reduced or low
vigilance
(hypovigilance)?

1. Healthy living

2. Use of
amphetamines

3. Reducing the
intensity of the light

4. Organising
periods of rest
during the flight 1 0 0
Which of the 2,3,4 1,3 1,2 1,4
following drawbacks
are associated with
automation ?

1. Reduced
competence in
manually controlling
the aircraft

2. Increased
likelihood of slips
while programming
automatic

systems

3. Difficulties in
adapting to the use
of a sidestick

4. General
decrease in
technical reliability 0 0 1
Discussing private decreases the can improve team spirit should be avoided by all is appropriate in
matters in the captains role of means in the cockpit any phase of
cockpit leadership flight

0 1 0
As a result of man-man coordination between the communication and communication
automation in communication members is facilitated by coordination have clearly and coordination
cockpits, has been the provision of more improved in man-man and call for an even
significantly precise and more man-machine relations greater effort on
improved important information the part of the
crew members

0 0 0
Which of the It only facilitates Motivation has only a It stimulates attention but It increases the
following attention in small effect on attention, may lead to phases of low mobilisation of
statements extreme cases but it facilitates alertness arousal energy and thus
summarises the (risk of death) facilitates the
impact that quality of
motivation may alertness and
have on attention ? attention

0 0 0
Which of the 3,4 2,3,4 1,4 1,2
following operations
are performed more
effectively by
people than by
automatic
systems ?

1. Qualitative
decision-making

2. Waiting for an
infrequent
phenomenon

3. Monitoring to
ensure that certain
values are not
exceeded

4. Detections of
unusual conditions
(smell, noise, etc.) 0 0 1
What is the The receiver He/she has not to adjust to Afterwards he/she always There is no need
sender's frequent grasps quickly the communication style of can claim to have been to make up one's
reason to what the sender the communication misunderstood. mind before
communicate means. partner. starting to
implicitly ('between communicate.
the lines')?

0 0 1
Mark the two most 2 and 3 1 and 4 1 and 3 2 and 4
important attributes
for a positive
leadership style:

(1) dominant
behaviour

(2) examplary role-

behaviour

(3) mastery of
communication
skills

(4) "Laissez-faire"
behaviour 1 0 0
Nonverbal should be supports verbal is of no meaning in the is always used
communication avoided by all communication cockpit intentionally
means in the
cockpit

0 1 0
How do you You cannot The statement above is a Beeing silent as well as Each situation
understand the influence your missprint. inactive are nonverbal requires
statement 'one own behaviour patterns which communication.
cannot not communication. express a meaning.
communicate'?

0 0 1
Metacommunicatio balancing the having an assessment active listening communicating
n is defined as own ideas and conversation about the
interests with communication
those of the
interlocutor

0 0 0
The performance of a combination a balanced combination a combination which must a combination in
the man machine which is based between someone actively make the pilot available for which the pilot
system is above on decreasing engaged in his work and the sphere in which he is must keep the
all : the pilot's automated systems which most qualified, namely main repetitive
workload and serve to control the pilot's checking departures from tasks and
increasing his workload the normal operating range automated
time for systems under
supervision his control in line
with rule-based
behaviour

1 0 0
In order to minimize 2,3 1,3 2,4 1,4
the effects of
crossing more than
3-4 time zones with
a layover more than
24 hrs, it is
advisable to :

1. Adapt as quickly
as possible to the
rhythm of the arrival
country

2. Keep in swing
with the rhythm of
the departure
country for as long
as possible

3. Maintain regular
living patterns
(waking ,sleeping
alternation and
regular meal
pattern )

4. Try to sleep as
much as possible to
overcome negative
arousal effects 1 0 0
Which of the 1,3,4 2,3 2,4 1,4
following
statements best
characterise a
synergetic cockpit?

1. Decisions are
taken by the
captain, but
prepared by the
crew

2. There is little
delegating of tasks

3. Communications
are few in number
but precise and
geared purely to the
flight

4. Fluid, consensual
boundaries exist in
regard to
leadership-style,
which fluctuate
between authority
and laissez-faire 0 0 0
What elements Synergy is It is only the captain's Synergy must be built up Synergy
establish synergy independent of status which allows the from the start of the establishes itself
within the crew ? the natural establishment of synergy mission (briefing) and be automatically
individual within the crew maintained until it comes to within the crew,
characteristics of an end (debriefing) right through from
the group briefing to
members debriefing
(communication,
mutual
confidence,
sharing of tasks,
etc.) 0 0 1
Which of the 2,3,4 2,4 1,2,4 1,2,3
following solutions
represent antidotes
to conflicts ?

1. Seeking
arbitration

2. Actively listening
to other people

3. Abandoning facts
so as to move the
conversation to a
more emotional
level

4. Becoming aware
of cultural
influences 0 0 1
Which of the Tiredness is Tiredness is the Tiredness is an objective Tiredness is a
following always the result consequence of a psychophysiological subjective
statements of an intellectual diminution of performance symptom of a reduction in sensation which
concerning overload attention capabilities is reflected in
tiredness is hypovigilance or
correct ? in poor
management of
intellectual
capabilities

0 0 0
What is the effect of It increases the It leads to one's attention It has no specific effects on It reduces the
tiredness on ability to being dispersed between attention ability to manage
attention ? manage multiple different centres of interest multiple matters
matters

0 0 0
What are the main It reduces It increases fatigue, It increases fatigue and It causes
effects of a lack of concentration concentration and concentration difficulties, muscular spasms
sleep loss on and fatigue only attention difficulties, the but facilitates stress
performance ? with sleep loss risk of sensory illusions management by muscular
greater than 48 and mood disorders relaxation,
hours

0 1 0
Which of the Low motivation Extremely high motivation Too much motivation may Motivation will
following will guarantee in combination with result in hypovigilance and reduce the task
statements in adequate excessive stress will limit thus in a decrease in automation
regard to motivation attention attention management attention process
is correct? management capabilities
capabilities

0 1 0
Concerning 1,3 1,4 2,3 2,4
circadian rhythm
disruption (jet lag),
the effects of
adjustment to
destination time :

1. are longer for

western rather than
eastern flights

2. are longer for

eastern rather than
western flights

3. vary little
between individuals

4. may vary greatly

between individuals 0 0 0
Which of the 2,4 1,2,3,4 1,2,3 3,4
following are
primary sources of
motivation in day-
to-day professional
life ?

1. Beeing in control
of one's own
situation

2. Fear of
punishment

3. Success
(achievement of
goals)

4. Social promotion,
money 0 1 0
Of the following Sensorimotor Sensorimotor and Sensorimotor and Sensorimotor
statements performance is intellectual performance intellectual performance performance is
concerning the better in the are better in the morning are better in the evening better in the
effects of circadian morning and are sensitive to the and very sensitive to the evening whereas
rhythms on whereas duration of the sleep state duration of the waking intellectual
performance, we intellectual period performance is
know that : performance is better in the
better in the morning
evening

0 0 0
What are the 1,2 2,3,4 1,3,4 1,4
various factors
which guide
attention ?

1. The level of
automation of
behaviour

2. Response time

3. The salience of
the information

4. Expectations 0 0 1
With regard to the the more the more behaviour is the less behaviour is the more
level of automation behaviour is automated, the more it automated, the less it behaviour is
of behaviours in the automated, the requires attention and the requires attention and the automated, the
attention more it requires less it frees resources more it frees resources less it requires
mechanism, we attention and the conscious
know that : more it frees attention and thus
resources the more it frees
mental resources

0 0 0
What is the main The The attention area is Expectations often guide They always lead
adverse effect of unconscious enlarged, thus it will lead the focus of attention to routine errors
expectations in the mechanism of to an uncertainty in regard towards a particular
perception attention leads to necessary decisions aspect, while possible
mechanism ? to focus on all alternates are neglected
relevant
information

0 0 1
The level of errors in routine errors (slips) mistakes decision-making
automation of selecting an errors
behaviour-patterns appropriate plan
facilitates the of action
saving of resources
and therefore of
attention. On the
other hand, it may
result in :

0 1 0
What are the It reduces It activates resources It has very little immediate It increases
effects of distress vigilance and stored in memory effect on vigilance and vigilance for a
(overstress) ? focusses attention longer period
attention than stress itself,
but may focus
attention

0 0 0
Noise induced the duration of a the suddenness of onset the intensity of the noise the duration and
hearing loss is noise but not its of a noise but not its duration intensity of a
influenced by intensity noise

0 0 0
What seem to be It is confined to Its main role is associated Via physical recovery, it is It essentially
the main roles of physical with activities of memory characterised by an allows for
deep sleep ? recuperation activities and restoration of alternation of dream physical recovery
associated with attention capabilities phases and paradoxical and the
fatigue phases reconstitution of
neuron energy
reserves

0 0 0
The heart muscle is the coronary the auricles ventricles the pulmonary
supplied with blood arteries veins
from:

1 0 0
Young pilots or task for task, an flight planning unexperienced pilots refer experienced
pilots with little expert's performance decreases to information more than pilots are less
experience of workload is with age, and experience experts when carrying out routine-minded
airplanes differ from greater than a is unable to mask this the same task than young pilots
experienced pilots novice's one deficiency because they
in the following way know that routine
: causes mistakes

0 0 1
Analysis of only front-line only pilot training will make failure of the human factor there is hardly
accidents involving operators are it possible to improve the is always connected with ever a single
the human factor in involved situation technical breakdowns cause
aviation shows responsible
that :

0 0 0
Thinking on human Human errors Human errors can be The individual view of It is thought that it
reliability is are now avoided. All it takes is to safety has gradually will be possible to
changing. considered as be vigilant and to extend replaced the systemic view eliminate errors in
being inherent to one's knowledge of safety the near future
the cognitive
function of
human and are
generally
inescapable

1 0 0
Which of the Communication Professional Professional The syntax of
following must take communication means: communication means to communication is
statements priority over any using a restricted and exchange information as of little
concerning other flight specific language, tailored little as possible. importance to its
communication is activity under all to minimize success. Only the
valid? circumstances misunderstandings. words uttered are
important.

0 1 0
Which of the Stress should People are capable of Stressors accumulate thus Stressors are
following always be living without stress. increasing the likelihood to independent from
statements is true? avoided under exhaustion. each other.
any
circumstances.

0 0 1
How should a pilot Attempt to Use moderate Ignore the particular Always consult a
react, when reduce the administration of stressors and increase psychotherapist
suffering from stress by using a tranquillizers before flight. your physical exercises. before the next
chronic stress? concept which flight.
approaches the
entire body and
improves
wellness.

1 0 0
Which elements of The receiver The sender and the Coding and decoding The sender
communication are receiver as well as coding
prone to and decoding
malfunctioning?

0 1 0
The normal arterial 80/20 mm Hg 180/120 mm Hg 220/180 mm Hg 120/80 mm Hg
blood-pressure of a
healthy adult is
(systolic/diastolic):

0 0 0
What are the 1,2 2,4,5 1,3,5 1,2,3
characteristics of
the alarm phase of
the stress
reactions?

-1 : increased
arousal level as a
result of adrenaline
secretion.

-2 : an increase in
heart rate,
respiration and
release of glucose.

-3 : a decrease in
stress resistance.

-4 : activation of the
digestive system.

-5 : secretion of
cortisol to mobilize
attention.

The combination of
correct statements
is: 0 0 0
At rest the cardial 45 liters/min 75 liters/min 5 liters/min 450 ml/min
output (the quantity
of blood the heart
pumps in one
minute) of an adult
is approximately:

0 0 1
With a heart rate of 6 liters/min 7 liters/min 8 liters/min 5 liters/min
72 beats per minute
and a stroke
volume of 70 ml the
cardial output is
about:

0 0 0
Pulse rate is 1,2,3 and 4 are 2,3 and 4 are correct, 1 is 1,2 and 4 are correct, 3 is 1,3 and 4 are
influenced by the correct false false correct, 2 is false
following factors:

1. Adrenalin

2. Cortisol

3. Physical
exercise.

4. Glucose
concentration in the
blood 0 0 0
The average pulse 60 to 80 30 to 50 beats/min 90 to 100 beats/min 110 to 150
of a healthy adult in beats/min beats/min
rest is about:

1 0 0
Someone who has not enough not enough functional not enough platelets not enough
anaemia has: white blood cells hemoglobin plasma

0 1 0
The behavioural 1,4 and 5 are 1 and 4 are correct 1,2 and 3 are correct 2,4 and 5 are
effects of stress correct correct
may include :

-1 : manifestation of
aggressiveness.

-2 : a willingness to
improve
communication.

-3 : a willingness for
group cohesion.

-4 : a tendency to
withdrawl.

-5 : inappropriate
gestural agitation.

The combination of
correct statements
is : 1 0 0
In case of in-flight use all available only trust in oneself; demonstrate always carry out
stress, one should : resources of the beeing sure to know the aggressiveness to a breathing
crew own limits stimulate the crew exercise

1 0 0
Which of the Stress is a Stress will be evaluated Stress always creates a Stress is
following necessary way differently depending on state of high tension which evaluated as a
statements of demonstrating whether it improves or decreases cognitive and positiv
concerning stress is one's own work. reduces performance. behavioural performance. mechanism only
correct? in connection with
precise tasks of
the kind
encountered in
aeronautics

0 1 0
To reduce the risk avoided since double the resting heart triple the resting heart rate double the resting
of coronary artery raising the heart rate for at least an hour, for 20 minutes, once a heart rate for at
disease, exercise rate shortens the five times a week week least 20 minutes,
should be life of the heart three times a
week

0 0 0
Which of the Regular exercise Regular exercise is Regular exercise is an Regular exercise
following is most and reduction in beneficial to general impediment to losing is beneficial to
true? caloric health, but the most weight since it increases general health,
consumption are efficient way to lose weight the metabolic rate and is the only
both essential in is by reducing caloric effective way to
order to lose consumption lose weight
weight

0 1 0
The physiological 1 - 1.5 hours a 2 - 2.5 hours a day 3 - 3.5 hours a day 4 - 4.5 hours a
rhythms of a pilot in day day
a new time zone will
resynchronise to
this new time zone
at a rate of about

1 0 0
The duration of a the amount of the number of points you the point within your the duration of
period of sleep is time you have have in your 'credit/deficit' circadian rhythm at which your previous
governed primarily been awake system you try to sleep sleep
by

0 0 1
A selective because of the because of limitations in because of the limited because the
attentional limitations of the our store of motor capacity of the central capacity of the
mechanism is sense organs programmes decision maker and long term
required working memory memory is limited

0 0 1
The capacity of the about 30 items unlimited about 7 items very limited - only
short-term memory one item
is

0 0 1
The cognitive 3,4,5 1,3,4,6 1,2,5 2,3,5,6
effects of stress
may include :

-1 : excessive
haste.

-2 : an improvement
in memory.

-3 : a complete
block: action is
impossible.

-4 : a risk of
focusing on a
particular aspect.

-5 : ease of
decision-making.

-6 : an increase in
the rate of
mistakes.

The combination
which brings
together all correct
statements is : 0 1 0
Acute stress quickly a state of the mobilization of a decrease in the amount a permanent
leads to overactivation resources required to cope of resources mobilized to state of
beyond the with the stressor face the situation incapacitation
control of
willpower

0 1 0
What is the effect of 1,2,3 1,3,4 1,2,4 2,3,4
stress on
performance ?

-1 : It always
reduces
performance.

-2 : Optimum
performance is
obtained with
optimum arousal.

-3 : Excessive
stress weakens
performance.

-4 : Insufficient
stress weakens
performance.

The combination of
correct statements
is: 0 0 0
Which of the 2,3,5 1,3,5 1,3,4 3,4,5
following physical
stimuli may cause
stress reactions?

-1 : noise.

-2 : interpersonnal
conflict.

-3 : temperature.

-4 : administrative
problem.

-5 : hunger.

The combination of
correct statements
is: 0 1 0
Cognitive the evaluation of the evaluation of the the evaluation of the the capabilities of
evaluation which the situation and situation and the the state capabilities of the the individual and
leads to stress is the evaluation of of fatigue of the individual individual and the time the solutions
based on: capabilities to available provided by the
cope with it environment

1 0 0
Stress appears: 1,2,4 3,4 1,2 2, 3

-1 : only in a
situation of
imminent danger.

-2 : only when
faced with real,
existing and
palpable
phenomenon.

-3 : sometimes via
imagination, the
anticipation of a
situation or its

outcome.

-4 : because of the
similarity with a
formerly
experienced
stressful

situation

The correct
statement(s) is
(are): 0 1 0
What is the most The unexpected The subjective evaluation The time available to cope The objective
decisive factor in outcome of the of the situation by the with the situation. threat of the
regard to a very situation. individual. situation.
demanding stress
situation?

0 1 0
The organism is NAS : Natural GMS : General GAF : General Adaptation GAS : General
mobilized by a Adaptation Mobilization Syndrome. Function. Adaptation
process known as: Syndrome Syndrome

0 0 0
What are the three alarm, alert, resistance, Alarm, resistance, Alert, resistance,
phases of General resistance, exhaustion exhaustion. performance.
Adaptation performance,
Syndrome ?

0 0 1
What is The captain's The high level of A passive approach by the Each member
characterized by a authority rules independence granted to captain allows decisions, carries out
"laissez-faire" all the actions or each member by the choices and actions by actions and
cockpit ? decisions captain quickly leads to other crew members makes choices
associated with tension between the without explicity
the situation various crew members informing the
other members
about them

0 0 1
The relationship is independent has been evolving for 40 is dependent on the social is a linear
which exists of the years and has now and technical system and relationship which
between crew error operational become independent of also on the operational introduces crew
and flight safety : context, with the the social and technical context created by the training as the
latter being system system main factor
identical for any
flight operation

0 0 1
Informal roles within do not impair the characterize inefficient evolve as a result of the are explicitely set
a crew captain's crews interactions that take place out by the crew
influence among crew members

0 0 1
Which of the Ability to search Ability to think ahead and Ability to persuade others Communicational
following abilities for and examine specify alternative courses to follow the own point of skills and social
will not improve all available of action. view. competence.
efficient decision information
making on the regarding a
cockpit? situation.

0 0 1
The assessment of subjective external factors only the emergency checklist situational factors
risk in a particular perception and only only
situation will be evalutation of
based on situational
factors

1 0 0
Once a pilot has find it difficult to find it easy to interpret the find it impossible to get out find it difficult to
developed a certain stick to his/her data in different ways of that way of thinking, get out of that
way of thinking interpretation of whatever happens way of thinking
about a problem he the data and difficult to try
will probably a different
interpretation of
the data

0 0 0
To maintain good 2, 3 and 4 are all answers are correct 1 and 4 are correct 1 and 3 are
situational correct correct
awareness you
should:

(1) believe only in

your own
interpretation of the
data

(2) gather as much

datas as possible
from every possible

source before
making inferences

(3) question
whether your
hypothesis still fits
the situation as

events progress
and try to make
time to review the
situation

(4) consider ways

of testing your
situational
hypothesis to see

whether it is
correct 1 0 0
Doing a general to avoid particular requirements in complete delegation of all to depart on
briefing in the inadequate the field of crew duties schedule
preflight phase the handling of flight coordination due to
captain should controls specific circumstances
emphasize

0 1 0
During the The captain lets The captain flies the first The captain lets the copilot The captain lets
preparational work the copilot fly leg by himself and fly and gives him detailled the copilot fly and
in the cockpit the and observes explains each action to the instructions what to do encourages him
captain notices that his behaviour copilot in order to keep frankly to ask for
his copilot on the without any him informed about his any support that
one hand is rather comments decisions needed
unexperienced and
insecure but on the
other hand highly
motivated. Which
kind of leadership
behaviour most
likely is
inappropriate? 1 0 0
Which of the While Without taking note of The egocentric personality The
following decreasing what the other members of the captain often leads communication
statements best communication, are doing, each one does to a synergetic cockpit between crew
characterise a self- the his own thing while at the members always
centered cockpit ? independence of same time assuming that increases when
each member everyone is aware of what the captain takes
bolsters the is being done or what is charge of a
crew's synergy going on situation

0 1 0
Which of the Mistakes can The quality of crew- The quality of crew- To be a member
following sentences always be performance is not performance depends on of a team can not
concerning crew- detected and dependent on social- the social-competence of increase one's
performance is corrected faster competence of individual individual team members own motivation to
correct? by the individual team members succeed in coping
with task
demands

0 0 1
It is desirable to this reduces the it makes the flight deck such behaviour reduces this lowers the
standardize as amount of easier to design errors even under adverse ability
many patterns of training required circumstances requirement in
behaviour pilot selection
(operating
procedures) as
possible in
commercial aviation
mainly because

0 0 1
Which statement is always ask the adapt their management are always task oriented are always
correct? Crew captain what to style to meet the relationship
decision making is do situational demands oriented
generally most
efficient, if all crew
members
concerned

0 1 0
Which behaviour Active listening. Responding with counter- Staying to the own point of Giving up the own
does most likely arguments. view. point of view.
promote a
constructive
solution of
interpersonal
conflicts?

1 0 0
The team spirit of a both pilots both pilots respecting each both pilots wearing the both pilots flying
cockpit-crew most having the same other and striving for the same uniform together very
likely depends on political and same goals often for a long
ideological period
attitude

0 1 0
During the cruising He should learn He should repeat his He should report the chief He should not
phase of a short- to accept the worries about smoking in pilot about this behaviour further discuss
haul flight the captain smoking the cockpit and should of the captain this issue but
captain starts to cigarettes in the argue with the captain should come
smoke a cigarette cockpit about this problem until back to this
in the cockpit. The the conflict is solved conflict during the
flying copilot asks debriefing
him to stop smoking
because he is a
non-smoker. The
captain tells him:
'This is your
problem', and
continues smoking.
What should the
copilot do? 0 0 0
How would you call High task- Low task-orientation and Low task-orientation and High task- 0 0 1
the leadership style orientation and low relationship-orientation high relationship- orientation and
of a captain who high orientation low relationship-
primarily is relationship- orientation
interested in a orientation
friendly atmosphere
within his crew, who
is always
constructive and
encouraging, who
usually
compromises in
interpersonal
conflicts, who trusts
in the capabilities of
his crew-members,
and who leaves the
crew freedom for
own decisions,
even if this makes
the process more
difficult?

