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tr'onuul-,AS
. . IIORSION . IMPACT
COMPRESSION . TENSION BENDING
. .
BNAMS ' FRAMES . ARCIIES IIRUSSES PLA.IES
. RE||ATNING WALLS PIPES AND TUNNELS
.
FOUNDATIONS
MCGRAW.HILL
LONDON MADRID
NE$,YORI< CIIICAGO SNF'RANCISCO LISBON
MEXICO CITY MILAN NES'DEI,HI SAN JUAN SNOUL
.'..
Library of Congress Catatoging-in-publication Data
Mikhelson, llya. To my wif e and son
Structural engineering formulas / ilya Mikhelson.
p. cm.
tsBN 0-07-14391 1-0
1. Structural engine€ring-Mathematics. 2. Mathematics_Formulae. L Tifle.
TA636.M55 2004
624.1'02'12-4c22 2004044803
copyright @ 2004 by llya lvlikhelson. AII rights reserued. printed in the united states of America.
Except as permitted under the united states copyright Act of 1 976, no part of this publication may be
reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval svstem.
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
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and the production supervisor was sherri souffrance. The art director for the cover was Maroaret
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:-
CONTE N s
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Bending 1.2,1.3
Torsion 1.5
Statics
3. Beams. Diagrams and Formulas forVarious Loading Conditions
and so are the analyses they require. Some are performed with sophisticated computer programs;
others call only for a thoughtful application of ready-to-use formulas. ln any situation, the
informationinthiscompilationshouldbehelpful. ltwillalsoaidengineeringandarchitectural
computed.
The author would also like to express his gratitude to colleagues Nick Ayoub, Tom Sweeney, and
are determined.
The norms of structuEl design do not remain constant, but change with the evolving methods
of analysis and increasing strength of materials. Furthermore, the norms fof design of
various struclures, such as bridges and buildings, are different. Therefore, the analysis methods
provided in this book are limited to determination of forces and stresses. Likewise, the
included properties of materials and soils are approximations and may differ from those
AII the formulas provided in the book for analysis of structures are based on the elastic theory.
About the Author
llya Mikhelson, Ph.D., has over 30 years'experience in design, research, and teaching design
of bridges, tunnels, subway stations, and buildings. He is the author of numerous other
publications, including: Precast concrete for Underyround Construction, Tunnels and Subways,
L. STFIESS
and
STFIAIN
Methods of Analysis
STRESS and STRAIN
TENSION and COMPRESSION 1.1
eight Axial force: N. = YA(L_x),
Tables 1.1-1.1 2 provide formulas for determination of stresses in structural elements for various loading Y = unit volume weight,
conditions. To evaluate the results, it is necessary to comparc the computed stresses with existing A = cross - sectional area.
N
norm reouirements. Stresses:o.=;!=f( t__x), o,,=TL. o. r=0.
Detbmation:
Keacrron: ^ 0.at'EA A, L,
k=--.
^-O*L!. "=i.
n
Axial force N =-R (compression),
-Rcr'AtoERo.atoE
A, lrl-k'"' nA k(n-l)+l
n
For A, =d, i o=6.r =62 =-61.4t08, lt'=4-lj
b) Where T"0 md T"0 re original and considered temperatures.
-. *ato
0 = coefficient of linear expansion
Ato > 0 tension stress. At0 < 0 compression srress.
Case b/
Deformation: Ai = a.At"L
STRESS and STRATN
Tables 1.2 and 1.3a
BENDING 1.2
Example. Bending \4
bcndtngslfcss; o--.)
I
civen. Shape W 14x30, L=6m
Area A=8.85in'? =8.85x2.54'? =57.097cm2
^.
Jnetrstress: T=-VS
l.b
lt I
Depth h=13.84in=13.84x2.54=35.154cm
Web thickness d = 0.27jrn = 0.27 0 x 2.54 = 0.686cm
width b=6.730in=6.730x2.54=1'7.094cm
rr-q;r_ ".. Stresses in x-y
oy = 0,
plane:
Load P=80kN
(assumed) [o] = 196.2 MPa, [r] = 58.9 MPa
Allowable stress
*-------= v=f
r,,""
il/
l/'_
=t;Vo,'+4r'
Required. Compute: o.,"* and x."*
Sheor diogrom
"!4,. The principal stresses and maximum (min)
2
Solution. M=
..rT
A+l: DT
_ 0.4378x 6, + 80x6 12 1.97 kN .m Stresses ?f----r: shear stresses lie at 45' to each othcr.
84 84 = in''ti"o-ii-.n"ion" 9rj I ll-e
-, (DL P 0 4378'6 8o
zi.zll ljra,
* = 4t.3t kN Stress diagrams
22 22 -11""
o.,o, _
tvt _ 121.97x100(kN.cm) 17.72 kN/cm': =177215.0 kN/m'?=177.215 MPa< 196.2MPa F---iq-E;Fiq-- o-diagram:
"" =*T, "".=0, ",,=-{
s 688.26(cmr) lsvl
I
t!-^tfg{^-L,
| ,A1,sv I
t-tliagram: {", =0, ri" =#=#,
"",
=t
.1t90 kN/crn' - llJ900 kN/m' = 18.9 MPa < 58.9 MPa lzl o,""" -diagram:
#
I
t. -T j oM3V r-
- t-- -
Stress diogroms 22S2A
Note;
"+ "- Tension
"- "- Compression
:-
STRESS and STRATN
BENDING
Sheear str(ess: T=-VS
I,b
(h )rlh ) b/h'z .)
. =!(l;-Yll
_y
al
zl ;;+Y l=;l ;-Y' I'
z / L\+ )
b(h'
i[7-'"'J
-thr.
') 6v(t' ,)
_.b bh'14 ')
t2
f ,h 0, for y=9; x=
2
Case b/ lr
Tl =0,
fh r)
-i-bt v. /h t)
r,b lt-t)'
I
I
'r,d \2 2)
t ./ h \''l
l
Iiu,[fh r), ol
t-'l I
r,dl \lt-t)- -l
)l
I l
n two directions Bending moments.
Stress:
- =.,M( cosq+ s-
fsindJ)
""", tl
Neutral axis: tanB=Ia1uno.
ly
UI{ +{,
Deflection in direction of forc" f A=
'
P,L' P' L'
E^. case
For -L^...-. L.
^--^ shown: ^' = :!L. A ') -
3Et.. = lEr
==-
STRESS and STRATN
COMBINATION OF COMpRESSTON (TENStON) and BENDTNG 1.4
uompressron (Tension) and bending
i' i'
Neutral axis: y,,=lz, z"=!.
"Y "r'
^ n'EI
P.= li
,= for 1..,,)n,/^:..
(kr)'
-lil +)
lt
where R" is the elastic buckling strength.
v R.