If the copilot internally retire duly point out the problem, freeze the communication speak up and
continuosly feels and think reconcentrate on his and thus avoid immediate point at
unfairly treated by positive duties and clear the matter confrontation consequencies if
the captain in an in a more appropriate unfair behaviour
unjustified way, occasion persists
then he should

0 1 0
Which one of the tries to clarify mainly tries to reconcile all keeps a neutral position decides what to
following the reasons and persons involved in the and does not participate in do and pushes
statements causes of the conflict and tries to arguing his own opinion
characterizes a conflict with all reestablish a nice and through
democratic and persons involved friendly atmosphere within
cooperative the team
leadership style?

If conflicts evolve,
the leader

1 0 0
Learning is called maturation drug influence practice and experience innate
each lasting change mechanisms
of behaviour due to

0 0 1
The quality of is independent is independent of age is promoted by feedback depends on long-
learning : of the level of on the value of one's own term memory
motivation performance capacity

0 0 1
The rate of is a long way represents about fifty is approximatively 1 has improved
accidents in short of the accidents around the accident per million airport considerably over
commercial aviation safety level of world every year movements the last fifteen
(excluding road transport years
sabotage and acts
of terrorism) :

0 0 1
Long-term memory Long-term The recovery of It is desirable to pre- The capacity of
is an essential memory stores information from long-term activate knowledge stored long-term
component of the knowledge on a memory is immediate and in long-term memory to memory is limited
pilot's knowledge temporary basis easy have it available when
and expertise. required

0 0 1
As a cause of is cited in has increased which is cited in current plays a negligible
accidents, the approximately considerably since 1980 - statistics, applies to the role in
human factor 70 - 80 % of the percentage of accident flight crew and ATC only commercial
aviation in which this factor has aviation
accidents been involved has more accidents. It is
than tripled since this date much more
important in
general aviation

1 0 0
An excessive need guarantees the hampers severly the way is absolute necessary for a is the most
for safety right decision of pilot decision making safe flight operation important
making in critical attribute of a line
situations pilot

0 1 0
Mental training, It is most It is most important for It is most effective, if it is It is more
mental rehearsal of important for the selfcontrol practiced on an abstract effective than
cognitive acquisition of level if imagination training by doing
pretraining is called complex
the inner, ideomotor perceptual motor
simulation of skills
actions.

1 0 0
The decision the whole crew distribution of tasks and speed of reaction informing ATC
making in to focus on the crew coordination thoroughly about
emergency problem the situation
situations requires
firstly:

0 1 0
How can the By increasing By punishing the learner By reinforcing errors By reinforcing
process of learning the for unsuccessful trials successful trials
be facilitated? psychological
pressure on the
student

0 0 0
When a pilot is make up his take as much time as he always make up his mind avoid making up
facing a problem mind before needs and is available to quickly to give himself as his mind until the
during flight he consulting other make up his mind much spare time as very last minute
should crew members possible

0 1 0
Mental training is only at a certain at all levels of flying only for student pilots only for instructor
helpful to improve level of flying proficiency pilots
flying skills experience

0 1 0
A high level of to monotony to high levels of arousal to high levels of to complacency
motivation is related states intelligence

0 1 0
What is meant by To question An agreement between Physiological Careless
the term possible captain and co-pilot due to consequences on pilots negligence or
'complacency'? solutions Crew Resources because of fear of flying unjustified self-
Management confidence

0 0 0
What does the 'End The breakdown The tendency to sudden, The result of a poor The potential risk
Deterioration of crew imperceptible errors preflight planning of loosing
Effect'('Home-itis') coordination due shortly before the end of a orientation after
mean? to interpersonal flight flying in clouds
tensions
between captain
and co-pilot

0 1 0
'Environmental 2 and 3 are 4 is correct 1 and 2 are correct 1, 2 and 3 are
capture' is a term correct correct
used to describe
which of the
following
statements?

1.The tendency for

a skill to be
executed in an
environment in

which it is
frequently
exercised, even if it
is inappropriate to
do

so

2.The tendency for

a skill acquired in
one aircraft type to
be

executed in a
new aircraft type,
even if it is
inappropriate to do

so

3. The tendency for

people bo behave
in different ways in
different

social situations

4. The gaining of
environmental skills 0 0 1
A high degree of it is guaranteed Crew Coordination can be the crew can pay more the attention of
cockpit automation that the crew neglected on long haul attention to solve the the cockpit crew
may alter the maqintains flights without problem in an abnormal will become
traditional tasks of always compromizing safety situation without monitoring reduced with the
the pilots in a way, situational the automatic systems consequence of
that awareness 'being out of the
loop'

0 0 0
The maintenance of Poikilothermy Homeostasis Heterostasis Homeothermy
man's internal
equilibrium is called
:

0 1 0
How can a pilot Always fly the Nothing, because it is Regard the automatic Always try to
avoid automation whole flight system-inherent system as additional crew enhance your
complacency? manually to members that needs to be aviation related
remain in man- crosschecked as well knowledge during
machine loop low workload
periods

0 0 1
The needs of an preservation no change in his prolonged suppression of a change in the
individual lead to : from dangers motivation and all basic needs in favour of individuals
only if social conrequently to the high self-actualization motivation and
needs are persistence of the consequently to
beeing satisfied individuals behaviour in an adaptation of
regard to the desired the behaviour
outcome

0 0 0
What does not It should be It should be formulated It should be actual and Feedback should
apply to a individually subjectively and specify in regard to the always state
constructive and tailored to the personally ('I' instead of concerned situation bluntly the
helpful feedback? receiver's 'one') personal failings
background of the receiver

0 0 0
What strategy A strategy of A non-sequential strategy A Laissez-faire strategy A strategy of no
should be put in preparing commitment
place when faced decisions
with an anticipated
period of time
pressure ?

1 0 0
In terms of the improvement the suggestion of a the attempt to agree on an authoritarian
decision-making, of internal risk sequential solution in decisions made by other approach thus
the intention to assessment which everyone can crew members demonstrating
become integrated capabilities contribute what he/she ones own ability
into the team, to be knows to lead
recognised as the
leader or to avoid
conflicts may lead
to :

0 0 1
Which problem may The captain's Owing to great haste, Preparing decisions often Preparing
be overlooked in superior bypassing analysis of the leads to strategies of decisions
the process of knowledge, current actual situation in minimum commitment promotes the
making a decision? justified by order to apply the decision appearance of
his/her status prepared beforehand inflexibilities

0 1 0
Which of the The emergence Conflict management Whatever the cause of the Conflicts are
following of a conflict involves the participation conflict, its resolution must negative in
statements always results of all involved parties in necessarily involve an themselves and
concerning conflicts from calling into finding an acceptable additional party if it is to be can only lead to a
is correct ? question the collective solution effective general
general abilities detachment of
of one of the involved parties
involved parties

0 1 0
What is synergy in The The coordinated action of A behavioural expedient The coordinated
a crew ? uncoordinated all members towards a associated with the action of
action of the common objective, in desynchronisation of the unrelated
crewmembers which collective coordinated actions individual
towards a performance is proving to performances in
common be more than the sum of achieving a non-
objective the individual standard task
performances

0 1 0
Habits and routine professional one always selects a a tendency to select the one always wants
can influence pilots will never choice in accordance with most familiar solution first to see previous
decision-making in question the company's usual and foremost, sometimes experience
a way that: established practices to the detriment of confirmed by new
procedures achieving the best possible decisions
result

0 0 1
Contrary to a are non- are essentially driving Are the product of personal form part of
person's evolutive forces behind changes in disposition and past personality and
personality, adaptation personality experience with reference that, as a result,
attitudes: procedures to an object or a situation they cannot be
regardless of the changed in an
result of the adult
actions
associated with
them

0 0 1
Decision-making 1,4 2,4 1,3 2,3
can be influenced
by the following
factors:

1. people tend to
conform to opinions
expressed by a
majority

within the group

they belong to

2. people always
tend to keep the
future decisions in
line with

those their
superiors have
made in the past

3. people more
easily tend to select
data which meet
the

expectations

4. people hardly
base decisions on
their personal
preferences but

rather on rational
information 0 0 1
What characterises The The hierarchical position The function and behaviour Only the functions
the notion of role ? characteristic of the function and the associated with the associated with
behaviour associated behaviour particular role role
associated with
the description
of the various
roles of a
particular status

0 0 1
What distinguishes While role While role defines the Unlike status, role is fixed Unlike status, role
status from role ? defines- via enjoyment of a and is not modified either is fixed and is
behaviour- the hierarchical position and by the situation in flight or modified either by
functions that its recognition by the by the interactions of a the situation in
must be group, status defines - via new crew flight or by the
performed by behaviour- the functions interactions of a
individuals, that must be performed by new crew
status defines individuals
the enjoyment of
a hierarchical
position and its
recognition by
the group 1 0 0
What optimises 1,2,3 1 1,2 2,3
crew co-operation ?

1. Sharing and
common task

2. Confidence in
each others
capability

3. Precise definition
of functions
associated with
each crew

members role 1 0 0
An autocratic The captain's Despite the overly strong Each of the members The atmosphere
cockpit is described excessive authority of the captain, chooses what job to do is relaxed thanks
by : authority everything functions without telling the others to a captain who
cosiderably correctly owing to his and in the belief that leaves complete
reduces natural leadership everyone is aware of what freedom to the
communications he is doing various members
and of the crew
consequently
the synergy and
cohesion of the
crew
1 0 0
What are the most A major risk of Performance is very poor In a two-pilot flight deck, High group
frequent results of authority as self-centred behaviour the co-pilot is ignored and performance
an self-centred inversion if the leads to an increase of may react by disengaging, despite the
captain on the flight co-pilot is cooperation and efficiency showing delayed strained relations
deck ? inassertive responses or demonstrate
the scapegoat effect

0 0 1
What are the most 2,3,4 1,2 3,4 1,3,4
frequent and the
least appropriate
reactions on the
part of a co-pilot
when faced with a
highly authoritarian
captain ?

1. Self-assertion

2. A scapegoat
feeling

3. Delayed
reactions to
observed
discrepancies

4. Disengagement 1 0 0
What are typical 2, 3 and 4 are 1,3 and 4 are correct 1,2 and 3 are correct 1, 2 and 4 are
consequences of correct correct
conflicts between
crew members?

-1 The quality of
work performance
decreases as a
result of the

impoverishment
of communications

-2 A decrease in
the quality of
communications

-3 In the case of a
crew made up of
experts, conflicts
only result in

a deterioration
in relations between
the individuals

-4 A decrease in
the usage of
available resources
on the flight

deck

The correct
statement(s) is
(are): 0 0 0
Which of the 1,2,3,4 1,2,4 2,3 2,3,4 1 0 0
following elements
make up the
personality of an
individual ?

1. Heredity

2. Childhood
environment

3. Upbringing
4. Past experience

What may be the 1,2 3,4 2,3 1,3,4

origins of
representation
errors ?

1. Perception errors

2. The catering for

all available
information

3. Incorrect
information from the
observed world

4. The receipt of a
bad piece of
information 0 0 0
What may become Disengagement Inversion of authority Lack of communication Appearance of
the main risk of a of the co-pilot agressiveness
"laissez-faire"
cockpit ?

0 1 0
What are the main 2,3 1,2 3,4 1,4
characteristics of
active errors ?

They :

1. are detectable
only with difficulty
by first-line
operators

2. have rapid and

direct
consequences on
the action in
progress

3. are down to first-

line operators

4. have an impact
on the overall
action whose timing
may be

affected
significantly 1 0 0
The descriptive 1,2,4 1,3 2,4 1,2,3
aspect of errors
according to
Hollnagel's model
describes various
directly observable
types of erroneous
actions which are :

1. Repetition and
omission

2. The forward leap

and the backward
leap

3. Intrusion and
anticipation

4. Intrusion 1 0 0
Errors which occur 1,4 1,2 3,4 2,3,4
during highly
automated actions
may result from :

1. the capture of a
poor action
subprogram

2. a mistake in the
decision making
process

3. the application of
a poor rule

4. an action mode
error 1 0 0
Which of the 3,4 1,3 2,4 1,2
following errors
occur at rules-
based level ?

1.Omission

2.The application of
a poor rule

3. Attentional
capture

4. The poor
application of a
good rule 0 0 1
Under what When detecting, Failure of all the known The appearance of a An automated
circumstances will a that an rules situation or problem which cognitive check
pilot change from automated is unknown and completely procedure
automated level to behaviour will no new
rule-based level ? longer lead to
the intended
outcome

1 0 0
Which biases relate 1,2 3,4 1,2,4 1,2,3
to human decision
making?

1. Personal
experience tends to
alter the perception
of the risk of an
event occurring

2. There is a natural
tendency to want to
confirm our
decision even in the
face of facts which
contradict it

3. The group to
which an individual
belongs tends to
influence the
particular decision

4. There is natural
tending to select
only objective facts
for decision-making
purposes 0 0 0
What happens in A switch is made A second monitoring rule Actions return to an A switch is made
problem-solving to knowledge- must be applied automatic mode to knowledge
when the based mode in mode in order to
application of a rule order to continue refine the results
allows for the monitoring of the
situation to be problem
resolved ?

0 0 1
Which statement is Problems in the There is no relation Inconsistent Problems in the
correct? personal relation between inadequate communication behaviour personal relation
between crew communication and improves flight safety. between crew
members very incidents or accidents. members hardly
likely hamper hamper their
their communication
communication process.
process.

1 0 0
What are the main The preparation The prioritisation of tasks The preparation of action The preparation
strategies for of action and and the application of and the application of of action and the
adapting to time time procedures procedures prioritisation of
constraints ? management tasks

0 0 0
What would be the To eliminate the To cater systematically for To put in place redundant To reduce the
priority aim in the risk of latent the consequences of alarm systems risks of the
design of man- errors occuring errors in order to analyse appearance or
machine interfaces their nature and modify non-detection of
and in the creation ergonomic parameters errors entailing
of their application serious
procedures for consequences
combatting
problems
associated with
human error ?
0 0 0
Decision-making a subjective a choice between different a choice always based on an objective
results in: choice solutions for achieving a the experience of the PIC choice
concerning goal concerning
applicable applicable
solutions solutions for a
given end

0 1 0
In decision-making, 1,3 4 1,2,3,4 1,2,4
the selection of a
solution depends :

1. on objective and
subjective criteria

2. on the objective
to be achieved

3. on the risks
associated with
each solution

4. above all on the

personality of the
decision-maker 0 0 1
Which of the A good decision A decision is only valid in A good decision can A group decision
following depends on a defined and delimited always be reversed if its must always be
characteristics form analysis of the time result does not come up to established prior
part of decision- situation expectations to action
making on the flight
deck ?

1 0 0
Decision-making is a voluntary and an automated or an automatic process of a spontaneous
a concept which conscious automation-like act of selection from among the act of seeking the
represents : process of applying defined various solutions to a given most effective
selection, from procedures problem solution in a given
among possible situation when
solutions, for a faced with a
given problem defined problem

1 0 0
The DECIDE model a prescriptive a prescriptive generic a normative generic model a statistical model
is based on : generic model, model which is subject to based on mathematical based on
taking into mathematical logic logic observation of
account the human decision-
method which making
seems most
likely to come up
with the solution

1 0 0
In problem-solving, The unsuitability Attentional capture Knowledge of rules which The unsuitability
what determines of the known apply to the problem posed of the automated
the transition from rules for the actions
rules-based problem posed
activities to a
knowledge-based
activity ?

1 0 0
Starting a descent turn into the opposite increase the rate of turn climb
coordinated level direction into the same direction
turn can make the
pilot believe to

0 0 0
Using a checklist frustration safety, because the stress, because time workload,
prior start is a concentration on the pressure prior take-off is because using
contribution to check list items will draw always present checklists will
the pilot´s attention to increase the pilot
flight related tasks, ´s workload prior
reducing distraction from take-off
personal stress

0 1 0
The "ideal "person" and rather "person" than "goal" neither "person" nor "goal" rather "goal" than
professional pilot" "goal" oriented oriented oriented "person" oriented
is, in his behaviour,

1 0 0
Changes in ambient are of no interest change blood presssure will have an effect on blood will not stimulate
pressure and when performing and blood volume pressure and blood flow if any of the
accelerations aerobatics distribution in the body the accelerative force acts vestibular organs
during flight are across the body at right
important angles to the body axis
physiological
factors limiting the
pilots performance
if not taken into
consideration.
Linear
accelerations along
the long axis of the
body 0 1 0
Hypoxia effects get colour get blurred and/or tunnel have a reduction of 25% in be unable to
visual performance. blindness vision visual acuity at 8000 FT maintain piercing
accompanied by AGL vision below 5000
A pilot may: severe FT AGL
headache

0 1 0
The semicircular relative speed horizontal and vertical gravity angular
canals monitor accelerations accelerations

0 0 0
The cupula in the the fluid the cupula will stay in the fluid (endolymph) will the cupula will
semicircular canal (endolymph) place and give the correct preceed the accelerated bend on constant
will be bent, when a within the impression canal walls angular speeds
rotation begins. semicircular
This is because canal lags
behind the
accelerated
canal walls

1 0 0
The kinesthetic the relative a touch on the skin our surroundings the condition in
sense does not motion and the body itself
orient an individual relative position
to his surroundings, of his body parts
but informs him of

1 0 0
When accelerating give the illusion give the illusion of straight give the illusion of give the illusion of
forward the otoliths of banking and level flight descending (body tilting climbing (body
in the downwards, or forwards, tilting backwards,
utriculus/sacculus nose of the airplane going nose of the a/c
will down) going up)

0 0 0
When drugs against the fact that schedule only those pilots, the effect they have on the effect they
sleep disorders there is no who show no reactions to reaction time and have on hearing
and/or nervosity difference in the these medications perceptional awareness
have been taken quality of sleep
and the pilot produced under
intends to fly, the influence of
attention has to be those drugs
payed to compared to
normal drug-free
sleep

0 0 1
Without visual spinning into the spinning into the same straight and level flight climbing and
reference, what opposite direction turning into the
illusion could the direction original direction
pilot get, when he is of the spin
stopping the
rotation to recover
from a spin? He will
get the illusion of

1 0 0
What is the name "Seat-of-the- Graveyard spin. "Pilot's" Vertigo. Sudden
for the sensation of Pants" illusions. incapacitation.
rotation occuring
during flight and
which is caused by
multiple irritation of
several semicircular
canals at the same
time?

0 0 1
"Pilot's vertigo": the impression is a sensation of rotation the impression of flying a sudden loss of
of climbing when during flight due to straight and level while the visual perception
banking multiple irritation of several aircraft is spinning during flight due
semicircular canals at the to multiple
same time irritation of the
utriculus and
sacculus at the
same time

0 1 0
With "vertigo" the conflicting oxygen deficiency the coriolis effect in the tuned resonance
instrument-panel information semicircular canals caused by
seems to tumble . between the vibration
This is due to semicircular
canals and the
tympanic
membrane

0 0 1
Which flight- banking climbing descending flying straight and
maneouvre will level
most likely induce
vertigo? Turning the
head while

1 0 0
Vertigo is the result "Oculogyral "Autokinetic-illusion" "Elevator illusion" "Coriolis-effect"
of illusion"

0 0 0
A pilot, accelerating the feeling of the illusion to turn the impression of the illusion of
or decelerating in rotation stationary objects moving climbing or
level flight may get: to the right or left descending

0 0 0
Which of the Even after the Drinking coffee at the Small amounts of alcohol Acute effects of
following applies consumption of same time will increase increase visual alcohol cease
when alcohol has small amounts the elimination rate of performance immediately when
been consumed? of alcohol, alcohol 100% oxygen is
normal taken
cautionary
attitudes may be
lost

1 0 0
The biological alarm phase - alarm phase - denial exhaustion phase - resistance phase
reaction to stress is resistance phase - exhaustion phase resistance phase - - exhaustion
identical regardless phase - adaptation phase phase - recovery
of the cause of exhaustion phase
stress. This phase
mechanism occurs
in three phases and
is referred to, by
Selye, as the
"General
Adaptation
Syndrome".

The sequence is: 1 0 0

According to the 2 and 3 are 1,2 and 3 are correct 1 and 2 are correct, 3 is only 1 is correct
different phases of correct, 1 is false
the "General false
Adaptation
Syndrom" check the
following
statements:

1. During the alarm

phase stress
hormones (i.e.
adrenalin) will
cause a massiv
release of glucose
into the blood, an
acceleration of
pulse and blood
pressure as well as
an increase in the
rate and depth of
breathing

2. During the
resistance phase
the
parasympathetic
system uses a
different type of
hormone (cortisol)
assisting to convert
fat into sugar thus
providing sufficient
energy supply to
the brain and body
cells for sustained
operation.

3. During the
exhaustion phase
the body has to be
given time to
eliminate the waste
products which
have been
generated
excessively during
the two preceeding
phases, 0 1 0
If coping with a eustress distress adaptation hypoxia
stress situation is
impossible, one will
remain in the state
of:

0 1 0
1. Adaptation is a 1 and 2 are both 1 is correct, 2 is false 1 is false, 2 is correct 1 and 2 are both
new state of correct false
equilibrium after
having coped with

a stressful
situation.

2. An individual's
prospect of the
situation and
his/her abilities to

cope with it will

determine the type
and strength of
stress. 1 0 0
Learning to fly 1, 2 and 4 are 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 1 and 2 are false, 3 and 4 1, 2 and 3 are
naturally induces correct, 3 is 4 are false are correct, correct, 4 is false
stress in a student false
pilot because he is
lacking experience.
Manifestations of
this type of stress
are:

1. nervousness and
chanellized
attention

2. being rough at
the controls

3. smoke and drink

much more alcohol
than usual

4. airsickness, lack
of sleep 0 1 0
The level at which a depends on the does not depend on his depends on the level of depends on self-
pilot will experience individual's capacity to absorb demand but not on confidence alone
a situation as perception of information individual interpretation of
stressful available the situational demands
abilities in
comparison to
the situational
demands

1 0 0
The human constant better when relaxed, better very early in the always better in
performance is throughout the independent of the period morning the evening than
generally day of day in the morning

0 1 0
Alcohol, when increase the rate intensify the effects of the compensate for side show undesired
taken of alcohol drugs effects of drugs effects only
simultaneously with elimination from during night
drugs, may the blood flights

0 1 0
Which of the 1, 2, 3 and 4 are Only 5 is false 1, 2 and 3 are correct 4 and 5 are
following symptoms correct correct
could a pilot get,
when he is
subjected to
hypoxia?

1. Fatigue.

2. Euphoria.

3. Lack of
concentration.

4. Pain in the joints.

5. Sensation of
suffocation. 0 0 1
Flying at pressure of 15000 FT above 10 000 FT of 10 000 FT lower than 10 000
altitude of 10 000 ft, when breathing FT
a pilot, being a 100% oxygen
moderate to heavy
smoker, has an
oxygen content in
the blood equal to
an altitude

0 1 0
A pilot who smokes 5 - 8% 0.5 - 2% 12 - 18% 20 - 25%
will loose some of
his capacity to
transport oxygen
combined with
hemoglobin.

Which percentage
of his total oxygen
transportation
capacity would he
give away when he
smokes one pack of
cigarettes a day? 1 0 0
Cigarette smoking a mild carbon a suppressed desire to eat a mild carbon monoxide a mild carbon
has particular monoxide and drink poisoning decreasing the dioxide poisoning
significance to the poisoning pilot´s tolerance to hypoxia increasing the
flyer, because there increasing the pilot's tolerance to
are long-term and pilot´s tolerance hypoxia
short-term harmful to hypoxia
effects. From
cigarette smoking
the pilot can get:

0 0 1
Vitamin A and 1 and 3 are 1 and 3 are correct, 2 and 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct Only 4 is false
possibly vitamins B false, 2 and 4 4 are false
and C are chemical are correct
factors and
essential to good
night vision:

1. Vitamin
deficiencies may
decrease night
vision performance

2. An excess intake
of vitamin A will
improve night vision

performance
significantly

3. Pilots should be
carefully concerned
to take a balaced
diet

containing
sufficient vitamin A

4. Vitamin
deficiencies may
decrease visual
acuity in photopic

vision but not in

scotopic vision 0 1 0
The consumption of 1, 2, 3 and 4 are 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is 3 and 4 are false, 1 and 2 Only 2 is false. 1 0 0
medicines or other correct false are correct.
substances may
have consequences
on qualification to
fly for the following
reasons:

1. The desease
requiring a
treatment may be
cause for

disqualification.

2. Flight conditions
may modify the
reactions of the
body to a

treatment.

3. Drugs may cause

adverse side effects
impairing flight
safety.

4. The effects of
medicine do not
necessarily
immediately

disappear when
the treatment is
stopped.

Drugs against only 3, 4 and 5 2, 3 and 4 are correct only 1 is correct 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
allergies are correct are correct
(antihistamines),
when taken by an
aviator can cause
the following
undesirable effects:

1. Drowsiness,
dizziness

2. Dry mouth

3. Headaches

4. Impaired depth
perception

5. Nausea 0 0 0
What do you do, 1, 2, 3 and 4 are 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and Only 4 is false
when you are correct false 4 are false
affected by "pilot`s
vertigo"?

1. Establish and
maintain an
effective instrument
cross-check.

2. Believe the
instruments.

3. Ignore illusions.

4. Minimize head
movements. 1 0 0
Alcohol metabolism is approx. is approx. 0.3% per hour depends on wether you get definitely
(elimination rate) 0.015% per hour some sleep in between depends on the
and cannot be drinks amount and
expedited composition of
food which has
been eaten

1 0 0
The metabolisation can be can be influenced by easy is a question of time is quicker when
of alcohol accelerated to get medication used to it
even more by
coffee

0 0 1
The risk of getting a there is the pilot is buckled too the pilot is performing an informations from
spatial contradictory tight to his seat and effective instrument cross- the vestibular
disorientation is information cannot sense the attitude check and is ignoring organ in the inner
growing, when between the changes of the aircraft by illusions ear are ignored
instruments and his Seat-of-the-Pants-
the vestibular Sense
organs

1 0 0
Which of the Ossicles Otoliths Endolymph Semicircular
following canals
components belong
to the middle ear?

1 0 0
Which is the Between 16 Between 16 KHz and 20 Between 16 Hz and 20 Between 16 Hz
audible range to MHz and 20 KHz MHz and 20 KHz
human hearing? 000MHz

0 0 0
The vestibular reacts to gives the impression of reacts to pressure changes reacts to
organ linear/angular hearing in the middle ear vibrations of the
acceleration and cochlea
gravity

1 0 0
Which part of the The semicircular The cochlea The sacculus and utriculus The eustachian
vestibular canals tube
apparatus is
responsible for the
impression of
angular
acceleration?

1 0 0
Which part of the The eustachian The sacculus and utriculus The semicircular canals The cochlea
vestibular tube
apparatus is
affected by
changes in gravity
and linear
acceleration?

0 1 0
The most probable to believe the a poor instrument cross- the lack of attention to the to rely on
reason for spatial attitude indicator check and permanently vertical speed indicator instruments when
disorientation is transitioning back and flying in and out
forth between instruments of clouds
and visual references

0 1 0
What does not Fast speed Oxygen deficiency Acceleration Toxic influence
impair the function (alcohol, nicotine,
of the medication)
photosensitive
cells?

1 0 0
Concerning the the primary and the side effects only have medication has no only the primary
effects of drugs and the side effects to be considered influence on pilot´s effect has to be
pilot´s performance have to be performance considered; side
considered effects are
negligable

1 0 0
Stress only the removal only the prevention of the use of psychoactive the prevention
management of stress stress drugs and/or the
programmes removal of stress
usually involve:

0 0 0
The effect of does not depend is stronger with the rods is usual stronger with the can only be
hypoxia to vision on the level of cones detected when
illumination smoking tobacco

0 1 0
Hypoxia will effect and causes at 5000 FT less than day vision and causes the
night vision hyperventilation autokinetic
phenomena

0 1 0
What impression do Objects seem to Objects seem to be much There is no difference It is difficult to
you have when be closer than in bigger than in reality compared with flying on a determine the
outside references reality clear and sunny day size and speed of
are fading away objects
(e.g. fog, darkness,
snow and vapor)?

0 0 0
Concerning flying flying with up to no flying under the flying with up to 0.05 % flying with up to
and blood alcohol 0.08 % blood influence of alcohol blood alcohol 0.15 % blood
content the alcohol is safe, alcohol
following statement since driving is
is correct: safe up to this
limit

0 1 0
Tuned resonance of acceleration angular velocity vibrations from 1 to 100 Hz vibrations from 16
body parts, along the Hz to 18 kHz
distressing the longitudonal
individual, can be body axis
caused by

0 0 1
When assessing an Only 3 is correct, 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct 2 and 3 are
individuals risk in 1, 2 and 4 are false correct, 1 and 4
developing false are false
coronary artery
disease, the
following factors
may contribute:

1.obesity

2.distress

3.smoking

4.family history 0 0 1
The fovea centralis where the optic the area of best day vision the area of best day vision the area of the
is nerves come and best night vision and no night vision at all blind spot (optic
together with the disc)
pupil

0 0 1
Flying a make the seat- make the body`s pressure first give the impression of make the blood
coordinated level of-the-pants receptors feel an climb , then the impression being pooled in
turn will sense feel a increased pressure along of descent the head
decreased the body`s vertical axis
pressure along
the body`s
vertical axis

0 1 0
A stress reaction is: the non-specific the specific response of the non-specific stimuli the specific
response of the the body to every demand causing a human body to stimuli causing a
body to every placed on a person respond human body to
demand placed respond
on a person

1 0 0
What can a pilot do Fly straight and Switch strobe-lights off Dim the cockpit lights to Engage the
to avoid "Flicker level and avoid avoid reflections autopilot until
vertigo" when flying head breaking the
in the clouds? movements clouds

0 1 0
"Pilot's vertigo" is the condition is the sensation to keep a is the sensation of climbing announces the
of dizziness rotation after completing a caused by a strong linear beginning of
and/or tumbling turn acceleration airsickness
sensation
caused by
contradictory
impulses to the
central nervous
system (CNS)

1 0 0
Dizziness and "Flicker-vertigo" "Oculogravic illusion" "Pilot`s vertigo" "Nystagmus"
tumbling
sensations, when
making head
movements in a
tight turn, are
symptoms of

0 0 1
How can a pilot Only 4 is correct 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct 1, 2 and 3 are correct 1and 2 are
overcome a vertigo, correct, 3 and 4
encountered during are false
a real or simulated
instrument flight?

1. Establish and
maintain an
effective instrument
cross-check.

2. Always believe
the instruments;
never trust your
sense of feeling.

3. Ignore arising
illusions.

4. Move the head

sidewards and back
and forth to "shake-
off"

illusions. 0 0 1
How can a pilot Avoid steep Practise an extremely fast Use the autopilot and Maintain
prevent "pilots- turns and abrupt scanning technique using disregard monitoring the orientation on
vertigo"? flight off-center vision. instruments. outside visual
maneouvers and references as
maintain an long as possible
effective and rely upon the
instrument cross senses of
check. balance..

1 0 0
Through which part External auditory Eustachian tube Cochlea Tympanic
of the ear does the canal membrane
equalization of
pressure take
place, when altitude
is changed?

0 1 0
Being pressed into will not stimulate corresponds with the corresponds with the makes the pilot to
the seat can cause the "seat-of-the- sensation a pilot gets sensation a pilots gets, pull up the nose
illusions and/or pants" sense when starting a climb or when flying straight and to compensate for
false reactions in a performing a level turn level or starting a descent level flight
pilot lacking visual
contact to the
ground, because
this sensation

0 1 0
A pilot is prone to Concentrate on Depend on information Depend on the instruments Reduce rate of
get vertigo, as the vertical from the semicircular breathing until all
visibility is impaired speedometer canals of the inner ear, symptoms
(dust, smoke, because those are the disappear, then
snow). What is the only ones giving correct breathe normal
correct action to information again
prevent vertigo?

0 0 1
When spinning an radial linear acceleration vertical acceleration angular
aircraft, the acceleration acceleration
predominating type
of acceleration will
be

0 0 0
What is understood A sensory An illness caused by An illness caused by An illness caused
by air-sickness? conflict within evaporation of gases in reduced air pressure by an infection of
the vestibular the blood the middle ear
system
accompanied by
nausea,
vomiting and
fear

1 0 0
Vibrations can photosensitive eyeballs optic nerve cristalline lens
cause blurred cells
vision.

This is due to tuned

resonance
oscillations of the:

0 1 0
Vibrations within interfere with the make the stomach and its upset the vestibular interfere with
the frequency band frequencies of contents vibrating at the apparatus those of the own
of 1/10 to 2 Hertz the central same frequency blood thus
are a factor nervous system causing
contributing to air- circulation
sickness, because problems
they

0 0 1
What should a pilot be aware that make a visual approach be aware that approaches make an
do if he has no approaches over and call the tower for over water always make instrument
information about downsloping assistance the pilot feel that he is approach and be
the dimensions of terrain will make lower than actual height aware of the
the runway and the him believe that illusory effects
condition of the he is higher than that can be
terrain underneath actual induced
the approach? He
should

0 0 0
The probability to the passenger the student ist motivated the student has good the passenger or
suffer from air- has taken anti- and adapted to the outside visual reference student is afraid
sickness is higher, motion sickness specific stimuli of flying and/or
when remedies prior demotivated to fly
flight

0 0 0
What could the 1, 2, 3 and 4 are 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is 3 and 4 are correct, 1 and Only 4 is correct
crew do in order to correct false 2 are false
avoid air-sickness
with passengers?

1. Avoid
turbulences.

2. Avoid flying
through rough
weather.

3. Seat passenger
close to the center
of gravity.

4. Give pertinent
information. 1 0 0
Which sensations Flying straight Climbing Turning into the original Descending and
does a pilot get, and level direction turning into the
when he is rolling opposite direction
out of a coordinated
level turn?

0 0 0
You fly VFR from high approach low approach with low approach with high approach
your home base with undershoot overshoot undershoot with overshoot
(runway width 27
m), to an
international airport
(runway width 45
m). On reaching
your destination
there is a risk of
performing a:

0 0 0
A passenger 2, 3 and 4 are 1 and 3 not advisable only 4 is correct 1, 2 and 3 are
complains about a correct correct
painful inflated belly
at 8.000 feet. You
advise him to:

1. unbuckle and
massage the belly

2. stand up and let

go the gases out of
the intestines

3. eat less gas

forming food and
avoid
carbonhydrated
beverages

before flight in
the future

4. drink a lot of
water throughout
the flight 0 0 0
Excessive exposure the ossicles the eardrum the sensitive membrane in the semi circular
to noise damages: the cochlea canals

0 0 1
A pilot, trying to barotrauma pressure vertigo coriolis illusion autokinetic
pick up a fallen illusion
object from the
cockpit floor during
a tight turn,
experiences:

0 0 1
Empty field myopia ozone at altitude flying over mountainous lack of distant focal points atmospheric
is caused by: terrain perspective

0 0 1
When a pilot is the colour of the the light is moving the size of the lightis the intensity of
starring at an light is varying varying the light is varying
isolated stationary
light for several
seconds in the dark
he might get the
illusion that:

0 1 0
When you stare at autokinetic black hole illusion coriolis illusion leans
a single light phenomenon
against the dark
(f.e. an isolated
star) you will find
the light appears to
move after some
time. This
phenomenon is
called:

1 0 0
Conductive hearing 1,2 and 3 are 1,3 and 4 are correct, 2 is 1,2,3 and 4 are correct 2,3 and 4 are
loss can be caused correct, 4 is false correct, 1 is false
by: false

1. damage to the
ossicles in the
middle ear caused
by infection or
trauma

2. a damage of the
auditory nerve

3. an obstruction in
the auditory duct

4. a ruptured
tympanic
membrane 0 0 1
The 'Black hole' being too low, being too high and too far being too close, landing climbing
phenomenon flying a steeper away, dropping low and long
occurs during approach than landing short
approaches at normal
night and over
water, jungle or
desert. When the
pilot is lacking of
visual cues other
than those of the
aerodrome there is
an illusion of 0 1 0
The Eustachian the middle ear the middle ear and the the auditory duct and the the semi circular
tube connects: and the inner pharynx inner ear canals
ear

0 1 0
You fly VFR from high approach low approach with low approach with high approach
your home base with undershoot overshoot undershoot with overshoot
(runway width 45
m) to a small airfield
(runway width 27
m). On reaching
your destination
there is a risk of
performing a:

0 0 1
1. In case of 1 is correct, 2 is 1 and 2 are false 1 is false, 2 is correct 1 and 2 are 0 0 1
conflicting false correct
information you can
always trust your

Seat- of-the-
Pants-Sense.

2. In case of
conflicting
information
between the
sensory organs
 and the
instruments you
must believe the
instruments.

How can spatial moving the head looking outside whenever maintaining a good believing your
disorientation in into the direction possible ignoring the instrument cross check. body senses only.
IMC be avoided? of the resultant attitude indicator.
By vertical.

0 0 1
Which procedure is Tilt your head to Rely on the Seat-of-the- Get adapted to low levels Rely entirely on
recommended to the side to get Pants-Sense. of illumination before flying the indications of
prevent or better and use off-center vision the flight
overcome spatial informations all the time. instruments.
disorientation? from the
semicircular
canals.

0 0 0
How can a pilot Establish and Always try to catch outside Rely on good situational Rely on the
prevent spatial maintain a good visual cues. awareness believing your kinaesthetic
disorientation in instrument cross natural senses. sense.
flight? check.

1 0 0
If you are subjected dim the cockpit scan the surroundings use your oxygen mask continue on
to an illusion during lighting instruments
night flying you
should:

0 0 0
Getting uneasy will 1, 2, 3 and 4 are 1 and 2 are correct 1 and 3 are correct 2, 3 and 4 are
effect: correct correct

1. attention

2. concentration

3. memory

4. prudence

1 0 0
How is haze Objects seem to Objects will give better Haze makes the eyes to Objects seem to
effecting your be further away contrast. focus at infinity be closer than in
perception? than in reality. reality.

1 0 0
Glaucoma is: disturbed disturbed night vision high intra-ocular pressure disturbed colour
adaptation vision

0 0 1
A stereotype and change of reflex data processing control system
involuntary reaction stimulation level
of the organism on
stimulation of
receptors is called:

0 1 0
The amount of light the lens the pupil the ciliary body the cornea
which strikes the
retina is controlled
by:

0 1 0
When focussing on the shape of the cornea gets smaller the pupil gets larger the shape of lens
near objects: lens gets flatter gets more
spherical

0 0 0
The ability of the binocular vision depth perception adaptation accomodation
lens to change its
shape is called:

0 0 0
The first stage in perception selective attention the recognition of sensory
the information information stimulation
process is

0 0 0
Presbyopia is: far sightedness short sightedness myopia high intraocular
linked with age pressure

1 0 0
Noise induced reduced mobility damage of the sensitive a blocked Eustachian tube pressure
hearing loss (NIHL) of the ossicles membrane in the cochlea differences on
is caused by: due to overexposure to both sides of the
noise eardrum

0 1 0
Glaucoma 1 and 3 are 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is 1 is correct, 2 and 3 are 1, 2 and 3 are
correct, 2 is false false correct
1. can lead to total false
blindness

2. can lead to
undetected
reduction of the
visual field

3. reduces visual
acuity in its final
stage 0 0 0
On ascent the be absorbed by expand stay the same shrink
gases in the tissues and
digestive tract will blood

0 1 0
Glaucoma is 2, 3 and 4 are 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is 1, 3 and 4 are
characterised by: correct ,1 is false correct, 2 is false
false
1. disturbed light
adaptation

2. progressive
narrowing of the
visual field

3. insidious onset
and concealed
progression

4. an increase in
intra-ocular
pressure 1 0 0
The peripheral binocular vision colour vision detecting moving objects visual acuity
vision is important
for:

0 0 1
Although we have a only in the foveal it is tiring to look only in the peripheral area the reduction in
field of vision of area resolution continually in the same of the retina resolution is the field of vision
more than 180° it is is good enough direction good enough to see an with decreasing
important during to see an object object clearly altitude is due to
flight to use the clearly a lack of vitamin
scan ning A
technique, because

1 0 0
The time an eye 5 minutes 10 minutes 10 seconds 25 - 30 minutes
needs to adapt fully
to the dark is about:

0 0 0
The photosensitive the rods the fovea the cones the cones and the
cells beeing rods
responsible for
night vision are
called:

1 0 0
When flying through a), b), c) and d) a), b) and c) are correct, d) a) and b) are correct, c) c) and d) are
a thunderstorm with are correct is false and d) are false correct, a) and b)
lightning you can are false
protect yourself
from flashblindness
by:

a) turning up the
intensity of cockpit
lights

b) looking inside the

cockpit

c) wearing
sunglasses

d) using face blinds

or face curtains
when installed 1 0 0
Which scanning Blink your eyes. Look with one eye. Look to the side (15 - 20 Look directly at
technique should deg) of the object. the object.
be used when
flying at night?

0 0 1
Which of the 2, 3 and 4 are 2 and 4 are correct 1 and 4 are correct 1 and 2 are 0 0 1
following correct correct
statements about
long-term memory
are correct?

-1: Information is
stored there in the
form of descriptive,
rule-based

and schematic
knowledge.
-2: The period of
time for which
information is
retained is limited
by

the frequency
with which this
same information is
used.

-3: It processes
information quickly
and has an
effective mode of

access in real
time.

-4: Pre-activation of
necessary
knowledge will
allow for a
reduction

in access time.
The human 12 hours 48 hours 24 hours 1.5 hours
circadian rhythm is
based on a cycle of
about:

0 0 1
If you are look outside descend check your rate of relay on
disorientated during breathing - do not breathe instruments
night flying you too fast
must:

0 0 0
Flying immediately stress decompression sickness hyperventilation hypoxia
after SCUBA diving without having a
involves the risk of decompression
getting:

0 1 0
Which statement is Judgement and A small amount of alcohol An increase of altitude When drinking
correct regarding decision making increases visual acuity. decreases the adverse coffee, the human
alcohol in the can be affected effect of alcohol. body metabolizes
human body? even by a small alcohol at a faster
amount of rate than normal.
alcohol.

1 0 0
Which statement is 1,2 and 3 are 1 and 2 are correct, 3 is 1 and 3 are correct, 2 is 2 and 3 are
correct? correct false false correct, 1 is false

1. Smokers have a
greater chance of
suffering from
coronary heart
disease

2. Smoking tobacco
will raise the
individuals
pysiological altitude

during flight

3. Smokers have a
greater chance of
decreasing ung
cancer 1 0 0
Smoking cigarettes hemoglobin has carbon monoxide in the carbon monoxide the smoke of one
reduces the a greater affinity smoke of cigarettes increases the partial cigarette can
capability of the for carbon assists diffusion of oxygen pressure of oxygen in the cause an
blood to carry monoxide than it in the alveoli alveoli obstruction in the
oxygen. This is has for oxygen respiratory tract
because:

1 0 0
CO (carbon 1 and 2 are both 1 and 2 are both correct 1 is correct, 2 is false 1 is false, 2 is
monoxide) present false correct
in the smoke of
cigarettes can lead
to:

1. reduction of time
of usefull
consciousness

2. hypoxia at a
much lower altitude
than normal 0 1 0
After a rapid 5 minutes. 10 minutes. 30 to 60 seconds 15 seconds or
decompression at less
35 000 feet, the
time of useful
consciousness is
about:

0 0 1
Adverse effects of relative humidity altitude increases altitude decreases air pressure
carbon monoxide decreases increases
increase as:

0 1 0
Following a rapid 1 to 2 minutes 3 to 5 minutes 5 to 10 minutes 10 to 12 minutes
decompression at
30.000 feet, the
time of useful
consciousness
would be about:

1 0 0
Disturbance of the 1 and 3 are 1,2,3 and 4 are correct 2 and 4 are correct 1,2 and 3 are
biological clock correct correct
appears after a:

1. bad night's sleep

2. day flight
Amsterdam - New
York

3. day flight
Amsterdam -
Johannesburg

4. night flight New

York - Amsterdam 0 0 1
The effects of sleep 1 and 3 are 1,2 and 3 are correct 1, 3 and 4 are correct 2, 3 and 4 are
deprivation on correct correct
performance:

1. increase with
altitude

2. decrease with
altitude

3. increase with
higher workload

4. decrease with
higher workload 1 0 0
Sleeplessness or 1 and 2 are both 1 is not correct, 2 is 1 is correct, 2 is not correct 1 and 2 are both 1 0 0
the disruption of correct correct not correct
sleeping patterns

1. can lead to
symptoms of
drowsiness,
irritability and lack
of

concentration

2. will make an
individual more
prone to make
errors

Check the following 1 is false, 2 is 1 and 2 are both false 1 and 2 are both correct 1 is correct 2 is
statements: correct false

1. A person
experiencing sleep
loss is unlikely to be
aware of

personal
performance
degradation

2. Performance loss
may be present up
to 20 minutes after

awaking from a
short sleep (nap) 0 0 1
The sleep cycles 1 is correct 2 is 1 is not correct 2 is correct 1 and 2 are both not 1 and 2 are both
repeat during the not correct correct correct
course of a night's
sleep.