'+ + {+ 1., kL
. -ilj1. -1r
stress: o.^ Saj.
ffi
Axial compression (tension) and benl
Stresses:
NMoNa,,
x
compression o.," =
A-q'tJ
P"
-9-
STRESS and STRAIN
roRStoN lr.s
Table 1.5
Bar of circular cross-section
Example, Torsion Stress: , =M'.9=M,
beam, L = 1.5m, for profile see Table 1 5c I ) q'
-p-"n
civen. cantilever
h=70cm, h, =30cm, h, =60cm, h, =40cm, br =4'5cm, bz=2'5cm, br =5 5cm fido
,Io=-=.9.16'. ^ rdl
So=-:" =0.2d'.
Material: Steel, G=800kN/cm'? =8000 (MPa)
moment M, 'm 180". M L.
Torsion = 40 kN Angle of twisr: eo -
'[* and q" lLnox n Clo
Required. Compute
h1n o/. f
,-=.
g\ Where G = Shear modulus of etasticity
Sofurion. !=i::=O.Ol . 10. cr =2.012, b/.
br 4.)
lt=9=z+r !-=4= <10, c,=z.zr2
r\,, Bar of rectangular cross-section
b2 2,5
10,
br 5.5
7.27
ll-T-r
1,, = c,$l = 2.91274.5a = 825.04
h hr 6ov? 5l
cma, I'. = c,6l = 2 212v 5'5a = 2024'12 cma
'* .'klo Eot
I=r
Str.rl t*^l{'.
rr
s,nclAngleolrwist:
h->ro:
,=T. r =i=T
,o-
1800.M'L.
="":"
I, =",.', =312.5cma,
t,.h5.5
=,
t'
lI,=t,,
=tt9tjuu =574 85 cml'
+t,,+I,.=3161.66cm4
[dJ" D
Profile consisting of
c/. F_h- re cta n g u I a r c ro s s - s e c t i o n s
r=ts-F--t-{ . g =-l' .,-I'
i=n
".EF
[J''
Stress: t,,. =!!r linpoint t.1.
i \rndt sr
M y-R,,
-
o. =-.-,
' A.c y "" _le
h"_
tA'
c=R_Ro
hl
lf :<0.5. c=--j! forallcross-secrionlypes.
R A.R
A =Ar +Ar,
M R._R"
'A.c R,
N=P, M=2PR,
_ P zPR R, -Ro
-' bh bhc R"
Io _ P ,2PR R"-Rb
" bh bhc Rb
Note. For beams with circular cross-section:
,( | r)
n.--ln+,/n'-a o'
f
'.,''r
no=nlr-'l*l
z\ r *.,I l6\R/]
L
.
d = diameter of cross-section.
STRESS and STRAIN
oP
o
E=
t
ts r
t
o
(J
,t
vt
c
nl
6
STRESS and STRAIN
DYNAMICS, TRANSVERSE OSCILLATIONS OF THE BEAMS 1.8
NATURAL OSCTLLATIONS OF SYSTEMS
WITH ONE DEGREE FREEDOM
only
Tables 1.8-1.1 2 consider computation methods for elastic systems
1 SIMPLE BEAM WITH ONE POINT MASS
Y
1
Dettections
N
r\\-
ffid;1,;l
FORCES:
l'-Weight oftheload, M"""'
t-+ .=3
DEFLECTIONS:
A.r =Static deflection due to Load p
g
( ^^.cml
!-cravitationalacceleration.l g=981 ; aA =Max., min. deflection due to Force P
\ sec'/
11 - Force of inertia, P, = T ma A,t(r) = Static deflection due to Force P= 1
=;[ry.t)
=[tP-t,) ;
i-t--*-f-.
|
Maximum sheari
"-
?eFI
Forceofinertia: P, =7
Deflections- I
\=- ----'r, Maximum Bendins Moment: Mnu =(+.t] t
1__?
| , ---l Maximum shear: v,"- =
3"#I'*r
STRESS and STRAIN
DYNAMICS, TRANSVERSE OSCILLATIONS OF THE BEAMS
DIAGRAM OF CONTINUOUS OSCILLATTONS
o = frequency of free oscillation, ro= a/r/ rn- [k/ 2m]', For simpte beam
-
STRESS and STRAIN
DYNAMICS, TRANSVERSE OSCILLATIONS OF THE BEAMS
FORCED OSCILLATIONS OF THE BEAMS
WITH ONE DEGREE FREEDOM
SIMPLE BEAM WITH ONE POINT MASS
qY
TORCES: DEFLECTIONS:
S(t) =vibrating force, Assumed: S(t)=5q.rt Aq(p) =Static deflection due to Load P
c. e-t' " sin (ot + g0) =free oscittation. :jj!]]- costpt forced oscillation
f((D'-a-J
kn =dynamiccoefficient. k" =#
q,l'
./f'-ql'*[k
rUJ') Lm (o"l
\il
lf k = 0 (damped oscillation is not included 1: ko = -_L
,v
t-tt
/e=sgf
e=logarithmicbase, e=2.77828
. g=gravitational acceleration. "t )
[_ sec_/
STRESS and STRAIN
DYNAMICS. IMPACT
Elastic design
Table 1.11 Dynamics, impact Axial compression
Example. Bending
Given. Beam W12x65, Steel, L=3.0m,
Momentof inertia I.=533in4x2.54o =22185 cm*
V,,-
Pr
ku-lo ' I ,20.4 - loo kN .m
It Dynamic bending moment: MD =I! k .
Bendingmoment
O:
306*100
O
- ff-r Dlmamic shear: Vu =
P
t
ko .
51r"". o=Y.= =21.24 kN/cm'? =212400kN/m'=212.4 MPa
s 1440.4
For stresses see Table 1.3
p
Dlmamicstress:
'A o=- : .k,, (compression)
q PFIOPHFITIES
OF
GEONIETFTIC
SECTIONS
PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC SECTIONS
for TENSION, COMPRESSION, and BENDING STRUCTURES 2.1
1. SQUARE
I
r-T--?--.r
A-ar. t,=t"-i-^4 t,=1
^1
{ l.t l-"
'tfr-*' r.= t-? ,.= ,, - ,fu.= o.zr ,^ , ,= +
2. SOUARE
Ais of moments on diagonal
4l
ffi* ^ a-.
A- ^2 L-^
h= avl-
l;, t tt^ L,= l,
t.42a. - ;:. S.= S. _ *:== 0. I l8ar
L2 6J2
."=. = -!- o.:tsa. z- -3-=o.zlea
./r2 3J2
3. RECTANGLE
ll x, , bh' bjh bhr brh
rtTY ^12'12"3',|
-l],I'd(l-" S
hh2
-;. b6 S -;.
h2h
r,-0.28ch. r,= 0.289b.
'[ *'l' .'
*
d'sina
48
4. RECTANGLE
Axis ofmoments on any line through centerof gravity
ry'
I
A= bh. y, - y"- -1h cosa - b sina).