1. Each succeeding
cycle contains a
greater amount of
REM-

sleep.

2. Frequent
interruption of the
REM-sleep can
harm a human
being

in the long run. 0 0 0

1. REM-sleep 1 is correct 2 is 1 and 2 are false 1 is not correct 2 is correct 1 and 2 are both
becomes shorter not correct correct
with any repeated
sleep cycle

during the night.

2. REM-sleep is
more important for
the regeneration of
mental and

physical
functions than all
the other sleep
stages are. 0 0 1
Alcohol, even when can make the will stimulate the brain, will have no effect at all may improve the
taken in minor brain cells to be making the pilot resistant mental functions,
quantities more to hypoxia so that the
susceptible to symptoms of
hypoxia hypoxia are much
better to be
identified

1 0 0
Carbon monoxide 1, 2, 3, 4 are 1, 2 , 3 and 5 are correct 1, 2 and 4 are correct 2 and 3 are
in the human body correct correct, 1 is false
can lead to:

1. loss of muscular
power

2. headache

3. impaired
judgement

4. pain in the joints

5. loss of
consciousness 0 1 0
Some hours after a You should ask This symptom indicates This phenomenon is This phenomenon
rapid for medical decompression sickness treated by physiotherapy. is treated by
decompression at advice (flight and will disappear when breathing 100%
FL 300 you surgeon) since you take some exercise. nitrogen.
experience pain in this is a
the joints. Which of symptom of
following answers is decompression
correct? sickness.

1 0 0
Having a serious 1,2 and 4 are 2,3 and 4 are correct 1 and 2 are correct 1,3 and 4 are
cold it is better not correct correct
to fly, due to the
extra risk of:

1. flatulence

2. pain in the ear

during descent

3. pressure vertigo

4. pain in the nasal

sinuses 0 1 0
Having a serious hypoxia pain in the sinuses bends chokes
cold, you are going
to fly. What can you
expect:

0 1 0
Pain in the middle increasing the using an oxygen mask leveling off and possibly blocking the
ear during descent rate of descent climbing effected ear with
may be eased by: the palm of your
hand

0 0 1
The occurrence of a volume of gas the total pressure of a the molecules of a gas will the quantity of a
pain in the joints is inversely mixture of gases is equal move from an area of gas dissolved in a
(bends) during proportional to to the sum of the partial higher concentration or fluid is
decompression can the pressure of pressures of the separate partial pressure to an area proportional to
be explained by the this gas at gases (Dalton's Law) of lower concentration or the pressure of
principle that: constant partial pressure (law of that gas above
temperature diffusion) the fluid (Henry's
(Boyle's law) Law)

0 0 0
Pain in the joints chokes creeps leans bends
caused by gas
bubbles following a
decompression is
called:

0 0 0
Which symptom bends chokes creeps leans
does not belong to
the following list:

0 0 0
After SCUBA diving 6 hours 12 hours 48 hours 24 hours
(more than 30 feet
of depth) you have
to wait a period of
time before flying
again. This period
is at least:

0 0 0
Symptoms caused chokes bends creeps leans
by gas bubbles in
the lungs, following
a decompression
are called:

1 0 0
A person being coping stress eustress stressors distress (stress
exposed to extreme reactions)
or prolonged stress
factors can
perceive:

0 0 0
Tolerance to only 4 is correct 1, 2 and 3 are correct 2 and 4 are correct 1, 3 and 4 are
decompression correct
sickness is
decreased by:

1. SCUBA-Diving

2. Obesity

3. Age

4. Body height 0 1 0
Decompression low oxygen release of locked gases dissolved gases from low carbon
symptoms are pressure of from joints tissues and fluids of the dioxide pressure
caused by: inhaled air body of inhaled air

0 0 1
In the event of rapid descent to the transmit mayday call carry out check for don oxygen
decompression the higher of 10000 structural damage masks and
first action for the ft or MSA ensure oxygen
flight deck crew is: flow

0 0 0
After a rapid informing ATC informing the cabin crew preventing panic of the maintaining
decompression at passengers aircraft control
an altitude of and preventing
30.000 FT the first hypoxia (use of
action of the pilot oxygen mask)
shall be:

0 0 0
The following 1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 4 are correct 1 and 3 are correct 2, 3 and 4 are
actions are correct correct
appropriate when
faced with
symptoms of
decompression
sickness:

1. climb to higher
level

2. descent to the
higher of 10000 ft
or MSA and land as
soon as

possible

3. breathe 100 %
oxygen

4. get medical
advice about
recompression after
landing 0 0 0
Decompression sickness can be 1, 2 and 4 are 1, 2 and 3 are 2 and 3 are only 3 is correct
prevented by: correct correct correct, 4 is false

1. avoiding cabin altitudes above 18

000 FT

2. maintaining cabin pressure below 8

000FT when flying at high

altitudes

3. performing physical exercises before

and during the flight

4. breathing 100 % oxygen for 30 min

prior and during the flight 1 0 0
What is the TUC at 20 000 FT? 1to 2 hours 5 to 10 minutes about 30 minutes 1 to 2 minutes
0 0 1
The symptoms caused by gas bubbles bends chokes leans creeps
under the skin following a
decompression are called: 0 0 0
Hypoxia can be caused by: 1 is false, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 are correct, 1, 2, 3 and 4 are 1 and 2 are correct, 3
and 4 are correct 4 is false correct and 4 are false
1. low partial pressure of oxygen in the
atmosphere when flying at

high altitudes without pressurisation

and supplemental oxygen

2. a decreased saturation of oxygen in

the blood due to carbon

monoxide attached to the

hemoglobin

3. blood pooling in the lower extremities

due to inertia (+ Gz)

4. malfunction of the body cells to

metabolize oxygen (i.e. after

a hangover) 0 0 1
Which of the following factors may have High blood Blood pressure Low blood High and low blood
an influence on medical pressure only. problems cannot pressure only. pressure as well as a
disqualification? occur in aircrew poor condition of the
because they circulatory system.
always can be
treated by in-flight
medication.

0 0 0
Hypoxia can also be caused by a lack of nitrogen too much carbon increasing oxygen a lack of red blood
in ambient air dioxide in the partial pressure cells in the blood or
blood used for the decreased ability of
exchange of the hemoglobin to
gases transport oxygen

0 0 0
Which statement applies to hypoxia? it is possible to sensitivity and carbon monoxide you may become
prognose when, reaction to hypoxia increases the immune to hypoxia
how and where varies from person tolerance of the when exposed
hypoxia reaction to person brain to oxygen repeatedly to hypoxia
starts to set in deficiency

0 1 0
A symptom comparison for hypoxia and altitude hypoxia symptoms caused cyanosis (blue there are great
hyperventilation is: is very unlikely at by hyperventilation color of finger-nail differences between
cabin pressure will immediately and lips) exists the two
altitudes above vanish when 100% only in hypoxia
10 000 ft oxygen is given

0 0 1
Which of the following is a/are Pain in the joints Low blood Excessive rate Lack of
symptom(s) of hypoxia ? pressure and depth of concentration,
breathing fatigue, euphoria
combined with
pains in the chest
area

0 0 0
In the following list you find some Visual Nausea and Dull headache Dizziness,
symptoms for hypoxia and carbon disturbances, barotitis. and bends. hypothermia.
monoxide poisoning. lack of
concentration,
Please mark those indicating hypoxia: euphoria.

1 0 0
A pilot, climbing in a non-pressurised 16 000 ft 18 000 ft 38 000 ft 22 000 ft
aircraft and without using supplemental
oxygen will pass the "critical threshold"
at approximately: 0 0 0
A pilot will get hypoxia if he is flying an after after if his rate of climb
unpressurized decompression at decompression to exceeds 5 000 ft/min
airplane at an high altitude and 30 000 feet and
altitude of 15 000 not taking taking 100 %
feet and additional oxygen oxygen via an
breathing 100 % in time oxygen mask
oxygen

0 1 0
Breathing 100% will lift the pilot's 10 000 22 000 ft 45 000 ft 38 000 ft
physiological safe altitude to
approximately: 0 0 0
Hypoxia is caused by a higher affinity of reduced partial reduced partial an increased number
the red blood oxygen pressure in pressure of of red blood cells
cells the lung nitrogen in the
(hemoglobin) to lung
oxygen

0 1 0
Large amounts of carbon dioxide are to become more to turn more acid to accelerate the not to change at all
eliminated from the body when alkaline thus eliminating oxygen supply to
hyperventilating. This causes the blood increasing the more oxygen from the brain
amount of the hemoglobin
oxygen to be
attached to the
hemoglobin at
lung area

1 0 0
Oxygen in the blood is primarily the blood plasma attaching itself to attaching itself to the hemoglobin in the
transported by the hemoglobin in the hemoglobin in red blood cells
the red blood the white blood
plasma cells

0 0 0
How can a pilot increase his tolerance Tighten shoulder Take an upright Relax the Tightening of
to +Gz ? harness. seat position. muscles, ducking muscles, ducking the
the head and lean head and perform a
upper body kind of pressure
forward. breathing.

0 0 0
The negative (radial) acceleration of an the vertical body the transverse the transverse the vertical body axis
airplane affects the sitting pilot with axis downwards body axis to the body axis to the upwards
inertia along : right left

0 0 0
"Grey out" can be observed if a pilot is - 3 Gz + 3 Gx + 3 Gy + 3 Gz
subjected to more than: 0 0 0
The part(s) of the eye responsible for are the rods are the cones are rods and is the cornea
night vision cones 1 0 0
Why is hypoxia especially dangerous Since the first Hypoxia does not Hypoxia improves The pilot may loose
for pilots flying solo? signs of hypoxia cause a loss of vision at night, so control when he is
are generally control in steering the pilot will have using the oxygen
hard to detect the plane. no indication of mask.
(hypoxia of the danger.
brain), the solo
pilot may not be
able to react in
time (i.e. activate
his emergency
oxygen system)

1 0 0
The impression of an apparent "autokinesis" "white out" "oculogyral "oculografic illusion"
movement of light when stared at for a illusion"
relatively long period of time in the dark
is called 1 0 0
The proprioceptive senses ("Seat of- give wrong is a natural human can be used, if can neither be used
the-Pants-Sense") information, when instinct, always trained, to avoid for motor coordination
outside visual indicating the spatial in IMC and VMC
reference is lost correct attitude disorientation in
IMC

1 0 0
Pilot stress reactions : seem to be are related to an do not change differ from pilot to
always the same internationally with the pilot, depending on
for most pilots recognized list of environment or how a person
stressors where different situations manages the
the top-ten items but mainly with particular stressors
should be avoided the characters
by all means themselves

0 0 0
Which of the following is NOT an Anti-authority Impulsivity Domination Macho
hazardous attitude? 0 0 1
The trend in airplane hull-loss rate over the year of the crew the manufacturer the number of
the last three decades seems to be manufacture engines
related to :
0 1 0
The area in front of a threshold approach is lower to misjudge the approach is to drop far below the
descends towards the threshold. than normal and length of the higher than glide path
may result in a runway normal and may
Possible danger is: short landing result in a long
landing

0 0 1
A pilot approaching an upslope runway is performing a establishes a establishes a may feel that he is
steeper than higher than normal slower than higher than actual.
normal approach, approach speed normal approach This illusion may
landing long speed with the cause him to land
risk of stalling out short.

0 0 0
Which symptom of hypoxia is the most Lack of The interference of Dizziness. Lack of adaptation.
dangerous for conducting safe flight ? accomodation. reasoning and
perceptive
functions.

0 1 0
The time for dark adaptation is 1/10 sec 10 min 30 min 10 sec 0 0 1
Which statement is correct ? Oxygen diffusion The blood plasma The gradient of Oxygen diffusion from
from the blood is transporting the diffusion is higher the lungs into the
into the cells oxygen. at altitude than it blood does not
depends on their is at sea-level. depend on partial
partial oxygen oxygen pressure.
pressure
gradient.

1 0 0
A pilot is used to land on small and a flatter than the risk to land an early or high a steeper than normal
narrow runways only. Approaching a normal approach short of the "round out" approach dropping
larger and wider runway can lead to : with the risk of overrun low
"ducking under"

0 0 1
Autokinesis is the phenomenon the change in the automatical the apparent
of spinning lights diameter of the adjustment of the movement of a static
after the abuse of pupil, when looking crystalline lens to single light when
alcohol in the dark objects situated at stared at for a
different distances relatively long period
of time in the dark

0 0 0
To prevent the "autokinetic turn down cabin look out for fixate the source look sideways to the
phenomena", the following can be light and shake additional of light, first with source of light for
done: head references inside one eye, then with better fixation
simultaneously and/or outside the the other
cockpit using
peripheral vision
also

0 1 0
A shining light is fading out (i. e. when The light source The source of light The source of The source of light is
flying into fog, dust or haze). What kind will make the pilot moves away from light stands still approaching him with
of sensation could the pilot get? believe, that he is him increasing speed
climbing

0 1 0
With hyperventilation, caused by high finger nails and more oxygen will peripherical and an increased amount
levels of arousal or overstress: lips will turn blue reach the brain scotopic vision of carbon dioxide is
("cyanosis") will be improved exhaled causing
muscular spasms and
even
unconsciousness
0 0 0
When consciously breathing fast or a delay in the the activation of less oxygen to be a poor saturation of
hyperventilating due to high arousal or onset of hypoxia the respiratory diffused into the oxygen in the blood
overstress, the carbon dioxide level in when flying at centre, which in cells
the blood is lowered, resulting in: high altitudes turn causes
hypoxia

0 0 1
The most dangerous symptoms of breathlessness euphoria and hyperventilation sensation of heat and
hypoxia at altitude are and reduced impairment of blurred vision
night vision judgement

0 1 0
Which problem may occur, when flying improbable to get difficult to estimate impossible to no problem to
in an environment of low contrast (fog, visual illusions the correct speed detect objects estimate the correct
snow, darkness, haze)? and size of speed and size of
approaching approaching objects
Under these conditions it is: objects

0 1 0
Which part of the inner ear is The eustachian The cochlea The semicircular The sacculus and
responsible for the perception of noise? tube canals utriculus
0 1 0
"Tunnel vision" (loss of peripherical - 3.5 Gz + 3.5 Gx - 3.5 Gy + 3.5 Gz
vision) can be observed if a pilot is
subjected to more than: 0 0 0
When the pilot suffers from his need for his oxygen need his oxygen need his oxygen need will
hypothermia (loss of cabin heating): oxygen will be will not be affected will be reduced be raised and his
increased as long giving him a tolerance to hypoxia
as he stays better tolerance to will be increased
conscious hypoxia at higher
altitudes

1 0 0
To safely supply the crew with oxygen, Approximately 14 Approximately 20 Approximately 45 Approximately 38 000
at which altitude is it necessary to 000 ft. 000 ft. 000 ft. ft.
breathe 100% oxygen plus pressure
after a rapid decompression ? 0 0 0
You can survive at any altitude, 21% oxygen is pressure the temperature in enough oxygen,
provided that available in the respiration is the cabin does pressure and heat is
air you breath in guaranteed for that not drop below available
altitude 10" C

0 0 0
At what altitude (breathing 100% Approximately 10 22 000 ft Approximately 35 Approximately 38 - 40
oxygen without pressure) could - 12 000 ft. 000 ft. 000 ft.
symptoms of hypoxia be expected?
0 0 0
Breathing 100% oxygen at 38000 ft is 18 000 ft 10 000 ft 8 000 ft 14 000 ft
equivalent to breathe ambient air at : 0 1 0
The atmosphere contains the following 78% nitrogen, 78% nitrogen, 78% helium, 21% 78% helium, 21%
gases: 21% oxygen, 21% oxygen, 1% oxygen, 1% oxygen, 0,03%
0,03% carbon carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, rest:
dioxide, rest: rare rest: rare gases rest: rare gases rare gases
gases

1 0 0
The atmospheric gas pressure rises with altitude decreases linear decreases slower drops faster at lower
with altitude at lower altitudes altitudes in
compared with comparison to the
higher levels and same altitude
equivalent altitude changes at higher
changes altitudes

0 0 0
The earth's atmosphere consists of 1D, 2C, 3B, 4A 1D, 2C, 3A, 4B 1B, 2A, 3D, 4C 1C, 2B, 3A, 4D
different gases in various concentration.
Match the following:

1 nitrogen A 0,03%

2 oxygen B 0,92%

3 carbon dioxide C 20.95%

4 rare gas D 78,10% 0 1 0

Which part of the ear could be affected The eustachian The semicircular The cochlea The sacculus and
due to air pressure changes during tube and the canals utriculus
climb and/or descent? tympanic
membrane (ear
drum)

1 0 0
The semicircular canals of the inner ear movements with relative speed and gravity angular accelerations
monitor constant speeds linear
accelerations

0 0 0
Which force(s) affect(s) the otoliths in Gravity alone Linear acceleration Angular Gravity and linear
the utriculus and sacculus? and angular acceleration acceleration
acceleration

0 0 0
The eustachian tube is the passage nose, pharynx sinuses and the nasopharynx and nose, pharynx and
way between the and the external pharynx the middle ear inner ear
auditory canal

0 0 1
The retina of the eye is the light- filters the UV-light is the muscle, only regulates the
sensitive inner changing the size light that falls into the
lining of the eye of the crystalline eye
containing the lens
photoreceptors
essential for
vision

1 0 0
In order to completely resynchronise less time when more time when about one day per about one week per
with local time after zone crossing, flying from east to flying from east to 2.5 hours of time 2.5 hours of time shift
circadian rhythms require west west shift

1 0 0
When oxygen is beeing transferred external ventilation hyperventilation internal respiration
from the blood into the tissues and respiration
carbon dioxide from the body cells into
the blood, it is called: 0 0 0
A certain amount of water vapor larger smaller constant first larger, then
saturated air (i.e. intestinal gases) is smaller
transported from sea-level up to 34 000
ft. In the same amount of dry air, the
volume of this gas is : 1 0 0
In the following list you will find several Headache, High levels of Euphoria, Muscular spasms,
symptoms listed for hypoxia and increasing arousal, increased accomodation mental confusion,
carbon monoxide poisoning. nausea, error proneness, problems, blurred impairment of
dizziness. lack of accuracy. vision. hearing.
Please mark those referring to carbon
monoxide poisoning.

1 0 0
In the alveoli gas exchange takes place Carbon Carbon dioxide. Ambient air. Oxygen.
(external respiration). Which gas will monoxide.
diffuse from the blood into the lungs?
0 1 0
The rate and depth of breathing is the amount of the amount of the total the amount of carbon
primarily controlled by: carbon monoxide nitrogen in the atmospheric dioxide in the blood
in the blood blood pressure

0 0 0
An increase in the amount of carbon a reduction of red an improving shortness of a decrease of acidity
dioxide in the blood leads to: blood cells resistance to breath in the blood
hypoxia

0 0 1
Which of the following is true It has no It is always present It is to be found in It combines 5 times
concerning carbon monoxide? physiological in the lungs. the smoke of faster to the
effect when cigarettes lifting hemoglobin than
mixed with up a smoker's oxygen.
oxygen. "physiological
altitude".

0 0 1
Affinity to hemoglobin is best with: nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
0 0 0
Which component(s) is/are transporting Blood fat. Hemoglobin in the White blood cells. Plasma.
the oxygen in the blood? red blood cells.
0 1 0
Fatigue and permanent concentration lower the increase the do not affect will increase the
tolerance to tolerance to hypoxia at all tolerance to hypoxia
hypoxia hypoxia when flying below 15
000 feet
1 0 0
Which of the following applies to carbon The human body Inhaling carbon Several days are A very early symptom
monoxide poisoning? shows no sign of monoxide leads to needed to for realising carbon
carbon monoxide hyperventilation. recuperate from a monoxide poisoning
poisoning. carbon monoxide is euphoria.
poisoning.

0 0 1
The fovea is an area in is sensitive to very is an area in is the area
which cones low intensities of which rods responsible for night
predominate light predominate vision

1 0 0
Carbon monoxide poisoning only occurs in jet- occurs only above is more likely to is more likely to occur
driven 15 degrees OAT occur in in aeroplanes with
aeroplanes aeroplanes where twin-engines because
the cabin heat is of high engine
technically efficiency
supplied by
coating the
exhaust

0 0 1
Inhaling carbon monoxide can be Small amounts of Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide With increasing
extremely dangerous during flying. carbon monoxide is odourless and increases the altitude the negative
are harmless. cannot be smelled. oxygen saturation effects of carbon
Which of the following statement(s) in the blood. monoxide poisoning
is/are correct? will be compensated.

0 1 0
The respiratory process consists mainly the diffusion of the transportation the transportation the transportation of
of oxygen through of oxygen to the of oxygen to the carbon dioxide to the
the respiratory cell and the cell and the cell and elimination of
membranes into elimination of elimination of oxygen
the blood, carbon monoxide nitrogen
transportation to
the cells,
diffusion into the
cells and
elimination of
carbon dioxide
from the body

1 0 0
The percentage of oxygen in the air at 21% 5% 10,5% 42%
an altitude of approximately

34 000 ft is : 1 0 0
The following applies for the physical at an altitute of at sea-level a gas at an altitude of a water vapor
properties of gases: 63 000 ft water has 1/3 of the 18 000 ft a gas saturated gas at 34
will boil at volume it would volume is three 000 ft has 6 times its
temperature of have at 27000 ft times as large as volume as it would
65°C it would be at sea- have at sea-level
level

0 1 0
The volume percentage of oxygen in increases with is dependent on is constant for all decreases with
the atmosphere is 21% which increasing the present air altitudes increasing altitude
altitude pressure conventional
airplanes can
reach

0 0 1
Gases of physiological importance to oxygen and nitrogen and oxygen and oxygen, nitrogen and
man are: carbon dioxide carbon dioxide carbon monoxide water vapor
1 0 0
The momentum of gas exchange in independent from depending on the dependent on the the excess pressure
respiration is the partial active pressure gradient caused by inhaling
pressures of the transportation of between the
participating nitrogen into the participating
gases alveoli gases during
respiration

0 0 1
The risk of a barotrauma of the middle with colds and after a with colds and with colds and fast
ear is more likely to occur slow ascents decompression rapid descents climbs
0 0 1
Barotrauma of the sinuses of the nose is only caused by is an irritation of is only caused by is caused by a
(aerosinusitis) the flying sport, sinuses by abuse colds and their difference in pressure
not by the diving of nose sprays effects existing between the
sport sinus cavity and the
ambient air

0 0 0
Sensory input to the "Seat-of-the- pressure of the subcutaneous blood rushing into acceleration of the
Pants" sense is given by heart on the pressure receptors legs stomach (nausea)
diaphragm and kinesthetic
muscle activity
sensors

0 1 0
The so-called "Seat-of-the-Pants" useful for the only sense a not suitable for only to be used by
sense is instrument and pilot can rely on, spatial orientation experienced pilots
contact flight when flying in IMC when outside with the permission to
visual references fly in IMC
are lost

0 0 1
The proprioceptive senses (seat-of-the- allow the pilot to are important are completely indicate the
pants sense) are important for motor determine the senses for flight unreliable for difference between
coordination. absolute vertical training in IMC orientation when gravity and G-forces
at flight condition flying in IMC
They

0 0 1
The maximum number of unrelated about 30 items unlimited about 7 items very limited - only 3
items that can be stored in working items
memory is: 0 0 1
A barotrauma of the middle ear is a dilatation of the an infection of the an acute or a bacterial infection of
eustachian tube middle ear caused chronic trauma of the middle ear
by rapid the middle ear
decompression caused by a
difference of
pressure on either
side of the
eardrum

0 0 1
Orientation in flight is accomplished by 2, 3 and 4 are 1, 2, 3 and 4 are only 1 and 4 are 2, 3 and 4 are correct
false, only 1 is correct correct , 1 is false
1. eyes correct

2. utriculus and sacculus

3. semicircular canals

4. Seat-of-the-pants-Sense 0 1 0
The Seat-of-the-Pants Sense is muscles, tendons semicircular canals utriculus and skin of the breech
including receptors in the and joints sacculus only
sensitive to the
position and
movement of
body parts

1 0 0
What should a pilot do to keep his night Not smoke before Avoid food Wait at least 60 Select meals with
vision (scotopic vision)? start and during containing high minutes to night- high contents of
flight and avoid amounts of vitamin adapt before he vitamin B and C
flash-blindness A takes off

1 0 0
Barotrauma of the middle ear is usually pain in the joints a reduction in dizziness noises in the ear
accompanied by hearing ability and
the feeling of
increasing
pressure

0 1 0
Barotrauma of the middle ear most when climbing in sudden steep when descending during a long high
likely will occur turns rapidly altitude flight
0 0 1
Please mark the counter-measure a Stop descending, Increase the rate Stop chewing and Use drugs against a
pilot can use against a barotrauma of climb again and of descent swallowing cold
the middle ear (aerotitis). then descend movements
with reduced sink ("Valsalva")
rate

1 0 0
Trapped intestinal gases can cause More frequent At lower altitudes. Only in During descent as
severe pain. when flying pressurized well as during climb,
above 18 000 FT aircraft when when the cabin
When is this the case? in a non- flying at higher pressure altitude is
pressurized flight levels. exceeding 2 000 FT
aircraft.

1 0 0
A barotrauma of the middle ear is more likely, is only caused by causes severe is to be expected
(aerotitis) when the pilot is large pressure pain in the during rapid
flying with a changes during sinuses decompressions, but
respiratory climb an emergency
infection and descent immediately
during descent following the
decompression will
eliminate the problem

1 0 0
At a high altitude flight (no cabin climb to a higher perform "valsalva use supplemental descend to lower
pressure system available), a pilot gets altitude maneouvre" oxygen altitude
severe flatulence due to trapped gases.
The correct counter-measure is:
0 0 0
One of the most frequent symptom(s) of are the bends are the chokes is a shock are neurological
decompression sickness emerging after damages to the CNS
a decompression in airline operation
1 0 0
Equalization of pressure is limited you breath barotrauma exists the eustachian the nose is pinched
between the middle ear and the through the in the sinuses tube is blocked
ambient, when: mouth

0 0 1
Adaptation is the reflection of the adjustment of the adjustment of the change of the
the light at the the crystalline lens the eyes to high diameter of the pupil
cornea to focus light on or low levels of
the retina illumination

0 0 1
The mechanism of accomodation is the functioning of the diameter of the the functioning of the elasticity of the
caused by: the muscles of pupil the ciliary muscle optic nerves
the eye aroud the lens

0 0 1
Flickering light when reflected from can be neglected can be avoided should be can cause spatial
spinning rotor blades when the strobe- avoided, because disorientation and/or
lights are switched it may destroy the nausea, when looked
on optical nerve at for a longer period
of time

0 0 0
A pilot is used to land on wide runways greater height lower height and greater height lower than actual
only. When approaching a smaller and the the impression of than he actually is height with the
and/or narrower runway, the pilot may impression of landing slow with the tendency tendency to
feel he is at a landing short to land short overshoot

0 0 1
Approaches at night without visual lower than actual lower than actual higher than actual higher than actual
references on the ground and no altitude with the altitude with the altitude with the altitude with the risk
landing aids (e.g. VASIS) can make the risk of risk of ducking risk of landing of overshooting
pilot believe of beeing overshooting under short ("ducking
under")

0 0 1
Scanning at night should be performed scanning with concentrated avoiding food slight eye movements
by: one eye open fixation on an containing to the side of the
object (image must Vitamin A object
fall on the fovea
centralis)

0 0 0
Why does a deficiency in vitamin A Vitamin A is Accomodation is Vitamin A The transfer of light
cause night-blindness? essential to the destroyed deficiency stimulus from the
regeneration of interrupts the rods to a nerve
visual purple oxygen supply to impulse depends on
the photosensitive vitamin A
cells

1 0 0
Flying from Frankfurt to Moscow you LT (local time). MEZ (middle ZT (zonal time). UTC (universal time
will have a lay-over of 4 days. What european time). coordinated).
time measure is relevant for your
circadian rhythm on the 3. day?
1 0 0
The time required for complete for high levels of for day and night: for night 10 sec for high levels of
adaptation is illumination 10 30 min and for day 30 illumination 10 sec
minutes and for min and for full dark
low levels of adaptation 30 min
illumination 30
minutes

0 0 0
How can you determine if a person is Barotrauma of There is no Hearing Aerosinusitis will
suffering from a barotrauma of the the middle ear difference difficulties will never develop during
sinuses of the nose (aerosinusitis) or will not effect normally descent
the middle ear (aerotitis) ? hearing accompany
aerotitis

0 0 1
Depth perception when objects are seeing with two good visibility only visual memory the "blind spot" at the
close (< 1 m) is achieved through eyes (binocular only retina
vision)

1 0 0
What misjudgement may occur if an Objects will Objects seem to Objects seem to Objects will appear
airplane is flying into fog, snow or appear bigger in move slower than be farther away closer than they really
haze? size than in in reality than in reality are
reality

0 0 1
Sunglasses with variable filtration are ideal, as long are advantageous can have are generally
(phototrope glasses) as there are no for pilots disadvantages forbidden for pilots
polarisation when used in the
effects cockpit due to
their dependence
on ultraviolet light
which is screened
by the cockpit
glass

0 0 1
Illuminated anti-collision lights in IMC can cause colour- will improve the will effect the can cause
illusions pilots depth pilots binocular disorientation
perception vision

0 0 0
The "Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense" can be used, if can be used as a can give false is a natural human
trained, to avoid reference for inputs to body instinct which will
disorientation in determining orientation when always indicate the
space attitude when visual reference is correct body position
operating in visual lost in space
and instrument
meteorological
conditions

0 0 1
What are easily observable indications Lowering of the Faster, deep Rising of the Perspiration, flushed
of stress? blood pressure. inhalation, blood pressure, skin, dilated pupils,
stabbing pain pupils narrowing, fast breathing.
around the heart. stabbing pain
around the heart.

0 0 0
Why should a pilot turn his attention to pressure perception of his attention will the danger of a
the instruments when approaching on a differences can distance and be distracted "greying out" will
snowed up, foggy or cloudy winterday? cause the speed is difficult in automatically make it impossible to
Because altimeter to give an environment of under these determine the height
wrong low contrast conditions above the terrain
information

0 1 0
The requirement of good sunglasses is absorb enough fit to the pilots eliminate increase the time for
to visible light to individual taste distortion in dark adaptation
eliminate glare aircraft
without windshields
decreasing visual
acuity, absorb UV
and IR radiation
and absorb all
colors equally

1 0 0
What event can cause a 1,2,3,4 and 5 are 1and 5 are both 1,2,3 and 4 are Only 2 and 3 are
hyperventilation (not required by correct false correct, 5 is false correct
physical need)?

1. Pressure breathing.

2. Anxiety or fear.

3. Overstress.

4. Strong pain.

5. Jogging. 0 0 1
Barodontalgia arises only at even arises with arises in arises especially with
higher altitudes healthy teeth combination with irritations of the
and after a cold and very sensitive tissues
decompression high rates of close to the root of a
descent tooth

0 0 0
Where is the "critical threshold" at It38000 FT 22000 FT. 18000 FT It25000 FT
which a pilot not using oxygen reaches
the critical or lethal zone?

It starts at: 0 1 0
At what altitude ("threshold for 8000-9000 FT 9000-10000 FT 10000-12000 FT 6000-7000 FT
compensatory reactions") does the
human organism start with remarkable
measures to compensate for the drop in
pO2 when climbing?

At about: 0 0 0
Hyperventilation can cause not enough time oxygen saturation blood circulation oxygen saturation of
unconsciousness, because: is left to of the blood is to the brain is the blood is
exchange oxygen increased and the slowed down decreased
in the lungs brain will be
supplied with more
blood than normal

0 0 1
A pilot who is hyperventilating for a there is a low he is flying a tight there is an the pilot is
prolonged period of time may even get CO-pressure in turn increased blood emotionally aroused
unconscious. the blood flow to the brain

Hyperventilation is likely to occur,

when: 0 0 0
What could cause hyperventilation ? Abuse of alcohol Extreme low rate Fatigue Fear, anxiety and
of breathing distress
0 0 0
Breathing pure oxygen (without 38000 FT 45000 FT 60000 FT 80000 FT
pressure) will be sufficient up to an
altitude of: 1 0 0
Which of the following could a pilot 1,2 and 3 are 1,2 and 4 are 1 is false, all 2 and 4 are false
experience when he is correct, 4 is false correct, 3 is false others are correct
hyperventilating?

1. Dizziness

2. Muscular spasms

3. Visual disturbances

4. Cyanosis 1 0 0
TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) the time between the length of time the time before the time after
is: the start of during which an becoming pressure loss until
hypoxia and individual can act unconscious at a decompression
death with both mental sudden pressure sickness sets in
and physical loss
efficiency and
alertness;
measured from the
moment at which
he is exposed to
hypoxia

0 1 0
Out of the list of possible measures to avoid strenuous speak soothingly breathe into a hold breath
counteract hyperventilation, the most flight manoeuvres and get the person plastic or paper
effective measure against to breathe slowly bag
hyperventilation tetany is:

0 0 1
Which of the following symptoms can Slow heart beat Slow rate of Cyanosis (blueing Dizzy feeling
mark a beginning hyperventilation? breathing of lips and finger
nails)

0 0 0
The readjustment of the biological with flights with flights towards with flights with flights towards
rhythms after a time shift is normally towards the North the South towards the East the West
more difficult
0 0 1
The process of responding to a sender feedback redundancy synchronization transference
by confirming the reception of a
message is called 1 0 0
Which combination of elements Coding. Synchronization. Encoding. Feedback.
guarantee the understanding of a
message without adding new
information to it? 0 0 0
Attitudes are defined as: the conditions the genetic a synonym for tendencies to
necessary for predispositions for behaviour respond to people,
carrying out an thinking and acting institutions or events
activity either positively or
negatively

0 0 0
When the optical image forms in front of myopia hypermetropia presbyopia astigmatism
the retina; we are talking about 1 0 0
A good method to treat hyperventilation excecute the close the eyes and talk oneself don an oxygen mask
is to: valsalva relax through the
manoeuvre relevant
procedure aloud
to emotionally
calm down and
reduce the rate of
breathing
simultaneously

0 0 1
Flying immediately following a dive with is forbidden for can cause prevents any has no influence on
SCUBA diving equipment (> 10 m the flight crew, decompression dangers caused altitude flights
depth) because it leads sicknesss even by aeroembolism
to hypoxia when flying at (decompression
pressure altitudes sickness) when
below 18 000 FT climbing to
altitudes not
exceeding 30 000
FT

0 1 0
What counter-measure can be used Close the mouth, Increase rate of Stop climbing, Pilots should apply
against a barotrauma of the middle ear pinch the nose descent start descent anti-cold remedies
(aerotitis)? tight and blow out prior every flight to
thereby prevent barotrauma
increasing the in the middle ear
pressure in the
mouth and throat.
At the same time
try to swallow or
move lower jaw
(Valsalva)

1 0 0
Barotrauma caused by gas decompresion barosinusitis pressure pain or barotitis
accumulation in the stomach and sickness flatulence
intestinals can lead to:
0 0 1
Disturbances of pressure equalization ebulism hypoxia hyperventilation barotrauma
in air-filled cavities of the head (nose,
ear etc.) are called: 0 0 0
The eustachian tube serves for the nose and frontal, nose and middle ear and sinuses of the nose
pressure equalization between pharyngeal cavity maxillary sinuses external and external
and external atmosphere atmosphere
atmosphere

0 0 1
Decompression sickness symptoms cabin pressure sudden pressure emergency fast flights from a
may develop due to loss when flying surges in the cabin descents after a high-pressure zone
at higher altitudes at altitudes below cabin pressure into a low pressure
(above 18000 18000 FT loss area when flying an
FT) unpressurized
aeroplane

1 0 0
Symptoms of decompression sickness are bends, are only relevant can only develop are flatulence and
chokes, skin when diving at altitudes of pain in the middle ear
manifestations, more than 40000
neurological FT
symptoms and
circulatory shock

1 0 0
Short term memory can already be 15000 FT 20000 FT 8000 FT 12000 FT
affected when flying as low as: 0 0 1
After a decompression at high altitude temperature in pressure nitrogen gas automatically oxygen
the cockpit will differentials will bubbles can be is deployed into the
increase suck air into the released in the cabin
cabin body fluids
causing gas
embolism, bends
and chokes

0 0 1
A pilot approaching a runway which is higher than flatter than normal compensatory compensatory glide
narrower than normal may feel he is at normal approach approach with the glide path and path and stall out
a greater height than he actually is. To with the tendency tendency to land long
compensate he may fly a to overshoot undershoot

0 1 0
You suffered a rapid decompression 48 hours 12 hours 24 hours 36 hours
without the appearance of any
decompression sickness symptoms.

How long should you wait until your

next flight? 0 1 0
After a cabin pressure loss in 30 -90 seconds 10-15 seconds 3-4 minutes 5 minutes or more
approximately 35 000 FT the TUC
(Time of Useful Consciousness) will be
approximately: 1 0 0
Pain in the Joints ("bends"), which hypoxia decompression barotrauma air-sickness
suddenly appear during a flight , are sickness
symptoms of
0 1 0
Flights immediately after SCUBA-diving can be performed are allowed, if should be avoided are forbidden
(compressed gas mixtures, bottles) without any 38000 FT are not because hypoxia
(>10 m depth) danger exceeded may develop

0 0 0
After a decompression to 43 000 FT the 45-60 seconds 60-90 seconds 5-15 seconds 30-45 seconds
TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness)
will be approximately:
0 0 1
The time between inadequate oxygen varies individually is the same is not dependent varies individually
supply and incapacitation is called TUC and depends on amount of time for on physical or and does not depend
(Time of Useful Consciousness). It cabin pressure every person psychological on altitude
altitude pressure

1 0 0
The "Effective Performance Time" or approximately 3 approximately 5 less than 20 between 30 and 60
"Time of Useful Consciousness" after a minutes minutes seconds seconds
decompression at 35 000 ft is:
0 0 0
In airline operations decompression may develop may develop when appear only in air may affect people
sickness symptoms after a being crew, previously with defect tympanic
decompression decompressed engaged in diving membrane
from 7000 FT from MSL to 15 activities
cabin pressure 000 FT
altitude to 30000
FT flight altitude

1 0 0
In civil air transport, linear accelerations 2,4 1 3,4 3
(Gx):

- 1 : do not exist

- 2 : have slight physiological

consequences

- 3 : may, in the case of pull-out, lead to

loss of consciousness

- 4 : cause sensory illusions on the

pitch axis 1 0 0
Concerning the relation between A moderate level A student will learn Domestic stress A well trained pilot is
performance and stress, which of the of stress may faster and better will not affect the able to eleminate any
following statement(s) is (are) correct? improve under severe pilot's kind of stress
performance. stress. performance completely when he
because he is is scheduled to fly.
able to leave this
type of stress on
the ground.

1 0 0
Stress is a frequent aspect of the pilot's 1, 2 and 3 are Only 1 is false 1 and 2 are 1 is correct, 2 and 3
job. Under which of the following correct correct, 3 is false are false
circumstances does it occur?

1. Stress occurs whenever the pilot

must revise his plan of action

and does not immediately have a

solution

2. Stress occurs with unexperienced

pilots when the situational

demands exceed their individual

capabilities

3. Stress occurs if a pilot is convinced

that he will not be able to

find a solution for the problem he just

is confronted with 1 0 0
The main limit(s) of long-term memory the instantaneous the data storage Data retrieval as a the quantity of data
is (are): inputting in time result from a loss which may be stored
memory of all of access to the
information stored information
collected during
the day, which
comes to
saturate it

0 0 1
What are the main limits of short-term 1,3 ,4 1,2 ,3 2 ,3 2,4
memory ?

It is :

-1 : very sensitive to interruptions and

interference

-2 : difficult to access

-3 : limited in size

-4 : subject to a biochemical burn-in of

information 1 0 0
If a pilot has to perform two tasks the only way of the sharing of a person reaches the only way of not
requiring the allocation of cognitive not seeing resources causes his limits as from seeing performance
resources : performance tail performance on simultaneous tail off is to switch to
off is to switch to each task to be tasks, and knowledge-based
rules-based reduced performance will mode for the two
mode for the two then tail off tasks
tasks

0 1 0
Action plans (SOP's) in a cockpit must : only be tailored to only follow the be shared by the be tailored to the
the type of manufacturers members of the individual pilot's
aircraft, proposals and not crew and updated needs in order to
regardless of reflect individual at each facilitate the normal
current MCC operators cockpit modification in operation of the
procedures philosophies order to maintain aircraft
maximum synergy

0 0 1
With regard to illusions due to originate from a are caused by the are caused by a are mainly due to a
perceptive conflicts, it may be said that conflict between absence of internal conflictual sensory conflict
they: instrument visual cues disagreement concerning
readings and exclusively concerning perception of the
external visual attitudinal vertical and the
perceptions perception horizontal between
between the the vestibular and the
various members visual system
of a crew

0 0 0
A pilot is skilled when he : 1,2,4 1,2,3,4 1,2 2, 3,4

-1 : trains or practises regularly

-2 : knows how to manage

himself/herself

-3 : possesses all the knowledge

associated with his aircraft

-4 : knows how to keep resources in

reserve for coping with the

unexpected 1 0 0
How can man cope with low error By increasing By randomly By generally By constantly
tolerant situations? error detection in applying a avoiding complying with cross-
all circumstances combination of situations in which over verification
optimum detection, tolerance to error procedures (cross
warning and is low monitoring)
monitoring
systems

0 0 0
With regard to the humidity of air in 2,3,4 1,4 2,3 1,3
current in a pressurized cabin, we know
that it :

-1 : varies between 40 and 60%

-2 : varies between 5 and 15%

-3 : may cause dehydration effecting

the performance of the crew

-4 : has no special effects on crew

members 0 0 1
The following occurs in man if the impairment of apathy considerable nothing signifiant
internal body temperature increases to physical and dehydration happens at this
38°C : mental temperature. The first
performance clinical signs only
start to appear at
39°C
1 0 0
Which of the following mechanisms 2,3 1 3,4 1,3,4
regulate body temperature when
expored to extreme high environmental
temperatures?

-1 : Shivering

-2 : Vasoconstriction of peripheral blood

vessels

-3 : Sweating

-4 : Vasodilation of peripheral blood

vessels 0 0 1
The following can be observed when profuse sweating shivering, will tend the appearance of mental disorders, and
the internal body temperature falls to cease, and be intense shivering even coma
below 35°C : followed by the
onset of apathy

0 1 0
We can observe the following in relation a rapid fall in greater capacity reasoning a substantial increase
to a state of hypothermia : ambient for adaptation than problems as soon in internal body
temperature in a hot as body temperature whereas
atmosphere temperature falls peripheral
below 37°C temperature at the
skin is stable

0 0 1
Which of the folllowing statements more likely to mainly associated due to pressure caused by an
concerning barotrauma are correct? occur during with a sink rate differentials increase in the partial
They are: ascent then which exceeds the between gases in pressure of oxygen
during a rapid ability of the body hollow cavities of associated with a
descent to balance its the body and the decrease in altitude
internal pressures ambient pressure

0 0 1
Workload essentially depends on: the current the pilot's the pilot's the task and the day's
situation, the experience and the knowledge parameters (weather
pilot's expertise ergonomics of the report, aircraft load,
and the system type of flight, etc)
ergonomics of
the system

1 0 0
Which of the following statements fits are mainly rapidly may be have been are rarely made by
best the concept of latent error? associated with detected via their present in the front-line operators,
the behaviour of immediate system for a and are consequently
Latent errors: front-line consequences on certain lenght of readily identified and
operators and are the action in time and are detected by the
only detected progress difficult to monitoring, detection
after advanced understand as a and warning links
problem-solving result of the time
lag between the
generation and
the occurence of
the error

0 0 1
Which of the following statements is Deciding means Deciding means Deciding means Deciding means
correct regarding decision making? applying an choosing between being able to imposing one's point
automatic alternatives. come up with of view.
procedure. original solutions.