2'
I, - hh
,; (h'cos'a'b'sin'a). S"
_ bh (h?cos':a t b) sin2 a)
tz 6(hcosa+bsina)
., " o.zso\6'"oJ* btin'al
r-T+1
I T--]lr-
A= ah + b(H - h),
11- _'--
t,:
$. fe' *- *$o-nr, -o'r, r,=
--[il s.:
Su'-r"r* #, r,= * * frr-nr
rlY 6. NONSYMI\,IETRICAL SHAPE
t"i--|
T---T'-'-'1---:-T
l
A=bc, +a(ho +h,)+Bco, b,=b -a, B,:B-a,
I,
2(aH + Brcb+
t_
- ;(By;
J
- B,hl+
c. )
brc,) ' rt "
ur' - o,nr,
Jh '
-29
PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC SECTIONS
for TENSION, COMPRESSION, and BENDING STRUCTURES 2.2
7. ANGLE with equal legs
. y-
A- t(rn - t)'
h2+htt[t hrr-2c
t)cos4f ' t'=
2(2h - -E-'
t"=
- llzc'-z1c-tY *tq'-2.* ]ty''l
3L 2')
c= y,cos45"
h2+hr
- "r' . v._ jj______:!-.
A= (b _ h,)_ r(h _ b r. x,_ ",'"lf'r'"nt
2(b h,) -" 2(h I b,)
lr
r^= -lrlr'-y,l tyj -u,(v, -r)'].
lr
t,- lfr1U-xo]'-trx] -tr,1xo -t;']
l, = I.* md I, = 1.,". tun:po = J!' .
bb hh
l*y= Producr ol inertia abour aes.(moy. r{) =.4(b*hJ,
L
lt)l
A =-bh , rro =Jh . 1 =:rr. d =1(b, -b. ) .
, bh' ,
-"
bhr , bhr
J6''\ t2' 4'
, hb(b,-b,b.) = rr(uj+ul)
"= J6 12 '
hh2 hh)
"
h
S",0, =:-(forbase). S,,,, = r" =#=0.236h
;(lorpointA).
10. RECTANGULAR TRIANGLE
^ bh cL , bhr hb'
221636
, b'h' Lc3
-v' 361: 36'
or: Ir, = I"cos2a + I*sin2a + 2I*rsina cosa,
.bhbrht
sln,r= -, cosa= -. | = --
L' L' " 72'
h
' _:+=
r-=
3^12
0.236h.
PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIG SECTIONS
for TENSION. COMPRESSION. and BENDING STRUCTURES 2.3
n=jtu+u"',':=$f: ,=ffin.
x,
,= _h'(b;+4b"b.+b:) , _h,(b"+3b,) '
'" 3o(b,'bJ "'= ,
x
xt =n'('llno'), s"" =I'luotto-), s*, =L(.p),
'*,
r'161r,*+up3ay
6(bo +b, )
12. REGULAR HEXAGON
"ry A = 2.598R'?
s"
= 0.866d', I. = Iy =
= 0.625Rr,
r_= r,=
S, =
0.456R= 0.263d.
0.54lRa
0.541R"
= 0.06da,
"r\7-"
J-Z--h A= 0.828d?, I. =
S, = Sy
Iy
= 0.690R,- 0.l0q5dr.
= 0.638R4
r,
= 0.0547d4,
= r, = 0.257d.
I
@
A-_na-col-. K=- K__- d=_.
4 2
2sin4 2tan! n
22
nuR'{r2R {{tzni+a'l= A{6R'+a'l
" 96 ' *u')= 48'
r. = r. -
24'
I
a= 2J(R'-Ri)
-ffi'
33
PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC SECTIONS
for TENSION. COMPRESSION. and BENDING STRUCTURES 2.4
16. HOLLOWCIRCLE
,/F,
I
*n7 /
(r-E').
'D r=r =""
E=i. -n4
n=""4 64'
ft_8")
-l-'l-;" F l-x
\H/
u l, .)
5 ' =5 ) =_{l*C \ J It. r\ =r y =_.il_r- >'
l1 q' !
I t-dJ
l----.0--l
I L=-.
nl
-dJ
6
g- A= rDr,
S,=
?=
t, = 'il8 ' .
-hl+
0.7853D']r. r"=
0.3926D'r,
0.351D.
ts -
I
i
o-zn
l-{r,
-l I
I- = 0.00686Da, I, = I" = d= O.OrrOo,
--'K{ rQz
e- |= 0.785R'. y, =
dR
#=0.a2an.
y= 0.s76R.
f= o.'ru.,r*'
nno
ffi, t!= 2a-sin2a. k== eg
^FHl
7..-.--\- -, d=
2 '" ^ 8 '
J(p
b=2Rsina, s= 2Ra,
-35-
PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC SECTIONS
for TENSION, COMPRESSION, and BENDTNG STRUCTURES 2.5
21. ELLIPSE
I , lt ,
A= zab' Ab'
I = ratb
_=_ Aa2
|-7z'i-\ -aD.
46416'6416
'l lt{Tr-* -
).= rabt _.
_= Ab ^ = ra'b Aa
5
l;.1 ' 32
''
8
ba
"
r 4
32 8'
4'
22. HOLLOW ELLIPS
t=
|ffir..
I
|@a-u,a,),
11+#42-" r. = fr(uu'*u,ri), t, =
t*t s.=
fi-("u'-u,ui), s"=
ff(u'a-uia,),
fr(u'r-uiu,)
il.
Il,--:-Ta ^ 4ab ;- = 3a
23. Segment of
-.
a PARABOLA
4ab' ab'
-Fl-E[-" ,
J
I oa'b
f
l2Aa'z ,
t)
4a'b
)
3Aa2
t-*? j 't75t75"71
, 32a3b 8Aa2
" 105 3s
24. STEEL WAVES from parabotic arches
v
r= !tea+s.zt), b, = jtr*r.ut),
-tr6ffi4" u, = ]{u-z.ot), =}{r'*,),
l*i I
r',
A=(irb+2h)t, hr = h-b,
e ^
-'
nd'
tc,
At all points ofthe perimeter
@
t[ d.-d At all points ofthe
r,=+ (dl-di)=r, ^
"' 16 d, outside perimeter
"Flrl-
H l, =0.1404 a S, = 0.208 a In the middle ofthe sides
ffi
W ShaDe
h tbl -bi
'' - 14b-bJ
-
)
0.21 bl
Angle
- ^r.