0 1 0
Motivation is a quality wich is often A high degree of However, Motivation A high degree of
considered vital in the pilot's work to motivation lowers excessive reduces the motivation makes it
maintain safety. the level of motivation leads to intensity of possible to make up
vigilance stress wich sensory illusions for insufficient
adversly affects knowledge in
performance complete safety

0 1 0
Working memory : is unlimited in is unlimited in varies is sensitive to
size duration considerably in interruptions which
size between an may erase all or
expert pilot and a some of its content
novice pilot

0 0 0
The acquisition of expertise comprises automatic, cognitive, cognitive, associative,
three stages ( Anderson model): cognitive and associative and associative and autonomous and
knowledge autonomous knowledge expert

0 1 0
A pilot can be described as being is able to reduce knows how to is capable of has automated a
proficient, when he/she: his/her arousal to invest the maintaining a high large part of the
a low level during maximum level of arousal necessary flight deck
the entire flight resources in the during a great routine operations in
automation of bulk of the flight order to free his/her
tasks in real time cognitive resources

0 0 0
With regard to the practice of English, All pilots should Be familiar with It is necessary The composition of
which of the following statements is master it because normal procedures and sufficient to every crew should be
correct? the aeronautical in English since have a command geared to a command
world needs one only this allows for of any of the of the official
common effective official languages aeronautical
language. management of of the ICAO. language of the
any flight's destination country.
communication.

1 0 0
What means can be used to combat 2, 3 and 4 1, 2 and 4 3 and 4 1 and 2 0 1 0
human error?

-1 : Reducing error-prone mechanisms.

-2 : Improving the way in which error is

taken into account in training.

-3 : Sanctions against the initiators of

error.

-4 : Improving recovery from errors and

its consequences.
The combination of correct statements
is:

What are the main consequences of 1 and 3 2, 3 and 4 1,2 and 4 1 and 2
latent errors? They:

-1 : remain undetected in the system for

a certain lenght of time.

-2 : may only manifest themselves

under certainl conditions.

-3 : are quickly detectable by the front-

line operator whose mental

schemas on the instantaneous

situation filter out formal errors.

-4 : lull the pilots into security.

The correct statement(s) is (are): 0 0 1

What are the various means which 3 and 4 1, 2 and 3 1and 3 2, 3 and 4
allow for better error detection?

-1 : Improvement of the man-machine

interface.

-2 : Development of systems for

checking the consistency of

situations.

-3 : Compliance with cross-over

redundant procedures by the

crew.

-4 : Adaptation of visual alarms to all

systems.

The correct statement(s) is (are): 0 1 0

A system is all the more reliable if it 3 and 4 2 and 4 1, 2 and 4 1 and 3 0 1 0
offers good detectability. The latter is
the result of:

-1 : tolerance of the various systems to

errors.

-2 : the sum of the automatic

monitoring, detection and warning
facilities.

-3 : the reliability of the Man-Man and

Man-Machine links.

-4 : the alerting capability of the Man-

Machine interface.

The combination of correct statements

is:

To avoid wrong decisions by the pilot, correct the tolerate the report its report the deviation
an aircraft system should at least be deviation deviation malfunction
able to 0 0 1
When can a system be said to be the its safety system is its safety system latent errors do not
tolerant to error? consequences of too permeable to has taken account entail serious
an error will not error of all statistically consequences for
When: seriously probable errors safety
jeopardise safety

1 0 0
Once detected, an error will result in have virtually no make it possible to destabilize are prompted by
cognitive consequences which: interaction with modify behaviour cognitive progress inductive factors
behaviour with a view to and maintain the
adaptation error

0 1 0
Why must flight safety considerations 2 and 4 1 and 4 2 and 3 3 and 4
consider the human error mechanism?

-1 : It is analysis of an incident or
accident which will make it

possible to identify what error has

been committed and by

whom. It is the process whereby the

perpetrator is made

responsible which may lead to

elimination of the error.

-2 : If we have a better understanding of

the cognitive error

mechanism, it will be possible to

adapt procedures, aircraft

interfaces, etc.

-3 : It is error management procedure

which enables us to

continuously adjust our actions.

The better we understand the

underlying mechanism of an error,

the better will be our means

for detecting and adapting future

errors.
0 0 1
-4 : Since error is essentially human,
once it has been identified by

the use of procedures, a person

will be able to anticipate and

deal with it automatically in the

future.

The correct statement(s) is (are):

Improvement of human reliability should in aviation, the the elimination of the analysis of an effort to
entail: elimination of latent errors before modes of human understand the
errors on the part they can effect failures causes and find
of front-line performance means of recovery for
operators errors committed

0 0 0
The procedure to be followed in the allow for the rapid allow for a rapid make it possible make it possible to
event of decompression when flying supply of oxygen descent to prevent eliminate the risk of
above 10,000 ft must : in order to independent from hyperventilation fogging due to the
prevent the pilot sufficient supply of owing to the sudden pressure
becoming oxygen in order to inhalation of 100 changes
hypoxic prevent disorders % oxygen
due to hypoxia

1 0 0
Which of the following statements best produced either essentially results rare in front-line produced by the
fits the definition of an active error? by a front-line from the actions and operator and can be
operator or by a application of a difficult to detect rapidly detected via
Active error is: remote operator bad rule or the owing to the fact the effects and
and results in a poor application of that it usually consequences which
hidden or latent a good rule by occurs in a it induces on the
consequence at airplane designers complex system overall action
a specific of uncontrolled
moment of the and involuntary
action deviations

0 0 0
To optimise one's night-vision 2,3,4 2 1,3,4 1,2,4
performance, it is necessary :

- 1 : to spend some time getting

adapted to low levels of

illumination

- 2 : to increase the instrument panel

lighting by reducing the

cockpit lighting

- 3 : not to focus on the point to be

observed

- 4 : to avoid blinding 0 0 1
Decompression sickness may occur as 2,3 1,3,4 2,4 1,3
from :

- 1: an altitude of more than 18,000 ft

- 2 : an altitude of more than 5,500 ft

- 3 : a rate of climb of more than 500

ft/min exceeding 18,000 ft

- 4 : a temperature of more than 24°C 0 0 0

What is the main problem caused by A pooling of An improvement of An increase in Hyperoxygenation of
positive (+Gz) accelerations? blood in the lower peripheral vision blood pressure in the blood which may
portions of the the upper part of lead to sensory
body, and hence the body (above disorders
less blood heart-level)
available

1 0 0
What type of acceleration has the most Radial Linear acceleration Transverse Combined linear and
significant physiological effect upon the acceleration (+ (+ Gx) acceleration (+ transverse
pilot? Gz) Gy) acceleration
1 0 0
Which of the following statements are 2,4 2,3,4 1,3,4 1,2,3
correct ?

1 Hypothermia affects physical and

mental abilities.

2 Man has effective natural protection

against intense cold.

3 Shivering makes it possible to

combat the cold to a certain

extent, but uses up a lot of energy

4 Disorders associated with

hypothermia appear at a body

temperature of less than 35°C 0 0 1

Incapacitation caused by barotrauma 1 1,2,3 2,3,4 2,4
from gaseous expansion after
decompression at high altitude may be
associated with the following part(s) of
the body:

1 the digestive tract

2 the ears

3 the eyes

4 the sinuses 1 0 0
Rods (scotopic visual cells) allow for : good night-vision good, virtually precise vision of red vision, both
after adaptation instantaneous contours and during the day and at
to darkness (30 night-vision colours night
min) (scotopic vision)

1 0 0
CRM (Crew Resource Management) is mainly of intended to not intended to intended solely to
training is: relevance to develop change the alter an individual's
pilots with effectiveness of individual's personality;
personality crew performance attitude at all
disorders or by improving
inappropriate attitudes towards
attitudes flight safety and
human relationship
management

0 1 0
What is hypoxia ? A state Any condition The total absence The respiratory
charcterised by where the oxygen of oxygen in the symptom associated
an excessive concentration of air with altitude
supply of oxygen the body is below decompression
which may be normal limits or sickness
due to where the oxygen
maladjustment of available to the
the mask body cannot be
used due to some
pathological
condition

0 1 0
The effectiveness of the individual the ability to go the total the ability to the ability to repress
depends on: beyond one's independence with balance the the dictates of needs
own capabilities respect to the dictates of the
environment individual's needs
and the demands
of reality

0 0 1
Visual perception of depth at close to the high binocular vision interactions peripheral vision
medium distance is primarily due to sensitivity of the between cones
retina and rods

0 1 0
Visual acuity during flight at high 1,2 and 3 are 2,3 and 4 are 1,3 and 4 are 1, 2, 3 and 4 are
altitudes can be affected by: correct correct correct correct

1. anaemia

2. smoking in the cockpit

3. carbon monoxide poisoning

4. hypoxia 0 0 0
Which of the following characteristics 3,4 2,3 1 1,3
apply to short-term memory ?

- 1 : It is limited in time and size

- 2 : It is unlimited in time and limited in

size

- 3 : It is stable and insensitive to

disturbances

- 4 : It is limited in time and unlimited in

size 0 0 1
Subcutaneous pressure receptors are environmental the condition of the the pressure a touch on the skin
stimulated by: stressors body itself created on the indicating the true
corresponding vertical
body parts when
sitting, standing or
lying down

0 0 1
Autokinetic illusion is: the sensation a conflict between poor interpretation an illusion in which a
during a radial the visual system of the surrounding stationary point of
acceleration of and bodily world light, if stared at for
seeing a fixed sensations several seconds in
reference point the dark, may -
moving into the without a frame of
opposite direction reference - appear to
of the move
acceleration

0 0 0
Illusions of interpretation (cognitive due mainly to a due mainly to a solely induced in associated with the
illusions) are : conflict between poor interpretation the absence of task of mental
the various of instrumental external reference construction of the
sensory systems data points environment

0 0 0
Which of the following statements are 1,4 2,3 2,3,4 1,2,4
correct ?

-1: Modern aircraft allow for 50 - 60%

relative humidity in the cabin

air under any conditions of flight,

which is satisfactory for the

body

-2: Thirst is a belated symptom of

dehydration

-3: Dehydration may lead to clinical

manifestations such as

dizziness and fatigue

-4: Drinking excessive quantities of

water must be avoided since

resistance to periods of low

hydration will otherwise be lost 0 1 0
Of the following alternatives, which 1,3,4 2,3,4 1,2,3 1
objective effects are due to positive
acceleration (+ Gz)?

- 1: Decrease in heart rate

- 2: Pooling of blood into lower parts of

the body

- 3: Drop in blood pressure above

heart-level

- 4: Downward displacement or
deformation of soft or mobile organs 0 1 0
1. Euphoria can be a symptom of 1 is correct, 2 is 1 is not correct, 2 1 and 2 are both 1 and 2 are both
hypoxia. not correct is correct not correct correct

2. Someone in an euphoric condition is

more prone to error. 0 0 0
The resistance phase of stress reaction 1,2 and 3 are 2 , 3 and 4 are 3 and 4 are 1 and 4 are correct
is characterized by: correct correct correct

-1 : activation of the autonomic nervous

system (ANS).

-2 : testosterone secretion which

enables fats to be converted into

sugar.

-3 : a sudden fall in stress resistance.

-4 : the appearance of psychosomatic

disorders when lasting over

a prolonged time.

The combination of correct statements

is: 0 0 0
What is the "Time of Useful About 30 Between 3 and 5 About 18 seconds Between 25 seconds
Consciousness" for a rapid seconds minutes depending and 1 minute 30
decompression at 25,000 ft ? on the physical seconds
activities of the
subjected pilot

0 1 0
1. Lively information is easier to take 1 is correct, 2 is 1 is not correct, 2 1 and 2 are both 1 and 2 are both
into consideration for creating not correct is correct not correct correct

a mental picture than boring

information.

2.The sequence in which information is

offered is also important for

the use the pilot makes of it. 0 0 0

Many pilots think up systems to deal this has to be this has to be this is dangerous this has to be
with affairs so they don't have to think advised against posetively for every situation rejected for the
up every time what they have to do. for it reduces appreciated for it is different company draws the
flexibility at a increases rules and the
moment a consistency in procedures they have
problem has to action to comply with
be solved by
improvisation.

0 1 0
The development of procedures makes knowledge-based procedural procedural mental model
pilots more effective and more reliable behaviour confusion consistency
in their actions. This is called:
0 0 1
You are transporting a passenger who divert in any case see what you can decide to divert if continue and think
has to be at a certain destination for a to demonstrate do and ask the you think it is about the nice things
meeting. The weather forcast at who' s the man in copilot to tolerate necessary. you can buy from the
destination tends to be much worse charge aboard any decision money
than expected, so you consider to
divert. The businessman offers you
money if you manage to land there at
any case.

What is your appropriate way of action?

You will 0 0 1
The confirmation bias of decision a tendency to a tendency not to a tendency not to a tendency to look for
making is ignore that seek for look for facts that confirm
information which information which information which expectations before
indicates that a confirms a would reassure implementing one's
decision is poor; judgement oneself about a decision
decision

1 0 0
Which phenomenon is common to Euphoria. Tingling Cyanosis (blueing Severe headache.
hypoxia and hyperventilation? sensations in arms of lips and finger-
or legs. nails).

0 1 0
With regard to decompression sickness scuba diving sex is the prime physical activity age, obesity and
associated with flight, we know that : does not pose risk factor, with two after scuba diving are risk
any problem for a out of every three decompression factors
subsequent flight women being reduces the risks
sensitive to it of decompression
sickness
symptoms to
appear

0 0 0
Please check the following statements: 1 and 2 are both 1 and 2 are both 1 is correct, 2 is 1 is not correct, 2 is
not correct correct not correct correct
1. A stressor causes activation

2. Activation stimulates a person to

cope with it 0 1 0
The Time of Useful Consciousness may 4 1,3 1,2 3,4
vary according to :

1 : physical activity of the subjected

crew

2 : the experience of the pilot on the

type of aircraft in question

3 : the strength and time of

decompression

4 : the cabin temperature 0 1 0

During a climb, we can observe the an increase up to an increase which an identical a decrease which is
following with regard to the partial 10,000 ft followed is inversely decrease to that three times faster
oxygen pressure : by a sudden proportional to the for atmospheric than the decrease in
pressure drop decrease in pressure atmospheric pressure
above that atmospheric
altitude pressure

0 0 1
The following may occur during gradual sudden visual a rapid decrease in a loss of a rapid decrease in
depressurisation between 12,000 and hyperacuity blood pressure coordination blood pressure which
18,000 ft : associated with leading to associated with will lead to headache
headache considerable fatigue and and also to a loss of
somnolence headache coordination

0 0 1
Safety is often improved by applying expression of unquestioned abstention from the avoidance of any
the principles of CRM, e.g.: one's doubts or obedience to all any suggestion conflict in order to
different opinion the Captain's which might be preserve the crew's
for as long as this decisions untimely synergy
doubt can not be
rejected on the
base of evidence

1 0 0
An efficient flight deck (synergetic the plan of action the Captain decisions do not decisions are taken
cockpit) will be observed when: is defined by the delegates the need to be by the Captain with
Captain because decision making discussed the help and
of his experience process to other because of a participation of the
level crew members common synergy other crew members
between the crew
members

0 0 0
An non-synergetic cockpit : is characterised always results is not very is characterised by
by a highly from an over- dangerous as withdrawn
efficient crew, relaxed each person crewmembers and
communicating atmosphere checks everything unclear
appropriately with personally communication
the outside

0 0 0
If someone hyperventilates due to more acid more alkaline less satured with more satured with
stress his blood will get: oxygen carbon dioxide

0 1 0
The purpose of action plans which are initiate define general allow everyone to activate a collective
implemented during briefings is to: procedures and planning of the prepare their own mental schema with
reactions for flight plan reactions in a respect to non-
situations that are difficult situation procedural actions to
most likely, risky be carried out
or difficult during
the flight

1 0 0
Stress is a response which is prompted Noise, Noise, hunger, Heat, humidity, Temperature, hunger,
by the occurence of various stressors. temperature (low conflicts, a death fatique, thirst, divorce
Of these, which can be called or high), administrative
physiological ? humidity, sleep problems
deprivation

1 0 0
Whilst flying a coordinated turn, most of skill based coping behaviour knowledge based rule based behaviour
your activity is behaviour behaviour
1 0 0
1. Psychosomatic means that a 1 and 2 are both 1 and 2 are both 1 is correct 2 is 1 is not correct 2 is
physiological problem is followed not correct correct not correct correct

by psychological stress.

2. Psychosomatic complaints hardly

occur in professional

aviation because of the strict

selection for this particular

profession . 1 0 0
Please check the following statements: 1 and 2 are both 1 is correct, 2 is 1 and 2 are both 1 is false, 2 is correct
false false correct
1. Psychosomatic means that mental
and/or emotional stressors

can be manifested in organic stress

reactions.

2. Psychosomatic means that a

physical problem is always

followed by psychological stress. 0 1 0

An identical situation can be the arousal level both pilots will both pilots will the pilot feeling
experienced by one pilot as exciting in of both pilots will loose their motor- experience the threatened, will be
a positive sense and by another pilot as be raised coordination same amount of much more relaxed,
threatening. In both cases: stress than the pilot looking
forward to what may
happen
1 0 0
According to Rasmussen's model, creative errors routine errors knowledge errors handling errors
errors are of the following type(s) in
skill-based control mode: 0 1 0
The choice of the moment you select rule based skill based knowledge based pressure based
flaps depending on situation and behaviour behaviour behaviour behaviour
conditions of the landing is:
0 1 0
The planning and anticipation of future 1, 2 and 4 are 1 and 2 are correct 2 and 4 are 3 and 4 are correct
actions and situations makes it possible correct correct
to:

-1 : create a precise reference

framework.

-2 : avoid saturation of the cognitive

system.

-3 : automate planned actions.

-4 : activate knowledge which is

considered necessary for the

period to come.

The correct statement(s) is (are): 1 0 0

The readiness for tracing information is necessary to is dangerous, makes no sense is responsible for the
which could indicate the development maintain good because it because the development of
of a critical situation situational distracts attention human inadequate mental
awareness from flying the information models
aircraft processing
system is limited of the real world
anyway

1 0 0
Pre-thought action plans may be said 1, 2 and 3 are 2 and 4 are 2, 3 and 4 are 1, 2 and 4 are correct
to: correct correct correct

-1 : ease access to information which

may be necessary.

-2 : sensitize and prepare for a possible

situation to come.

-3 : be readily interchangeable and can

therefore be reformulated

at any time during the flight.

-4 : define a framework and a probable

strategy for the

encountered situation.

The combination of correct statements

is: 0 0 0
In order to overcome an overload of 1 and 3 are 1, 2 and 3 are 3 and 4 are 1, 2 and 4 are correct
work during the flight, it is necessary to: correct correct correct

-1 : know how to use one's own reserve

of resources in order to

ease the burden on the crew.

-2 : divide up tasks among the crew.

-3 : abandon automatic mode and

instead process as much

information as possible
consciously.

-4 : drop certain tasks and stick to high-

level priorities.

The correct statement(s) is (are): 0 0 0

Man possesses a system for Homeostasis Heterostasis Isothermy Metastasis
maintaining his internal equilibrium in
the face of variations brought about by
external stimulations.

This internal equilibrium is called : 1 0 0

Stress is above all : a phenomenon the best adaptation a psychosomatic a response by man to
which is specific phenomenon that disease that one his problems, which
to modern man man possesses for can learn to automatically leads to
responding to the control a reduction in his
various situation performance
which he may
have to face

0 1 0
Experiencing stress depends on: the fragility of the individual's the environment the individual
individuals to state of tiredness of the situation interpretation of the
certain types of which the situation
stimulation individual will live
through or is in
the process of
living through

0 0 0
Stress is a reaction to adapt a specific can only be is purely may include is always linked to
situation. controlled by physiological and various excessive fear
medical automatic psychological and
This reaction treatment physiological
elements which
one can learn to
manage

0 0 1
Human errors are frequent and may an error can be an error of an violation is an representational
take several forms : described as the intention is an error which is errors in which the
mismatch error of routine always pilot has properly
between the involuntary identified the situation
pilots intention and is familiar with
and the result of the procedure
his/her actions

1 0 0
In order to provide optimum human establish plan a maximum of avoid powerful plan future actions
performance it is advisable to strategies for objectives and behaviour and decisions at least
planning, non-automated expedient of a couple of days in
automating and actions automating tasks advance
managing
resources (in real
time)

1 0 0
What are the communication qualities 2,3 and 4 are 1 and 2 are correct 1, 2 and 4 are 1 and 4 are correct
of a good briefing? correct correct

A good briefing must:

-1 : contain as much information and be

as comprehensive as

possible.

-2 : be of a standard type so that it can

be reused for another flight

of the same type.

-3 : be short and precise.

-4 : be understandable to the other

crew member(s).

The correct statement(s) is (are): 1 0 0

The semicircular canals detect sound waves linear changes in angular accelerations
accelerations arterial pressure
0 0 0
The first effect to be noticed on gradual grey-out loss of black-out red-vision
exposure to high positive radial consciousness
accelerations is
1 0 0
Symptoms of decompression sickness always begin normally take 2 or disappear on sometimes can
immediately after 3 days to appear landing and never appear with a delay
the after exposure to a appear again after the airplane is
decompression hypobaric on the ground
during the flight atmosphere

0 0 0
Anxiety and fear can cause spatial hypoglycemia hyperventilation hypoxia
disorientation
0 0 1
Hyperventilation causes an excess of acidosis hypochondria a lack of carbon
carbon dioxide in dioxide in the blood
the blood

0 0 0
Carbon monoxide, a product of it disturbs it competes with it prevents the it prevents the
incomplete combustion, is toxic gaseous diffusion oxygen in its union absorption of food excretion of
because at the alveoli with haemoglobin from the digestive catabolites in the
capillary tract kidneys
membrane

0 1 0
If you approach an airfield VFR at a rule based rule and skill skill based knowledge based
prescribed altitude, exactly following the behaviour based behaviour behaviour behaviour
approach procedure, and you
encounter no inexpected or new
problems you show: 0 0 1
The type of hypoxia, which occurs at Boyle Mariotte´s Henry´s law Graham´s law Dalton´s law
altitude is a explained by: law
0 0 0
General Adaptation Syndrome is 2,3,4 1,2,4,5 2,3,4,5 1,3,4
characterised by the following phases :

-1 : alarm

-2 : alert phase

-3 : resistance phase

-4 : exhaustion phase

-5 : vigilance phase 0 0 0
Which of the following statements The most The most The most All the items of a
concerning check list is correct? important items important items important items check list are equally
should be placed must be placed at must be placed in important; their
at the beginning the end of check the middle of sequence is of no
of a check list list, allowing them check list so that importance
since attention is to be kept near at they come to be
usually focused hand so that they examined once
here are quickly attention is
available for any focused but
supplementary before
check concentration
starts to wane

1 0 0
Which of the following statements are 1, 4 and 5 are 1, 2 and 3 are 1, 2 and 5 are 1, 3 and 5 are correct
correct with regard to the design of a correct correct correct
check list?

-1 : The longer a check list, the more it

must be subdivided into

logical parts.