"'
Channel
u,
in the middle ofthe long side
Structtral Tee
-lhkj
l=n.F""'
'-rh S=' I
3. BBAI\{S
Diagrams and Formulas
for
Various Loading Conditions
SIMPLE BEAMS 3.1
The formulas provided in Tables 3.1 to 3 1o-for determination of support reactions (R)'
t
R_
"2=: -* - r1 = 19 =-:a
lqryl
Mofnent 48Er 6EI
I
D
D -' at point of load
'2 at point of load
; Sheor ''M-o
tr%rd'r I
b.aL
h Dr2
D _D "
='+ Pa2b2
*qIPl
Momerlt
"I-
o
'* ^
3EI. L
I
6g1 \>t >t /
o -o at point of load
Dr2
.I, at point of load
-
Sheor l'u.o"l 6EI'-
v,lilffi"'*i a,b
',
L' '' I,
tfr*r-Fl
-r-J+
'_l+
'2
DT
^ PIJ
pr2
Morient z 20.22Er 24EI
ro4Pi
I
1p
\Mfrf
';heor
|
I
"2 at center at center
|H , r
SIMPLE BEAMS 3.2
LOADINGS SUPPORT BENDING MOMENT DEFLECTION ANGLE
REACTIONS OF DEFLECTION
Table 3.2 4 5 6
ruv2
Uniform distribution load w =5 kN/m=0 05 kN/cm
Sofution. .,
v =K=, - *L =--
5"lo -_25 on
2 ^wL wt WU
2
"2 M ^5wU
wr- 5xlo'? I 384 ET 24El
M jjji-= =62.5kN m Moment
88 I
^wL
s 005x(1000)" =0.45cm=4.5mm
SqI[ruIIFl
I
"2 at @nter at center
^"
\/
wx { Lt-2Lx' + xt )
o ott(tooo),.t 24Fr
*= til t =1 45x10
rradim
" - zqql= 24x20147.6x71175 6
o -wdrr rr ^ = wa'tf.l--C
I ")
" 2' M,""" "
U..
6Er l 2')
-l
iwi
Momenr
lMoment
ffi
I
II
?a
=l u(r*'ru' R
w]
"L Lr l- LL) I
c'L'l R R
I Mo*nent
\ ^r
+-lx- "\-_'ba
"
i
64b | 6Er 24EI
N#u. -
nr=
wca
L
c{b-a)
2L
aI x=a fi =4a(L+b)-c'?
SIMPLE BEAMS 3.3
@
.|}, |
:-,-- L
+ -wL *?=0.064wli 7wC
-l "6 M-"" = =nno65):
I Moment 9J3 CI 360 EI
'wi
I
ffii
-*--t-
t-rirrrfllnh#-l
.tr,I
I
| '7
Moment
M =*I,,
12
at @nter
I
at center
2OEI
) wL-
| 92FI
iql][ryi
I
lshuo. \u*, I
IITrrrx
vrllTFn* ln
I
wa
o.2 o.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
i-;;.
iquuPl
I ^"-
o
6 "
_ w, +2w0,L X
l3
"09
1130 c% sff 8"00
"
^"
360Er
I-r(7w, +8w" l
I Sheor \ Mmr I
'.b- 0.555 0.536 0.520 0.508 0.500 u.=
6 L 360EI
llTh"*-;",
when x =0.500L
4","" ={wa+ub)L-,
to x=o.5l9l
SIMPLE BEAMS and BEAMS OVERHANGING ONE SUPPORT 3.4
NOTES SUPPORT BENDING MOMENT DEFLECTION ANGLE
LOADINGS
REACTIONS OF DEFLECTION
E.-l
--"*;l R"=+ M,,* =M,
d."...._
when x =0.423L
I
M.IJ
).)vbl -
^ ML
" 3F.I
v
ffit
|Trrrrrrrrrrrrrr
Ro =-R" when x=0
, M^L,
when x = 0.5L
I 6EI ^ M"L
' 6EI
t' =1-31 :
vllrrrrrrr ||| rr rrrrr1t2 /^\2
I
\L/
ffi
"I, a=-{L+al
P
r)= ' '
3EI' 6EI
Between supports: PaL
"
"
*r=t+ A..,.... - -0.0642-
PaI r
-- 6EI
PaL
EI "
"n -
x = 0.577L 3EI
,,w
#
.&; For overhang: For overhang:
wa2
- *" (4L+3a) .-.^ l
F--l---T--- 2t, "2 a= ^ wa-(a+Ll
24F.1' 6El
j Moment lruo I
LOADINGS OF DEFLECTION
{at f roe end)
prl pr:
D -D M.* =-Pt r)=:-=
I Moment I 3EI zEI
) lu6ot
mttrr"* i
I sh€or i
TIIIIIIIIIIIIn P
Dol
D _D M.* =-Pa A =::-/rr
\'- -")
" J
^ Pa2
--,
otl 2Et
, Sheor
*'lilTtrrrr*!
R=
*L
2 o 3OEI 24EI
BEAMS FIXED AT ONE END, SUPPORTED AT OTHER 3.6
NOTES BENDING MOMENTS
LOADINGS SUPPORT REACTIONS AilD DEFLECTION
It^
" =-Ptl+ll . at fixed end
2L"
Mr = Rrb , at Point of load
. Pa':b':(la+4b)
' '.
A,
'= t2uEl
at Doint ofload
5
R"
8
M" = -: , at fixed end
?
Rb
8 ' =-L*f
U,
I28
ar x=0.625L
a-^.=
*t' atx=0.579L
185EI
19281' 2
R^
'5=?wr rvl- = --
lf
- aI flxec eno
*"
..,r 2
R.
" =IwL
l0
M.' =
33.6
at x=0.553L
4r9EI' --
,.,r 4
:. Mo
Ra=
2L
M" = -+ , at fixed end
^" lM- . M"L, 2.
".* =tff.
2L ar x=-L
I sh"o, i
BEAMS FIXED AT ONE END, SUPPORTED AT OTHER 3.7
NOTES BENDING MOMENT
LOADINGS SUPPORT REACTIONS IAT FIXED EtID)
M [ /h\'?]
R" _
3M. (L' -b') M"=+l l-ll , I i. when b<0577L
T: - L '"',1
(f
--*T-b2)
3Mo
R= M" =0, when b=0.577L
^ 3EI M"v
=:=
1FT
"L'
^"U3EI
I Sheor
q rTITlTlTlTITlflTlT[m v2
,:F4 t
lFT
f,
M"t=--.-
1FT
- 3EI
"Illml
| ,n"o, I
\r'IIIIUIIIIIIUIIIIIIIvz
., oc'.-
- R ,3EI
I-2
M =-:::
lFT
L
t--'------'+' ^ ]EI
1l Moment c
I I
I sh"o. I
Vr llMffiMfiffi vz
BEAMS FIXED AT BOTH ENDS 3.8
NOTES BENDING MOMENTS
LOADINGS SUPPORT REACTIONS AND DEFLECTION
4-{-l b LT
tp"2kl
M.
vtffi |
*"
...r 1
M^ =M, =-
12
uoN***Juo M, =:
'24 . at center
wLo
A =-. at center
384EI
7_ na.=-*t'.
R"
20 "20"30 M,=-*t'
Rb
3, u,' =
*f at x=0.452L
'
20 46.6
't.
NOTES BEAMS FIXED AT BOTH ENDS 3.9
M^ =tr,t, =-wcl13-E:1
24'
.c
l=1
u =rafr-!i)-"1(r-e,)
4 \ 2') 24'
at center
6Mnab
^
r.r
v"=$!{2"*u)
6M^ab
- v, =p("-zu)
r:
wh"n *=!: M"=0, Mo=-ry-q
. 12EI 6EI
'v a
I2EI 6EI
^
"L' "I:
yb
I Sheor I
vr lTlTfffffflltTlTfffmv2
ffi' I Moment I
^
-
"L'
"v
6EI
6EI
Mn=a
4EI
L
)FI
NOTES CONTINUOUS BEAMS 3.10
Support Reaction (R), Shear (V), Bending Moment (M), Deflection (A)
^T T^,
L_______L_L______J-_J
T*" Rb =% +V3 = 1.250wL, V, =V, =0.625wL
j Moment
Luo i
R"=Vr=0.375wL
lw$e/iwwi
I ''u' i i\u,
Mr = Mr = 0'070wf
at 0375L fromR" mdR.
,
n46U;d".
I
Mo =* 0 125wli
FuwMiryt
|
nffi,.
, lutl i'MzlMi A*" =0.0069i-:-.
n= O.OOOZS
,-r
EI
#,EI
4
ffi
I
I i*i
lrLrtti;l
i'u'iujt i"il i
Mo =Mo =- 0.1071wl'z, M. =- 0.0714wf
Mt=M4=0.0772wL?, at 0.393L fromR" and R"
u'Wu,
o.* =O.oOosIf . at 0.440L from R, and R.
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
SETTLEMENT OF SUPPORT 3.11
Table 3.1 1 is provided for computing bending moments at the supports of elastic continuous beams Bending moment at support :
with equal spans and flexural rigidity along the entire length. v =t% a, where k:coeffrcient,
v
The bending moments resulting from settlement of supports are summated with the bending moments
A = settlement of support.
due to acting loads. Bendlng SUPPORT
CONTINUOUS BEAM momqnt A D E
NOTES
Table 3.12 E.Ea?
EsIl
:=:;
Example. Movingconcentratedloads
Given. SimPle beam, L = 30 m .fi;
sE:68
f i'ri
q=40kN, Pz=80kN, Pr=120kN, P+=100kN, P,=80tN' Ip, =+zOttN u I oi EHHe
o e -H t ;1. 5 P F e
a=4m, b=3 m, c=3m, d=2m U
J o Ite
:;; ^l-qEgE
il 3 I t
Required. Compute maximum bending moment and maximum end shear t 65 X r-< EE:
= F t E
Solution. Centerof gravityof loads (off load Pr):
I
&.
o
E;Eeiisg!
E6;
3E I * *: f E e g
!
Bending moment ul
, ;o ;* EF n9:l-l io *n ; H *
I(p, .*,)lIq (80x++t20xz +100x10+80x14)/ 420=32801420=7 '8 m \
; r T Ei,I, ; Z Z H
= U =
e=z.s-(3+4)=0.8 m, el2 = 0 4 m I F
^ =tp
xr!-9lrl +zo(rs-0.+)/30 = 204.4 kN
v, !EHF+#==$
EeE F A i
E
R. u, \) )) =
;aE3 'o E 3
(9
o
E
o
-9
q --t >gE6
FF
do
6 E.
E \ on6c
v^ = e, +[r, (r,-b)+r, (L-b-c)+P5 (L-b-c-d)]/ L I t_ f( _1
0
6;
100(30-3 - 3) +80(30-3 - 3 - 2)] /30 ,l- "rT-j
ll .9 .!-.=-
q P ^- olo.
= 80+[120x (30 -3) +
=80+7240130=326.7 kN
o
I
o ,f f c
=a.Ex
E lno E :3!6
o
l-r
) o
FgEE
P5E E
=
/ ie; s
EE:
xxE!
E
{' Eo Fft!o
i p€
F-.L
3
S EE 3
-64- 65
BEAMS
INFLUENCE LINES (EXAMPLES) 3.13
NOTES
Rt-
RB
Me =o(*xLxP
lrl
r--F---;O
xlL 0.1 0.2 0.3 o.4 0.5
" _LL=nT1_*i= ,
Me = 0" xLxP
xlL 0.1 0.2 0.3 o.4 0.5
o
Iil- tt
o
=
) o
A^
v, .. r ll
r{}
lu
I F:b
.ts69
o
oa
zu
<J E
oo
_=
-E
-<
ux
Iu
o- q
I ^O
<:
o o
z <rE
o ,v.!
o
I
U
'ib
"ll
gF* s
o
E
.. ! H B
E
o o
-E(nE
I
E9
9
F
G
.A gE I
o.=
Lo{
F
0.
t
u
BEAMS 3.16
o
uJ
z
:
llJ
o
z
ul
f
J
i k{_ oi
il
iI
tl
0;
ll
=
EI-II
=l
o-i ^1
o
= oj- ^-
f
E "fl illl
>f
fT
ut
U'
F r.{ ,c
roo
zu, 6.E
<urJ oo
qm
Fq.
zz
uJ<
*x ---. o
^ut <q
+=
-
{5H
'.BE
eO
z <il-
o Y>-9
o B,tr
z o
co o
_-o
uI
o
J
El:f -:E
q c
E
o
z
E-
o :{
5>o
o lltl
; f{<
F
0.
o
= ;EI
-E@
T o-
o
o
EE
3E
oo
[6
-73-
NOTES
4. FFIAI\{ES
Diagrams and Formulas
for
Various Static
Loading Gonditions
FRAMES 4.1
NOTES o
z -#ITE
o i'l jp
fhe formulas presented in Tables 4.1-4.5 are used for analysis of elastic frames and allow computation of Llr 'i
tplfi+ f
-
bending moments at corner sections of frame girde6 and posts. Bending moments at other sections
of
o
= 'ls!
lr
,l= i,,.1*9fl- j" l
frame girders and posts can be compuled using the formulas provided below'
z rl
+" ',^ ,,
o ld>
For girders: o F
o +
rr M">Md, rr,, =r3,,,-[Ytr-*1+rnr.] z
o
tr M. <Md. rr,|,,-, =rri|!,- -[!cI4'*+v"] o
-
J A
lf M"=Mo=M., MeG) =M"t"t-M,
o H
For posts: F-
Ll
-(H t-M"or) l-{
M,(-) =M:(,)
F
o
tl
E
;l
Where: M!,,, and Mf,-, represent, respectively, for frame girders and posts the bending o
f -fTITITITFI
moments in the corresponding simple beam due to the acting load' o
a o
x is the distance from the section under consideration to corner c (for the girder)
la-
:
andsupport aor b (foraPost).
l1
'^
1rl+
E13 !lr
l'l *N }r>
o
^
la dl.l lS - Tlc
ts Tl+ lC
.t >-
-r- a
r,l+ -lY
;i *+ T i(lr"i ^-l - ?E.E.I
o Elil
tE + .l El- Jl
=B €l- rl F -v,l drf
"!
d ^_l -"-LT
It I
ll't .'-
J il>ll . il +Eirl
* +" | N*g-
Bil^i lla
F >ll 'l
=
d,
o >
d, l
->
+
lr
tt
o
U'
=
t
o
:o H
E
-f-FfTtTtTn
-77 -
FRAMES 4.2
NOTES
o l^
Example. Analysis of frame z lo!
o.to f l'
Given. Frame5inTable45, L=12m' h=3m o Elx,l !ll
_ Pb.l+6-28'z+6k =13.57 kN
I
F
R
L 6k+l
F
Ro = P-R" = 20-13'5? = 6'43
kN o
n, _
pab. 5k-l+28(k+2)
=7.8t3 kN.m
o t
" 2L f
(k+2)(6k+1)
=R"L+M" -Pb=13'5'1x12+7 8i3-20x8=10'653
kN m Iu
Mo
Mo =-Hh+Mu =-923x3+10'653=-17'037
kN m
o
ol*
lN ullle
;
:- i+lJ | fl
d
*l
ll
rl-i-i9z
LIN 6l- *l
6la
\llN T
I
r
!