-2 : The trickiest points must be placed

in the middle of the check

list.

-3 : Check lists must be designed in

such a way that they can be

lumped together with other tasks.

-4 : Whenever possible, a panel scan

sequence should be

applied

-5 : Critical points should have

redundancies.

The combination of correct statements

is: 1 0 0
The use of check lists must be carried their execution is it may be rejected their execution their execution may
out in such a way that: not lumped since redundancy must not be done be done
together with in the following simultaneously simultaneously with
important tasks check list will serve with other actions other actions
as verification

0 0 1
In the initial phase of flight training the the pilot is during this learning the pilot has a the pilot is competent
relationship between confidence and sufficiently stage, the pilot is sphere of enough to fly the
expertise can be described as: competent to fly very near to expertise wich is aircraft at this stage,
and knows at this achieving full reduced to daily but does neither have
stage what he potential use of his skills a great deal of
can and cannot knowledge of the confidence in his/her
do machine abilities nor in the
whole system

0 0 0
According to Rasmussen's model, creative errors errors of technical routine errors handling errors
errors in rule-based control mode are of knowledge
the following type(s) :
0 1 0
In an abnormal situation the pilot has not applicable decreasing increasing the same, no matter if
an apparently correct explanation for with old and he/she has already
the problem. The chance that he/she experienced made up his/her mind
now ignores or devalues other relevant pilots
information, not fitting into his/her
mental picture is:
0 0 1
Check the following statements: 1, 2 and 3 are 1and 3 are correct 1 and 2 are 2 and 3 are correct
correct correct
1. The first information received
determines how subsequent

information will be evaluated.

2. If one has made up one's mind,

contradictory information may

not get the attention it really needs.

3. With increasing stress, channelizing

attention is limiting the flow

of information to the central decision

maker (CNS). 1 0 0
Gaseous exchange in the human body only 1 is correct 1, 2, 3 and 4 are 1, 2 and 3 are 2 and 3 are false
depends on: correct correct, 4 is false

1. diffusion gradients between the

participating gases

2. permeable membranes

3. partial pressure of oxygen in the

alveolus air

4. acid-base balance in the blood 0 1 0

Of the following statements, select 2,3 and 4 are only 1 is correct 2 and 3 are 1,2,3 and 4 are
those which apply to "information". correct correct correct

-1 : It is said to be random when it is not

intended for receivers.

-2 : It is intended to reduce uncertainty

for the receiver.

-3 : It is measured in bits.

-4 : Each bit of information reduces

uncertainty by a quarter.

The correct statement(s) is (are): 0 0 1

The individual's perception of stress the objectiv the pilot's the conditions of the subjectiv
depends on: evaluation of the increasing level of the current evaluation of the
situation and arousal situation only situation and one's
one's abilities to abilities to cope with it
cope with it

0 0 0
An increase in workload usually leads a shorter and a longer and more a shorter and less a longer and less
to: more frequent frequent exchange frequent frequent exchange of
exchange of of information exchange of information
information information

0 0 1
A study by NASA has examined the Radio failure. Mother tongue Listening errors. Errors in
relationships between incidents linked differing from understanding
with ground-to-crew communication. working language. clearance values.
Which of the following factors is the
main reason for disturbances in the
correct reception of a message?
0 0 1
Professional languages have certain 2 and 3 are only 4 is correct 1 and 4 are 1 and 3 are correct
characteristics, for example: correct correct

-1 : They use a limited vocabulary .

-2 : They are rich and adapted to the

context, which sometimes

lead to ambiguities.

-3 : Their grammar is rather

complicated and complex.

-4 : Context provides meaning, therefor

reduces the risk of

ambiguities.

The correct statement(s) is (are): 0 0 1

Which of the following statements 3 and 4 are 1 and 3 are correct 1 and 2 are 2 and 3 are correct
regarding interpersonal interactions are correct correct
correct?

-1 If the sender finds the receiver

competent, he/she tends to

reduce verbal redundancy content of

his sentences

-2 If the interlocuter is of non-native

tongue, the sender will reinforce

what he is saying by using more

complicated words so as to

optimize understanding

-3 If he/she finds him incompetent, he

tends to simplify the content

of sentences

-4 Simplification of check list in a crew

who know each other

essentially takes place in the case of

interpersonal conflict

The correct statement(s) is (are): 0 1 0

In order to make communication 1,2 and 3 are 3 and 4 are correct 2 and 4 are only 2 is correct 0 0 0
effective, it is necessary to: correct correct

-1 : avoid the synchronization of verbal

and non-verbal channels.

-2 : send information in line with the

receiver's decoding abilities.

-3 : always concentrate on the

informational aspects of the

message only.

-4 : avoid increasing the number of

communication channels, in
 order to simplify communication.

The correct statement(s) is (are):

The intended recipient of a message 1 and 2 are 2 and 3 are correct 3 and 4 are 1,2 and 4 are
must: correct correct correct

-1 : give priority and adapt to the

sender's situation.

-2 : acknowledge the receipt only in

case of doubt.

-3 : be able to reject or postpone a

communication attempt if

the pilot is too busy.

-4 : stabilize or finish a challenging

manoeuvre before starting a

discussion.

The combination of correct

statements is: 0 0 1 0
Coaction is a mode of coordination sustained the application of working parallel working parallel to
which recommends: cooperation on procedural to achieve one achieve individual
actions and the knowledge in the common objectives
formulation of conduct of specific objective
commitments actions
concerning flight
situations

0 0 1 0
Mental schemes correspond to: daily planning of memorised the memorisation memorised
probable representations of of regulatory procedures which
dangerous the various procedures develop and
situations procedures and associated with a change rapidly
situations which particular during change-
can be reactivated situation over to a new
by the pilot at will machine

0 1 0 0
What are the advantages of Interaction, Redundancy, Redundancy, Cooperation,
coordination? cognition, exploration, risky synergy, cognition,
redundancy. shift. clarification of redundancy.
responsibility.

0 0 1 0
Of the following statements, which 1,2 and 4 2 and 3 1 and 4 1 and 3
apply to coordinated cooperation?

-1 : It allows for synergy in the

actions between the captain and the

pilot.

-2 : It represents the simultaneous

execution of a single action by

the various members of the

crew.

-3 : Communication in this mode has

the function of synchronizing

actions and distributing

responsibilities.

-4 : Communication must be
essentially focussed on temporal
and

cognitive synchronisation.

The correct statement(s) is (are): 0 0 0 1

With regard to the average influence has little impact sharply reduces has a major increases in
of age on pilot performance, it may when the pilot is performance impact owing to impact as speed
be said that age: able to without, however, the impairment of of thought and
compensate for it affecting cognitive memory memory
by his/her flight capabilities deteriorate
experience

1 0 0 0
What triggers stress in humans? Always the The subjective Objective Only strong
awareness of an interpretation an stimulation from excitations of the
emotion and a individual gives to a the environment sensory organs: a
physiological situation regards of flash of light,
activation (e. g. experienced subjective noise, the smell of
rapide heart rate) perceptions smoke

0 1 0 0
What is a stressor? A psychological The adaptation An external or All external
problem response of the internal stimulus stimulation are
developed in a individual to his which is stressors since
situation of environment interpreted by an they modify the
danger individual as internal
beeing stressful equilibrium

0 0 1 0
Stress may be defined as: a psychological a human reaction a normal a poorly controlled
phenomenon which one must phenomenon emotion which
which only affects manage to which enables an leads to a
fragile eliminate individual to reduction in
personalities adapt to capabilities
encountered
situations

0 0 1 0
With regard to short-term memory, it is made up of it is made up of it is a stable form it mainly contains
we can say that : everyday everyday of working procedural
information for information for memory, and knowledge
immediate use, immediate use, and thus not very
and is limited in is limited in terms of sensitive to any
its capacity for the time for which it disturbance
storing and retains data but not
retaining data in its storage
capacity

1 0 0 0
Success in achieving the objectives a form of the different codes the matching of differences in
of a message requires: message, which between form and verbal, non- contexts for the
should not match meaning verbal and sender and the
the expectation of contextual receiver
the receiver meanings

0 0 1 0
In order to get colour vision, it is 1 1,2,3 2,4 3
necessary :

-1 : for there to be considerable

amount of light (ambient luminosity)

-2 : at night to look at the point to be

observed at an angle of 15°

-3 : to allow the eye a period of time

to get used to the light

-4 : to avoid white light 1 0 0 0

If man is compared with a computer, has more has less effective has less effective is relatively limited
it can be said that man : effective means means of action means of data compared with a
of action (output) (output) than the collection than computer, that
and is above all computer the computer means of data
capable of collection or
considerable means of action
synergy are referred to

1 0 0 0
The following course of action must 1,4 1,2,4 2,3 1,3
be taken if gastrointestinal or
cardiopulmonary complaints or pain
arise before take-off :

-1 : take the standard medicines and

advise the doctor on

returning from the flight

-2 : assess your own ability to fly, if

necessary with the help of a

doctor

-3 : if in doubt about fitness to fly -

do not fly!

-4 : reduce the cabin temperature,

and drink before you are thirsty

so as to avoid dehydration 0 0 1 0
Which of the following systems are 2,3,4,5 1,2,5 2,3,4 1,2,3
involved in the appearance of
motion sickness ?

-1 : Hearing

-2 : The vestibular system

-3 : Vision

-4 The proprioceptive senses "Seat-

of-the-Pants-Sense")

-5 : The gastrointestinal system 0 0 1 0

In the absence of external reference somato-gravic illusion of relative autokinetic cognitive illusion
points, the sensation that the vehicle illusion movement illusion
in which you sitting is moving when
it is in fact the vehicle directly
alongside which is moving is called : 0 1 0 0
Perceptual conflicts between the 2,3,4 1,3 3,4 1,2,3,4
vestibular and visual systems are :

1 - classic and resistant when flying

in IMC

2 - sensed via impressions of

rotation

3 - sensed via distorted impressions

of the attitude of the aircraft

4 - considerable during prolonged

shallow turns under IMC 0 0 0 1
Which of the following illusions are 1,4 2,3,4 2 3,4
brought about by conflicts between
the visual system and the vestibular
system ?

-1: Illusions concerning the attitude

of the aircraft

-2: Autokinetic illusion (fixed point

viewed as moving)

-3: Illusions when estimating the size

and distance of objects

-4 : Illusions of rotation 1 0 0 0
With regard to communication in a communication is communication is all the communication
cockpit, we can say that: always only effective if characteristics of uses up
sufficiently messages are kept communication, resources, thus
automated to short and namely output, limiting the
enable an activity sufficiently precise duration, resources
with a high to limit their number precision, clarity, allocated to work
workload element etc. are stable in progress
to be carried out and are not much
at the same time affected by
changes in
workload

0 0 0 1
Which of the following statement(s) 4 1,3 1 2,3
is/are correct ?

- 1: The retina has rods on its

peripheral zone and cones on its

central zone

- 2: The retina has cones and the

crystalline lens has rods

- 3: The rods allow for night-vision

- 4: The cones are located on the

peripheral zone of the retina 0 1 0 0
Concentration is essential for pilots. It only takes a Vigilance is all that All intellectual However,
little willpower to is required to be processes, capacity of
increase one's attentive including very concentration is
capacity of routined ones, limited
concentration make demands
without limits on resources and
therefore on
one's
concentration

0 0 0 1
The retina allows for the acquisition rods located in its crystalline lens rods located in its cones located in
of colours as a result of the: central part peripheral zone its central part

0 0 0 1
The phenomenon of The retina The crystalline lens The rods The cones
accommodation, which enables a
clear image to be obtained, is
accomplished by which of the
following ? 0 1 0 0
We know that, in the mechanism of the acquisition of the acquisition of binocular vision the analysis of
sight, the retina allows for : the visual signal the visual signal visual signals
and its coding and the
into physiological accommodation
data process

1 0 0 0
We know that transverse 3 1,4 2,3 1,2,3
accelerations (Gy)

- 1 : are above all active in turns and

pull-outs

- 2 : are present during take-off and

landing

- 3 : are rare during routine flights

- 4 : often lead to loss of

consciousness 1 0 0 0
The workload may be said to: 2, 3 and 4 are 1, 3 and 4 are 1 and 3 are 2 and 4 are
correct correct correct correct
-1 : be acceptable if it requires more
than 90 % of the crew

resources.

-2 : be acceptable if it requires about

60 % of the crew resources.

-3 : depend on the pilot's expertise.

-4 : correspond to the amount of

resources available

The combination of correct

statements is: 1 0 0 0
According to Wicken's theory, the processing different reservoirs unlimited cognitive
human brain has: capabilities which of resources information- resources which
function at peak depending on processing are centered on
level when whether one is in resources action
different tasks the information-
call for the same gathering,
resources information-
processing or
action phase

0 1 0 0
The available cognitive resources of are limited but are virtually allow for twin- are limited and
the human brain: make it possible unlimited tasks operation make it impossible
to easily perform without any loss to perform two
several tasks at of effectiveness attentional tasks
the same time at the same time

0 0 0 1
The vestibular system is composed 1,3,4 2,3,4 1,4 2,3
of

-1: two ventricles

-2 : a saccule

-3 : an utricle

-4 : three semicircular channels 0 1 0 0

The volume of air beeing exchanged 350 ml of air 150 ml of air 75 ml of air 500 ml of air
during a normal breathing cycle
(tidal volume) is about: 0 0 0 1
Changes in blood-pressure are arteriols adrenal glands pacemakers pressoreceptors
measured by: 0 0 0 1
The pressoreceptors are located in the carotid and the intestines the heart the lungs
aortic arterial
vessels

1 0 0 0
When the pressoreceptors signal a 2,3 and 4 are 1,3 and 4 are 1,2 and 4 are 1,2 and 3 are
lowering of the blood-pressure there correct, 1 is false correct, 2 is false correct, 3 is false correct, 4 is false
are adaptation mechanisms which
result in:

1. an increase of respiratory activity

2. the arteriols to constrict

3. an increase of cardiac output

4. the heart rate to rise 1 0 0 0

The physiological effects of 2,3 and 4 are 1and 4 are correct, 1,2,3 and 4 are 1,2,3 are correct, 0 0 1 0
accelerations to the human body correct, 1 is false 3 is false correct 4 is false
depend on:

1. the duration of the G-forces

2. the onset rate of the G-forces

3. the magnitude of the G-forces

4. the direction of the G-forces.

Inertia in the direction head => feet remain constant increase first increase, decrease
will cause the blood-pressure in the then decrease
brain to:

0 0 0 1
During sustained positive G-forces grey-out, grey-out, tunnel unconsciousness black-out, grey-
the order of symptoms you can unconsciousness vision, black-out , black-out, tunnel out, tunnel vision
expect is: , black-out and and vision and grey and
tunnel vision unconsciousness. out. unconsciousness.

0 1 0 0
The otoliths in the inner ear are constant speed linear acceleration angular angular speed
sensitive to: only and gravity acceleration

0 1 0 0
The normal rate of breathing of an 72 cycles per 16 cycles per 4 cycles per 32 cycles per
adult at rest is about: minute minute minute minute 0 1 0 0
Which of the following statements is in all the blood- in the mussles of in the veins of the in the artery of the
correct? vessels of the the upper arm upper arm upper arm
body (representing the
The blood-pressure which is (representing the pressure at heart
measured during flight medical pressure in the level)
checks is the pressure whole body)

0 0 0 1
When exhaling, the expired air more nitrogen less water vapour more oxygen more carbon
contains: than the inhaled than the inhaled air than the inhaled dioxide than the
air air inspired air

0 0 0 1
The primary factor to control the rate partial pressure partial pressure of total air pressure pressure of
and depth of breathing is the: of nitrogen oxygen in the blood in the blood carbon dioxide in
the blood

0 0 0 1
The transfer of oxygen from the Dalton's Law Henry's Law the law of Boyle's Law
alveoli to the blood can be discribed diffusion
by: 0 0 1 0
The transfer of carbon dioxide from Dalton's Law Henry's Law the law of Boyles Law
the blood to the alveoli can be diffusion
described by: 0 0 1 0
The partial pressure of carbon almost the same higher than the lower than the lower than in the
dioxide in the alveoli is: as in the pressure of carbon pressure of blood
atmospheric air dioxide in the blood carbon dioxide in
the atmospheric
air.

0 0 0 1
The rate and depth of breathing is water vapour in oxygen in the cells carbon dioxide in nitrogen in the air
primary regulated by the the alveoli the blood
concentration of:
0 0 1 0
Which of the following measures can Hyperventilation. A tilt back seat. Breathing Sit in upright
reduce the chance of a black-out oxygen. position and keep
during positive G-manoeuvres? relaxed.
0 1 0 0
Fixation or tunnel vision is primarily stress and stress and stress is high stress is medium
to be expected when : motivation are motivation are low
medium
0 0 1 0
Visual disturbances can be caused 1, 2 and 3 are 2, 3 and 4 are 1, 2 and 4 are 1, 2, 3 and 4 are
by: correct correct correct correct

1. hyperventilation

2. hypoxia

3. hypertension

4. fatigue 0 0 1 0
Desorientation is more likely to 2, 3 and 4 are 1, 3 and 4 are 1, 2 and 4 are 1, 2 and 3 are
occur when the pilot is: correct correct correct correct

1. flying in IMC

2. frequently changing between

inside and outside references

3. flying from IMC into VMC

4. having a cold 0 0 1 0
Positive linear accelleration when pitching down apparent sideward vertigo pitching up
flying in IMC may cause a false movement of
sensation of: objects in the field
of vision

0 0 0 1
Linear accelleration when flying descending yawing spinning climbing
straight and level in IMC may give
the illusion of: 0 0 0 1
With regard to central vision, which 1,2,4 2,3,4 1,3 2,4
of the following statements are
correct ?

-1: It is due to the functioning of rods

-2: It enables details, colours and

movement to be seen

-3: Its very active both during the

day and at night

-4: It represents a zone where about

150.000 cones per mm are

located to give high resolution

capacity 0 0 0 1
When turning in IMC , head autokinesis oculogyral illusion pressure vertigo coriolis illusion
movements should be avoided as
much as possible. This is a
prevention against: 0 0 0 1
The blood-pressure depends on: 1,3 and 4 are 2,3 and 4 are 1,2,3 and 4 are 1,2 and 3 are
correct, 2 is false correct, 1 is false correct correct, 4 is false
1. the work of the heart

2. the peripheral resistance

3. the elasticity of the arterial walls

4. the bloode volume and viscosity 0 0 1 0

Murphy's law states : Expectation has Performance is If equipment is Response to a
an influence on dependent on designed in such particular stressful
perception motivation a way that it can influence varies
be operated from one person
wrongly, then to another
sooner or later, it
will be

0 0 1 0
Blood-pressure depends on: 1 is false 2 is 1 and 2 are both 1 and 2 are 1 is correct 2 is
correct false correct false
1. the cardiac output

2. the resistance of the capillaries

(peripheral resistance) 0 0 1 0
The most dangerous characteristic will only occur can easily be is frequently will mainly occur
of the false mental model is, that it under conditions changed extremely under conditions
of stress resistant to of relaxation
correction

0 0 1 0
Situations particularly vulnerable to 3. 2. and 3. 1. and 3. 1. and 2.
"reversion to an earlier behaviour
pattern" are :

1. when concentration on a
particular task is relaxed

2. when situations are characterised

by medium workload

3. when situations are characterised

by stress 0 0 1 0
The effect of experience and habit can both be is always negative is never negative is always
on performance beneficial and beneficial
negative

1 0 0 0
The "gestalt laws "formulates : basic principles basic principles basic principles basic principles
governing how governing the governing the regarding to the
objects are relationship effects of habit relationship
mentally between stress and and experience between
organized and performance motivation and
perceived performance

1 0 0 0
Which of the following provides the The seperation of The intensity of the The aural or The aural or visual
basis of all perceptions? figure and stimuli. visual significance
background. significance attributed in long
attributed in short term memory.
term memory.

0 1 0 0
The errors resulting from an Liveware - Liveware - Liveware - Liveware -
irrational indexing system in an Software Hardware Environment Liveware
operations manual are related to an
interface mismatch between 1 0 0 0
Healthy people are usually capable 15.000 feet 20.000 feet 25.000 feet 10.000 - 0 0 0 1
to compensate for a lack of oxygen 12.000feet
up to

What could be symptoms of hypoxia Euphoria, Trembling, increase Headache, Headache, thirst,
(when flying without oxygen) above headache, in body fatigue, somnolence,
12,000 ft? improvement in temperature, dizziness, lack of collapse
judgement, loss convulsions,slowing coordination
of consciousness of the rate of
breathing

0 0 1 0
Hyperventilation is: an accellerated an accellerated a reduction of a normal
heart frequency heart frequency partial oxygen compensatory
caused by an caused by a pressure in the physiological
increasing blood decreasing blood- brain reaction to a drop
pressure pressure in partial oxygen
pressure (i.e.
when climbing a
high mountain)

0 0 0 1
The symptoms of hyperventilation surplus of O2 in shortage of CO in shortage of CO2 surplus of CO2 in
are caused by a: the blood the blood in the blood the blood
0 0 0 1
During a night flight at 10,000 feet closing one eye scanning sectors of dim the breathing extra
you notice that your acuity of vision the field of vision instrument lights oxygen through
has decreased. In this case you can the oxygen mask.
increase your acuity by:
0 0 0 1
During flight all crewmembers have Glaucoma. Hypothermia. Hypoglycaemia. Hypoxia.
one or more of the following
symptoms:

1. blue lips

2. mental disturbances

3. tingling sensations in arms and/or

legs

4. reduction of peripheral vision

Which is the possible cause? 0 0 0 1

Which measure(s) will help to 1, 2 and 3 are only 1 is correct 1 and 2 are 1, 2 and 4 are
compensate hypoxia? correct correct, 3 and 4 correct
are false
1. Descend below 10 000 FT.