Bending moment at Point of load
tt dl+ il rr #l
n, =r"-[M.-Morr--a)+M".l.
r ' "l M:=+
' L J olN
ll *lr
,
-t
il
oa si
ol
Al
/,'E
r," =":
1> ,l
l il
, roil;* _[
p.877
. -t'7.031 112-4) + r7.0371 = 34.40i
kN. m
-u a:E
_ =
o
lr
o
o
-
t
(9
I
o
-79-
FRAMES 4.3
NOTES
^t
o
o
o !l+ C
z
- lN + :6
9 F,i
'II
I
T
a gl E
= i>
z d
o
o i
o
z
o
+
o
J
o
;
o
;
o
F o
o
at,
f
9 lN
g.
ul +l'j jl+
i| >1, vi *lr rlJ l*
flr qt= :ln =: ? ? g
Tl! ! |
Frt :--l{l^ 3l^-
i-l
o! o
i
|
o
;l-
rl or slr vl^ ? J
+l ,1.: s f
. I -=l!
<l- i?l =l dl-
o
o
gl =lJ
ll 6l l-eE,; dl* fil hl
J
>'l= f j ol#il il" j il
tl]l " rl
o
f
-i.""tt.+>> r- o
=
d r& til
tl
t
o
L
6
o +
=
t o
t
o
:o o
o
a
FRAMES 4.4
NOTES
tlrrr a
IN
o
a
.l< ^lE
ri 1-ll ''
>
EIH
z--;-
E.
ll Flo t4
r>glK {t
|
|
+ ^-l -
=
o e a{ <!- - :ld llll
;+ F
t+ ;:<
: < 4 +, ;('
ct
a
-t+
ll
trtl \_1/
|
'l :^ €lNi
@l@
| -t
. -
I
p.l^
I
-1-=
r6 L ?
o qla
tl
=' allo€
a
U >"6 >
o
7
et
{ T E
o
?
ts
{
|=
n
o
2 F
o
t !
a. lN a
olll
-la tl >15
F
8
f
". > iltl
;.--
.<a
tl:
t,
!c> *i >
{ E -i-
I
il*t
aa
I
-19 l- o.l^ <"
I a"
I a
g
tl
tr
5
l
{
E
It
{
-ITTTITITN tt
-82-
-83-
FRAMES
NOTES DIAGRAMS and FORMULAS for VARIOUS STATIC LOADTNG CONDTTTONS 4.5
M" =-+,
oo
ru,=*9
Ph ph
M"=+ -, Mo=-]
oo
PB M"=-d! t,=*+
t"=.+, M. =-+
Steady (+Ato)
"=-h'(l+k)
tr.t. fll'k . o.o,ot
lr^=-1r,,r..
'2"I,L k=I,h
5. AFICfIES
Tied
lx=-H" =0.
Force N, :
rrra- = n^ !-^-o-r[!-*"]=0.
' l? )
1.ft
rI
N" ' =][pf !--" )-rt^;j
dL \2
' L
I t,t^
L =N,c-n"!=g. l.l, =P-"2d .
Rishr
SYMMETRICAL THREE-HINGED ARCHES
OF ANY SHAPE
NOTES FORMULAS for VARIOUS STATIC LOADING CONDITIONS 5.2
Table 5.2
Example. Symmetrical three-hinged arch
-(14.s-4)=3.11m
SUPPORT BENDING MOMENTS
II \ LOADING9 REACTIONS
tanq. = | i-x. ltln-r+ y. ;= 1t0-5)/(14.s-4+3.1 1) = 6.367
\r ) wLl,ly E2\ _
Q-=20.170, sinQ. =9.345' cosQ. =9'939 Ro =R" =IL lvrm =
g L+\gm-!./-'tm..l
|
e- =I-=a=o.zs,
L20'"f4
n- =J-=
3
ll=o.zrs
Ra =aw|,, Rs =:wL
', =
f t'te, -€'. )-26. -n.1
#5t
..f2 *f2 ^\
*^=-;. R"=
zL t. =-?[8.-ir.+ni J
H. =-lwf,
^4 Mk =?(28,k-nk)'
H" =f*f
J{ ,o lP o, ,
*^ =r?, *" =t; r',r^ =r;(zle,-n,)
H^ =H" =P* rtlu =e|{26,* *ttu)'
A B
-91 -
-90-
SYMMETRICAL THREE-HINGED ARCHES
OF ANY SHAPE
FORMULAS for VARIOUS STATIC LOADING CONDITIONS 5.3
LOAbINGS SUPPORT BENDING MOMENTS
REACTIONS
,.,r 2 _
R, =:wL
^ ai
u. =ft [:€. +s(8, -Ei. -8, +El )-'r.]
w JIIIItrnn* '|
R- =:wL n- =*(zB*-n,).
---r2
WL
n- =n^=-
48f
*'
wlllllnhn-, r R- =R^ =
v^ =ffPe^* a(si. -Ei. -e, * *) -n.1,
H^=n"=fr
M- =Mol-
TWO_HINGED PARABOLIC ARCHES
FORMULAS for VARIOUS STATIC LOADING CONDITIONS
5.4
N o T E s
Equation of parabola:
It 20I 20 kN m]
riii v =
PL
lae - :r
8 L:
-"\.(a - ra,- * q*
' lt11 = 8
fL +ro.zs -:(o.zs - 2x0.251 + 0.2sa) =-e.s 3l
R.=:wI_. R-=
ill
^8"8 wL M. ==(r-k).
iiir
il
_t=---F--'
(L-x)x _4x3(20- 5)xs - r,
4f lo
tt 1 \
H- =H^=-K M-'" =l--:k lwl"
iil M, =Roa-Hny. =l5x5-10.75x2 25 = 50 81 kN m
l6f \16 64 i
+ l0'75x0 958 = 14 6 kN
N. = Ra sin 0" + HA cosq- = 15x0 287
287=I 1 3 kN
iii \ =Re cosO. -Hosin0* =15x0'958-l0'75x0
RA
5wL - wL
M" =Rof -Hof
24"24
HA = H. = 0.0228 "'" k
"f
TWO-HINGED PARABOLIC ARCHES
F'ORMULAS for VARIOUS $TATIC' LOADING CONDITlONS 505
SUPPORT BENDING I,|OMENTS
LOADINGS REACttOI'tS
5
Hr = - 0'714wf
Hs = 0'286wf
Hn =- 0'401wf
Hs = 0'099wf
..,f2
R,=-*'
^6L . R"=-R^ M" =rl--yr1
., wf
n=-
2
0.792wf1
"' = fF +15F
Ro =Ru:Q Mc =- Hf
-_ 15 EI.A,
Ft=- -----X
.
8 f'L
FIXED PARABOLIC ARCHES
FORMULAS for VARIOUS STATIC LOADING CONDITIONS 5.6
N o T E s Equation of parabola:
4f(L-x)x
y= rx=lc/cos9x
Table 5.6 L, '
. dy 4f (L-zx\
Example. Fixed Parabolic arch +MA
'una= dx
= r
Given. Fixed parabolic arch 2 in Table 5 6
t=20=;t=oO 6
L=20m, f =3m, x=€L=8-, q=]=o+,
-....20 €,=t. L *Rl - L-x
- 20 -'L
Distribution load w = 2 kN/m
(l+E(,)]=]?90.+[t+oo1t+o+x06)]=13'es kN
sorurion. n^ =fe[r+e 1
M^=Mu=Mc=0
-,r ) )x)O2
rJl,zY
s +' x[l 3x0 6( i + 2x0'o )] = I 0's8 kN
H^ = e' [r :q
+ )] ( I + 2E'
" = +
ti"
1l
l1l
l!
M" =Roi-wx8x6-HAf -MA
kN m r, *u Y)9j
iir
= 13.95x10-2x8x6-10.58x3-13'82 = -2'06
ll
^ - 2'-
lrii *, wt' rtpz
rvro - \'
-
lir
-\
lii
Iil
llr
3
wt_ wi_ 5l
il R^=-;, Ru=
+L
M.
^ =- 280 *f'
-- lt
n^ =--WI . M- =
19
*f'
li ^14 " 280
3
u."14
=awf M^=-
' wft
140
P PT,
RA
"2 M^ =M- =-JL
sPT ?DI
H= :::-:
1
64f '64
=- "-
WL
R. =R^=- M^ =M-
fillnnrn* 192
,a\
w w
., )wu wl- = --
l28f ' 184
_ 6EI. OFI
^L" ^L
]FT
^ =* oEt.
r" "L
#,-f\), B 2fL
ti
-. 15 EI" tvl- =--.-
'
1EI
2L
D _D -N tvt = tvt -
ZIL
__ 45 Er, 1{ FI
-" "_c
-- 4 f)L ' 4f L
-/\
THREE-HINGED ARCHES
NOTES INFLUENCE LINES 5.8
1,"
ll
I Infl. Line R4
l1
llr
lli
ttit
lir
li
Infl. Line Rsl I Infl. uine vk
'[l,
ll
iil
lI
flr
Infl. Line H
fii
dl
L.f .x,
u. =---=----*-,
yk.D+xL.r
a- u-
^ =JslnQk, L.tanB
b!
' u" =-----;-
-un lanp-cotor
FIXED PARABOLIC ARCHES
N o T E s INFLUENCE LINES 5.9
. 4f(L-x)x
Table 5.9 Equation of pa€bola: y=
---- L--
Example. Fixed Parabolic arch
l\=lc,icosor,
dx af(L-2x)
tanQ= . =---:,
civen. L=40nr" f=10m, xr=8m oy L'
Concentrated load in point k Pr = 12 kN
H^' Rn=S,xP, H=S x!"P, M=SixLxp
Required, Usinginfluencelines,compute supportreactions Ro and suPPort
bending moment Mo, bending moments M" and M* axialforce No' and shear \ oRDTNATES oF tNFLUENcE LtNEs (Sr)
x, 8 4xl0(40-8)8 ,,- x
Sotution. a=l=0.2. yr =-----=b.+ m, RA H MA Mc
L
4f(L-2x) 4xl0(40-2x8) -^
i1
tanQ=-t-=--F- a 0.0 1.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
fir
,illl 0.60 0.352 0.21 60 0.0480 0.0080
illll
0.65 o.242 0.1940 0.0498 -0.0034
Infl.1Line.M"
0.70 0.216 0.1 655 0.0473 *0.0102
104 -
STEEL ROPE
,o.oot-o-/+\r*
Rope deflection
) --
n=
Jo2nrl' (elastic deformations are not included)
lit +f
il
--
t = GI,'EA (elastic deformations are included)
i/ *
{ii
,lr
E = modulus of elasticity, A =area of rope cross-section
tii
!iL
tit
N.* =fi'+ni R=reaction, R=wLl2
,iil
,ulrr
Bending moment M,* = *Ij /8 , Deflection ytu =M.*
H
Tsmperature:
N, =d.Ato.EA, Att =T,t-Tj, if: Ato >0 (tension), Ato <0 (compression)
6. TRUSSES
Method of Joints
and
Method of Section Analysis
TRUSSES
METHOD OF JOINTS and METHOD OF SECTtON ANALyStS
EXAMPLEA 6.1
,h*
right
Method of section Analysis is based on the equilibrium of the forces acting from either ths left or the
Soctlon 1-1
tanp=.!::\, -0,
"=fr 4 =(a+2d)sincr,.
(comprosslon or tension)
TRUSSES
METHOD OF JOINTS and METtIOD OF SECTION ANALYSIS
Ei,A,MPLEs 6.2
Msmbor Joints Forcss
Section 1-l (cont.)
r, =(a+2d)sinB
Pt l1
I
ryjhr
IM", = u,urr, +RA?d -(PJ +P,b
)d = o,
Joint Lz
(compression).
;
g
J
L u
- --S.l-
x _l
I
o
uJ
J=
ul
o
=
uJ L-
9
J
lt
z
'f
-L
TRUSSES 6.4
2dZx2dtt
sorution. ;=;=ot, ==L"'
^=T=t 2=9-
ei * z -!^^ zd x + -Jq- x d x P,o 2 P,o
^u, = h '
u
h(0.5L) h(u.)L) G
u
= 5 + 1.333x4+ 0.667 x3 =12'33 kN (compression)
ITJ
= osoc/l DSOJ/1,
o
z
ltl
J
I
=
J
:-
=
117 -
NOTES
7. PLAT rS
Bending Moments
for
Various Support
and
Loading Gonditions
RECTANGULAR PLATES
BENDING MOMENTS 7.1
N o T E S
h h
CASE A: :>2 CASE B:
a a
in elastic plates'
Tables 7. j-7.9 provide formulas and coefficients for computation of bending moments
v'"
'"i
--fftr-ulr
.l-r_ tsT
)M,", r1p -u, )M,,,]. Mi,) =+[(l-up,
'FT
)M,0, +(p-pr, )M
",]
Support condition
Legen d: :|rs\ssss
Plate fixed along edge.