2. Breathe 100 % oxygen.

3. Climb to or above 10 000 FT.

4. Reduce physical activities. 0 0 0 1

Hypoxia can be prevented when the will not exceed is using additional is relying on the is swallowing,
pilot 20 000 FT cabin oxygen when flying body's built in yawing and
pressure altitude above 10.000 feet warning system applying the
recognizing any Valsalva method
stage of hypoxia

0 1 0 0
Hypoxia can occur because: you inhale too the percentage of you are you are getting
much nitrogen oxygen is lower at hyperventilating toomuch solar
altitude radiation

0 0 1 0
Among the functions below, which is Night vision. Motor coordination. Hearing. Speech.
the most sensitive to hypoxia?
1 0 0 0
Hyperventilation is: a too high an increased lung a too high a decreased lung
percentage of ventilation percentage of ventilation
oxygen in the nitrogen in the
blood. blood

0 1 0 0
What airplane equipment marked a TCAS GPWS DME SSR
subtantial decrease in hull loss rates
in the eighties? 0 1 0 0
If somebody starts breathing faster the blood the blood turns less the blood turns the acid-base
and deeper without physiological pressure in the more alkaline more acid balance of the
need brain will rise blood will not
significantly change

0 1 0 0
During running your muscles are hyperventilation cyanosis hypoxia vertigo
producing more CO2, raising the (the rate and
CO2 level in the blood. The depth of
consequence is: breathing will
increase)

1 0 0 0
During a final approach under bad hypoxia carbon monoxide hyperventilation disorientation
weather conditions, you feel dizzy, poisoning
get tingling sensations in your hands
and a rapid heart rate.

These symptoms could indicate: 0 0 1 0

During final approach under bad descend apply the Valsalva use the oxygen control your rate
weather conditions you are getting method mask and depth of
uneasy, feel dizzy and get tingling breathing
sensations in your hands.

When hyperventilating you should 0 0 0 1

A pilot can overcome controlling the depending on increasing the the use of drugs
hyperventilation by: rate and depth of instruments rate and depth of stabilizing blood
breathing, breathing to pressure
breathing into a eliminate harmful
bag or speaking carbon dioxide
with a loud voice

1 0 0 0
You can overcome hyperventilation to prevent you to increase the to reduce blood to raise the level
by breathing into a plastic or paper from exhaling too amount of nitrogen pressure of CO2 in the
bag. The intention is: much oxygen in the lung blood as fast as
possible

0 0 0 1
Rising the perceptual threshold of a a lesser a greater sensitivity a greater a lesser selectivity
sensory organ means: sensitivity selectivity 1 0 0 0
You should not despense blood you are more the chance you get your blood- your heart
without prior information from your susceptible to the bends is higher pressure is too frequency is too
flight surgeon. The most important hypoxia after a after blood- low after blood- low after blood-
reason for this advise is: blood-donation. donation donation donation

1 0 0 0
Which of the following symptoms 1, 2 and 4 are 1, 2 and 3 are 2, 3 and 4 are 1, 3 and 4 are
can indicate the beginning of correct. correct. correct. correct.
hypoxia?

1. Blue lips and finger nails.

2. Euphoria.

3. Flatulence.

4 .Unconsciousness.. 1 0 0 0
Coriolis illusion, causing spatial normal simultaneous head undergoing gazing in the
disorientation is the result of: deterioration of movements during positive G direction of a
the semicircular aircraft manoeuvres flashing light
canals with age

0 1 0 0
When flying above 10.000 feet the composition the composition of the percentage of the partial oxygen
hypoxia arises because: of the blood the air is different oxygen is lower pressure is lower
changes from sea level than at sea level than at sea level.

0 0 0 1
Saturation of oxygen in the blood at 2, 3 and 4 are 1, 3 and 4 are 1, 2 and 3 are 1, 2 and 4 are
sea level is 98%. This saturation correct, 1 is false correct, 2 is false correct, 4 is false correct, 3 is false
decreases with:

1. decreasing air pressure

2. carbon monoxide poisoning

3. increasing altitude

4. increasing air pressure 0 0 1 0

Hypoxia is a situation in which the are saturated have a shortage of have a shortage are saturated with
cells with oxygen carbon dioxide of oxygen nitrogen

0 0 1 0
The severity of hypoxia depends on 2,3 and 4 are 1 and 3 are correct, 1,2,3 and 4 are 1,2 and 3 are
the: correct, 1 is false 2 and 4 are false correct correct, 4 is false

1. rate of decompression

2. physical fitness

3. flight level

4. individual tolerance 0 0 1 0
Which of the following statements It activates the It has little effect on It is a potential It is never a
concerning hypoxia is correct? senses and the body, because threat to safety. problem at
makes them the body can altitudes below
function better. always compensate 25.000 ft.
for it.

0 0 1 0
You are crossing the Alps in a non- the blood- you will get the your judgement the blood-
pressurised aircraft at an altitude of pressure can get bends could be impaired pressure can get
15.000 feet. You do not use the too low too high
oxygen mask because you feel fine.
This is unsafe, because: 0 0 1 0
One of the most dangerous hyperventilation, impaired reduced cyanosis, reducing
symptoms of hypoxia concerning causing judgement, coordination of then pilots ability
flight safety is: emotional stress disabling the pilot to limb movements, to hear
recognize the causing the pilot
symptoms to spin

0 1 0 0
A pressurized cabin helps to 1, 2 and 4 are 2, 3 and 4 are 1, 3 and 4 are 1, 2 and 3 are
prevent: correct. correct. correct. correct.

1. decompression sickness

2 .the problem of expansion of

gases in the intestines

3. hypoxia

4. coronary desease 0 0 0 1
Between which components is an Liveware - Liveware - Liveware - Liveware -
interface mismatch causing Software Liveware Environment Hardware
disturbance of the biological rhythm,
thus leading to reduced human
peformance? 0 0 1 0
Between which components is an Liveware - Liveware - Liveware - Liveware -
interface mismatch responsible for Hardware Environment Liveware Software
deficiencies in conceptual aspects of
warning systems? 0 0 0 1
Between which components is an Liveware - Liveware - Liveware - Liveware -
interface mismatch causing an error Environment Liveware Hardware Software
of interpretation by using an old
three-point altimeter? 0 0 1 0
Which of the following human error 1 in 100000 times 1 in 100 times 1 in 1000 times 1 in 10000 times
rates can be described as both
realistic and pretty good, after
methodical training 0 1 0 0
Studies of human error rates during 1 in 100 times 1 in 250 times 1 in 10 times 1 in 50 times
the performance of simple repetitive
task have shown, that errors can
normally be expected to occur about
0 0 1 0
One negative aspect of the highly less experienced complacency pilots constantly high
automated cockpit results in : crews because of among the disregarding the crew overload with
more transparent crewmembers automatic regard to the
system details equipment monitoring tasks

0 1 0 0
Incapacitation is most dangerous intense insinuating obvious sudden
when it is : 0 1 0 0
Early symptoms of hypoxia could be: 1,2,3 and 4 are 1,2 and 3 are 1,2 and 4 are 1,3 and 4 are
correct correct correct correct

1. euphoria

2. decreased rate and depth of

breathing

3. lack of concentration

4. visual disturbances 0 0 0 1
The circulatory system, among other both are false 1 and 2 are correct 1 is correct and 2 1 is false and 2 is
things, allows for : is false correct

1. transportation of oxygen and

carbon dioxide

2. transportation of information by
chemical substances 0 1 0 0
Henry's Law explains the occurence hyperventilation hypoxia decompression diffusion
of: sickness
0 0 1 0
Exchange of gasses between the central nervous lungs heart muscles
body and the environment takes system
place at the:
0 1 0 0
Our body takes its energy from : 1,3 2,3 1,2,3,4 1,4

1: minerals

2: protein

3: carbonhydrates

4: vitamines 0 1 0 0
What is meant by metabolism ? Transfer of Exchange of The Information
chemical substances transformation by exchange
messages between the lung which energy is
and the blood made available
for the uses of
the organism

0 0 1 0
One of the waste products of the protein sugar fat water
metabolic process in the cell is : 0 0 0 1
The body loses water via: 1 is correct and 2 1 is not correct and both are false 1 and 2 are
is not correct 2 is correct correct
1. the skin and the lungs

2. the kidneys 0 0 0 1
Under normal circumstances, which nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
gas will diffuse from the blood to the
alveoli: 0 0 1 0
During flight in IMC, the most visual sense, "Seat-of-the-pants- vestibular sense visual sense by
reliable sense which should be used interpreting the Sense" looking outside
to overcome illusions is the: attitude indicator

1 0 0 0
The thin walls of capillaries are red blood cells gases platelets protein
permeable for : 0 1 0 0
Which data compose the ICAO 1,2 ,3 1, 2 ,4 2,3 ,4 3,4
standard atmosphere ?

1. Density

2. Pressure

3. Temperature

4. Humidity 1 0 0 0
The part of blood without cell is serum water plasm lymph
called : 0 0 1 0
Oxygen, combined with hemoglobin white blood cells red blood cells platelets blood plasma
in blood is transported by 0 1 0 0
Haemoglobin is: in the white blood in the red blood in the platelets dissolved in the
cells cells plasma 0 1 0 0
Divided attention is the ability : Only 3 is false 1 and 2 are correct, 1,2 and 3 are 1 and 3 are
3 and 4 are false correct, 4 is false correct, 2 and 4
1. to execute several mental are false
activities at almost the

same time (i.e. when switching

attention from outside the aircraft

to the airspeed indicator on the

instrument panel)

2. to monitor the progress of a motor

programme (i.e.

flying or taxiing the airplane) on a

relatively subconscious level,

while making a radio call at the

same time (requiring a rather

conscious level)

3 .to select information and check if

it is relevant to the

task in hand. At the same time no

other operation can be

performed.

4. to delegate tasks to the copilot

while concentrating on

the procedures 0 1 0 0
The physiology of stress is now well the only stress stress develops in 2 stress slows stress promotes
known: hormone is stages: sublimation down the an increase in
adrenaline of performance and production of physical strength
then acceleration of sugar by the rather than
heart rate and organism and promoting mental
increase in vision thereby slows oerformance
down the heart
rate

0 0 0 1
An overstressed pilot may show the 1and 3 are 1, 2, 3 and 4 are 1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 are
following symptoms: correct, 2 and 4 correct correct, 4 is false correct, 3 and 4
are false are false
1. mental blocks, confusion and
channelized attention

2. resignation, frustration, rage

3. deterioration in motor coordination

4. high pitch voice and fast speaking 0 1 0 0

In relation to hypoxia, which of the This is a physical This is a condition Hypoxia is often This is a physical
following paraphrase(s) is (are) condition caused of lacking oxygen in produced during condition caused
correct? by a lack of the brain causing steep turns when by a lack of
oxygen to meet the circulatory pilots turn their oxygen saturation
the needs of the system to heads in a in the blood while
body tissues, compensate by direction opposite hyperventilating.
leading to mental decreasing the to the direction in
and muscular heart rate. which the aircraft
disturbances, is turning
causing impaired
thinking, poor
judgement and
slow reactions

1 0 0 0
Hyperventilation is due to an blue finger-nails dizziness, tingling reduced heart a state of
excessive rate of breathing and can and lips sensation in the rate and increase overconfidence
produce the following symptoms: fingers and toes, in visual acuity and reduced heart
nausea and blurred rate
vision

0 1 0 0
In the pulmonary artery there is : oxygen poor and oxygen rich and oxygen rich and oxygen poor and
carbon dioxide carbon dioxide poor carbon dioxide carbon dioxide
poor blood blond rich blood rich blood

0 0 0 1
The ability of the human eye to read is governed by is limited to the is limited to is almost equally
alphanumeric information (piercing peripheral vision foveal area of the daytime using the shared by the
vision): over an area of retina rod cells entire retina
approximately 20
degrees of angle

0 1 0 0
Which of the following statements is 70% of Hearing is the 40% of The kinesthetic
correct ? information sense which information channel provides
processed by collects most processed by the most important
man enters via information in man man enters via information for
the visual the visual flying
channel channel

1 0 0 0
What is the procedure above 10.000 Descend to Check the cabin Don an oxygen First inform ATC
ft altitude when faced with explosive below 10,000 ft altitude, don an mask and
decompression? and signal an oxygen mask and descend to below
emergency maintain level flight 10,000 ft

0 0 1 0
What is the average Time of Useful About 40 secods More than 1 minute About 12 Between 20
Consciousness after a rapid seconds seconds and 1
decompression at 40,000 ft ? minute
0 0 1 0
What is the Time of Useful The length of The time taken to The pilot's The period of time
Consciouness ? time during which become aware of reaction time between the start
an individualcan hypoxia due to when faced with of hypoxia and the
act with both gradual hypoxia moment that the
mental and decompression pilot becomes
physical aware of it
efficiency and
alertness,
measured from
the moment at
which he loses
his available
oxygen supply

1 0 0 0
What are the main clinical signs of Headaches, Increase in heart Headaches, Increase in heart
hypoxia during explosive articular pain, and respiratory fatigue, rate, decrease in
decompression ? speeding-up of rates, euphoria, somnolence, body temperature
the respiratory impairment of palpitations impairment of
rate, memory judgement, memory judgement
disorders disorders

0 1 0 0
Which is the procedure to be Descend to the Only medical Only the prompt Descend to the
followed when symptoms of lowest possible treatment is of use supply of oxygen lowest possible
decompression sickness occur? level and wait for is necessary level and land as
the symptoms to soon as possible
disappear before
climbing again

0 0 0 1
What is decompression sickness ? A frequent A disorder which is The formation of An sickness
disorder in solely encountered air bubbles in resulting from the
commercial below 18,000 ft bodily tissues, formation of
aviation due to with no nitrogen bubbles
the pressurisation consequences for in bodily tissues
curve of modern people's and fluids after a
aircraft capabilities cabin pressure
loss at high
altitude

0 0 0 1
Which of the following statements 1, 3 and 4 are 2 and 3 are correct 1, 2 and 3 are 2, 3 and 4 are
are correct: correct correct correct

-1: Scuba diving may be practiced

without restriction

-2: Many medicines have effects

which are incompatible with flight

safety

-3: An adequate amount of fluid

should be drunk when flying

-4: Diet has no repercussion on

health 0 1 0 0
Dalton's law explains the occurance altitude hypoxia bends decompression creeps
of : sickness
1 0 0 0
Concerning the capacity of the its mode of its storage capacity it is structurally it is structurally
human long-term memory storing is unlimited limited in terms of limited in terms of
information is storage capacity, storage time but
passive, making but unlimted in not in terms of
memory searches terms of storage capacity
effective time

0 1 0 0
Boyle's law is directly applicable in hyperventilation the expansion of the occurance of the occurance of
case of: with increasing trapped gasses in decompression hypoxia with
altitude the human body sickness at high increasing altitude
with increasing altitude
altitude

0 1 0 0
Which of the following statements Vasodilation is Evaporation is Performance is Complete
about hyperthermia is correct ? the only regulant more effective not impaired by adaption to the
which is capable when ambient an increase in heat in a hot
of reducing body humidity is high. body temperature country takes
temperature. to 40°C or more. about a fortnight.

0 0 0 1
The atmospheric pressure at 18,000 the partial oxygen the partial oxygen the oxygen the oxygen
feet altitude is half the atmospheric pressure at that pressure at that saturation of the percentage of the
pressure at sea level. altitude will be altitude will also blood at that air at that altitude
doubled drop to 1/2 of the altitude will drop will drop by one
In accordance with this statement, pressure of oxygen by 50 % too half also
at sea level

0 1 0 0
You climb from 0 to 50.000 ft and 10.000 and 45.000 and 50.000 0 and 5.000 feet 5.000 and 10.000
measure the decrease of the 15.000 feet feet feet
pressure per 5.000 ft. The absolute
difference in barometric pressure is
greatest between : 0 0 1 0
Physiological problems due to disorientation accelerations increased decreased
increasing altitude are caused by : atmospherical atmospherical
pressure pressure

0 0 0 1
The volume percentage of oxygen in increases by decreases decreases with remains constant,
the atmosphere at 30.000 feet expansion significantly with decreasing independent from
remains at 21 %; but the partial lower temperatures barometric altitude
pressure of oxygen : pressure

0 0 1 0
Air at an altitude of 18.000 feet 15% oxygen 10% oxygen 21% oxygen 5% oxygen
contains, approximately : 0 0 1 0
Dry air is a mixture of gases. Their 18% oxygen, 19% oxygen, 80% 25% oxygen, 21% oxygen,78%
volume percentage is about: 80% nitrogen, 2% nitrogen, 1% other 74% nitrogen, 1% nitrogen, 1% other
other gases gases other gases gases

0 0 0 1
Spatial disorientation will be most if the brain when flying in and when flying in when flying in
likely to occur during flight: receives out of clouds and light rain below bright sunlight
conflicting the pilot maintains the ceiling above a cloud
informations and good instrument layer
the pilot does not cross check
believe the
instruments

1 0 0 0
To facilitate and reduce the time structure avoid to rehearse mentally learn and store
taken to access information in long- irrelevant information which rehearse data in a logical
term memory, it is helpful to: information as we know we will information and structured
much as possible need soon before it is way
before needed
committing it to
memory

0 0 1 0
Pilots are more easily inclined to making a flight they are part of a making decisions they are not
take greater risks when: over unfamiliar group of pilots and independently of constrained by
territory they feel that they others time
are beeing
observed and
admired (e.g. air
shows)

0 1 0 0
Angular accelerations are perceived the otholits the receptors in the the semi circular the cochlea
by: skin and the joints canals

0 0 1 0
In order to get rid of excess nitrogen 3 hours after non 36 hours after any 48 hours after a 24 hours
following scuba diving, subsequent decompression scuba diving continuous
flights should be delayed diving ascent in the
water has been
made

0 0 0 1
Which of the following responses is Turning and Incorrect habitually missing A pilot who has
an example of "habit reversion" aircraft to the left anticipation of an an item on the flown many hours
(negative habit transfer): when intending to air traffic controller checklist or in an aircraft in
turn it to the right ´s instructions missing the which the fuel
second item lever points
when two items forward for the ON
are on the same position, may
line unintentionally
turn the fuel lever
into the false
position, when
flying a different
aircraft, where the
fuel lever has to
point aft to be in
the ON position
0 0 0 1
Although the anticipation of possible anticipating that anticipating that the anticipating the mishearing the
events is a good attitude for pilots to the weather may flight will take sequence of contents of a reply
acquire, it can sometimes lead to deteriorate longer time than items on a check from an air traffic
hazardous situations. With this planned list. controller when a
statement in mind, select the non-standard
response below which could lead to procedure was
such a hazard: given but a
standard
procedure was
anticipated 0 0 0 1
In relation to the word ´stress´as it ´Stress´is a term All forms of stress Reactive Self imposed
affects human beings, which of the used to describe should be avoided. stressors relate obligations will not
following responses is correct? how a person purely to a pilot´s create stress.
reacts to physical
demands placed condition.
upon him/her.

1 0 0 0
If during flight a pilot is in a mental in a confused prepared best to unprepared to approaching a
condition of "optimum arousal" mental state cope with a difficult handle a difficult condition of
he/she will be: task situation complacency or
fatigue

0 1 0 0
The relevance of check procedures conducting a flying an aircraft flying an flying an aircraft
during flight becomes even more longer flight than which you have unfamiliar type of which you have
important when: you would flown many times aircraft and flown recently
normally perform before experiencing
mental pressure

0 0 1 0
Which of the following responses Resignation, Anti-authority, Invulnerability, Machismo
lists most of the common hazardous confidence, impulsiveness, underconfidence, complex,
thought patterns (attitudes) for pilots inattention invulnerabilty, avoidance of resignation,
to develop? resignation, making decisions, confidence, self
machismo complex lack of situational critcism
awareness

0 1 0 0
Carbon monoxide is always present A short exposure Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide When exposed to
in the exhaust gases of engines. If a to relatively high is easily recognised can only affect carbon monoxide
pilot is exposed to carbon monoxide, concentrations of by odour and taste. pilots if they are for a long period
which of the following responses is carbon monoxide exposed to them of time, the body
correct? can seriously for a long period will adapt to it and
affect a pilot´s of time. no adverse
ability to operate physical effects
an aircraft. are experienced

1 0 0 0
Judgement is based upon: the development the ability to a process a decision making
of skills from interpret the flight involving a pilot´s process involving
constant practice instruments attitude to take physical
of flight and to evaluate sensations and
manoeuvres risks by their transfer to
assessing the manually operate
situation and the aircraft
making decisions controls
based upon
knowledge, skill
and experience

0 0 1 0
Most accidents are mainly caused good good judgement physical skills interpersonal
by lack of: maintenance of relations
aircraft
0 1 0 0
Conscious perception relates to the is a mental process relies upon the involves the
correct involving development of transfer of
recognition of experience and intuition information from
colours expectations the receptor to the
brain only

0 1 0 0
Human behaviour is determined by: the social cultural influences biological biological
environment characteristics, characteristics
social
environment and
cultural
influences

0 0 1 0
The cabin pressure in airline always equivalent normally not normally not normally not
operation is to sea level exceeding 6 000 to exceeding 2 000 exceeding 4 000
8 000 feet to 3 000 feet to 5 000 feet

0 1 0 0
The total pressure of a mixture of Dalton´s law Graham´s law Henry`s law Boyle Mariotte´s
gases is equal to the sum of the law
partial pressures of the gases which
compose the mixture corresponds
to: 1 0 0 0
A large number of medical The side effects They will cause a A pilot using any They have no side
preparations can be bought without of these types of condition of over- of these effects which
a doctor´s prescription. In relation to preparations are arousal preparations would give
using these preparations, which of sufficiently should get problems to a pilot
the following is correct: negligible as to professional during flight
be ignored by advice from a
pilots flight surgeon if
he intends to fly
and self-medicate
at the same time

0 0 1 0
It is inadvisable to fly when suffering the tissue around although the swollen tissue in because it will
from a cold. The reason for this is: the nasal end of change in air the inner ear will seriously affect
the Eustachian pressure during a increase the rate peripheral vision
tube is likely to climb at lower of metabolic
be swollen thus altitudes is very production
causing difficulty small, it increases resulting in
in equalising the rapidly at high hyperventilation
pressure within altitudes. If the
the middle ear tissue in the
and the Eustachian tube of
nasal/throat area. the ear is swollen,
Pain and damage gentle descents at
to the eardrum high alltitude would
can result, result in damage to
particularly during the ear drum
fast descents

1 0 0 0
The inner ear is able to perceive: 1 and 2 are 2 is correct, 1 and 3 1 and 2 and 3 are 2 and 3 are
correct, 3 is false are both false correct correct, 1 is false
1. angular acceleration

2. linear acceleration

3. noise 0 0 1 0
The chemical substance responsible carbon monoxide tar the combination nicotine
for addiction to tobacco is of nicotine, tar
and carbon
monoxide

0 0 0 1
The person with overall 1 1 and 2 2 and 3 4
responsibility for the flight is the

-1 Pilot in Command

-2 Co-pilot

-3 Navigator

-4 Air traffic controller

The correct statement(s) is (are): 1 0 0 0