-120- - 121
RECTANGULAR PLATES
BENDING MOMENTS (uniformly distributed load) 7.2
M",", =p"wab = -0.0709x0.8x1.5x2.1= -0.1787 kN'm/m = -178'7 N'm/m '1.8 0.0485 0.0148
{ 1.6
1.7
0.034'1
0.0333
0.101
0.086
-0.0735
-0.0701
1.8 0.0326 0.0075 -0.0668
1,9 0.0316 0.0064 -0.0638
2.0 0.0303 0.0056 -0.0610
1.0 0.0273 0.0334 -0.0893
1.1 0.03'13 0.0313 -0.0867
1.2 0.0348 0.0292 -0.0820
1.3 0.0378 0.0269 -0.0760
1.4 0.0401 0.0248 -0.0688
1.5 0.0420 o.0228 -o.0620
'1.6 0.0433 0.0208 -0.0553
0.0441 0.0190 -0.0489
1.8 0.0444 0.0172 -o.0432
F#g. 0.0445 0.0157 -0.0332
2.0 0.0443 0.0142 -0.0338
1.0 o.0226 0.0198 -0.0556 -0.0417
1.1 0.0234 0.0169 -0.0565 -0.0350
0.0236 0.0142 -0.0560 -0.0292
3 0.0235 0.0120 -0.0545 -0.0242
1.4 0.0230 0.0'102 -0.0526 -0.0202
1.5 0.0225 0.0086 -0.0506 -0.0169'
1.6 0.0214 0.0073 -0.0484 -0.0142
1.7 0.0210 0.0062 4.0462 -0.0120
1,8 0.0203 0.0054 4.0442
F#4 t.9 0.0192 0.0043 -0.0413
-o.0102
-0.0082
2.0 0.0189 0.0040 -0.0404 -0.0076
RECTANGULAR PLATES
BEN DING MOM ENTS (uniformly distributed load) 7.4
R
PIate supports b/a 9." 0o
@ 0.0288
1.8 0.0'103 -0.0583 -0.0240
1.9 0.0284 0.0092 -0.0570 -0.0212
2.O 0.0280 0.0081 -0.0555 0.0187
ws
1.5 0.0208 0.0093 -0.0464 -0.0206
1.6 0.0205 0.0080 -0.0452 -o.0177
17 0.0200 0.0069 -0.0438 -0.0152
1.8 0.0195 0.0060 -0.0423 -0.0131
T\ 1.9 0.0190 0.0052 -0.0408 -0.0113
2.0 0.0'183 0.0046 -0.0392 -0.0098
RECTANGULAR PLATES
BE N Dl NG MOM ENTS (uniformly distributed load) 7.5
Plate supports b/a cx,- (Ib F" 0o
# 1.4
0.0100
0.0097
0.0540
0.00552
-0.0700
-0.0761
-0.r062
-0.1 t 15
0.179 o.14'l
0.244 0.135
-l'4 + v "1
ruL
tt),v.1 1.4 0.143 0,092 -0.'149 -0.055
-129-
RECTANGULAR PLATES
N o T E S BENDIN G MOMENT S and D E F L E C T I O N S ( uniformly distributed load )
Example. Computation of rectangularplate, b(2a M0,", =d,.w.b'?, Mo,o, =cx'o.w.b2, M,,",=c,,", w.b', Mr,o, =cr,o, .w.b2
Given. Elasticplatel inTable7.6, a=1.8m, b=2.25m, t=0.1m, a,/b=0.8
a$0: ! 18222
Modutus of etasticity E = 4030 kip/in'l
- - -2800 kN/cm2 (,", o6, ct11"y and crr,o, = coefficients for Poisson's ratio lrr = 1/ 6
2.54',
Poisson's ratio P=Pt = l/6,
.
Ao={o w:,
b' b4
Ar=II w.:, b4 E.tr
Erasticstiffness D= ,Et' ,, = ?800t10t,- Ar=Ir.* D=lr(llD
r2(1-F') 12l 1-(l/6)'
=240000 i,
I
H
0.9 0.0500 0.0540 0.1031 0.'1092 0.0100 0.0089 0.0117
- 130 -131-
NOTES RECTANGULAR PLATES
BENDING inOMENTS (uniformly varying toad) 7.7
r (+)
[+) ,
a.b \
t,,",="" MrF)=sr.*.[+ M.(") = p. * r.,,, = e, .*
,)
Plate supports bla cq 0b p" Fo
5 '1.0 0.0718 0.0042 -0.1412 4.0422
1 0.067? 0.0037 308 -0.0350
1.2 0.0634 0.003'1 -0.1222 -0.0290
1.3 0.0598 0.0025 -0.1 143 -o.0240
14 0.0565 0.0019 -0.1069 -o.0200
1.5 0.0530 0.0012 -0"1003 -0.0 168
6 1.0 0.0042 0.0718 -0.0422 -0.1412
1.1 o.oo47 0.0758 -0.0509 --0.1510
1.2 0.0053 0.0790 -0.0600 -0.1600
1.3 0.0057 0.0810 -{.0692 -0.1675
0.0060 0.0826 -0.0785 4.1740
0.0063 0.0628 -0.0876 -0.1790
F" 1.4
.5
0.0233
0.0233
0.0090
0,0072
-{.0569
-0.0556
-{.0380
-0.0382
-0.0302
4.0276
- 135 -
CIRCULAR PLATES
BENDING MOMENTq St{EAR and DEFLECTrdN 1unitomiyritstriOut"O toaat 7.9,
R =support reaction
A = defloctiqn at conJer of ptate .
^ Pa2,. ,,/s+u ,)
a=
uo*(r-o-Jl,* -o'J, D=t2(t-1t'z)
,qc
p-
r,r_ =ftlr+u-(3+p)p,]
fi [r +u - (l +3p)p,]
ll1 rr.r, =
A
^=ab('-e')' "="G')
NOTES
8. SOILS
sorLs
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOILS 8.1
NOTES SOIL PARTICLES
SOIL TYPE
stzE WEIGHT IN
properties of soils are determined through laboratory ORY SOIL
For purposes of structural design, engineering
ThemodulusofdeformationandPoisson'sfatioofsoilcanbedeterminedusingthefollowingformulas: compact, sticky and plastic clay soils. Less than 0.005 mm
Coh6sionless solls
Crashed stone Coarser than 10 mm > 50 o/o
(l+2k^)(1+e) (l-ko)(l+e)
.,=_-_5l Gravel sand Coarser than 2 mm >50%
u'=_-_E-' Coarse-grained sand Coarser than 0.5 mm >50%
Medium-grained sand Coarser than 0.25 mm > 50 o/o
e=voidEtio(Table 82)
D. = relative density ( Table 8.2 ) Dustlike sand Coarsgr than 0.1 mm < 75 o/o
as guidelines'
Soil properties found in Tables 8 2-€ 7 are provided only
COMPONENTS OF SOIL
Nr Vo Wo.0 Mo.0
ryqFF} Vw Ww Mw
M
.////8i w
Vs Ws Ms
W, W* and W" = total weight and weight of water and solid matter, respectively.
M. M* and M, = total mass and mass ot water and solid matter, respectively
sotLs
WEIGHT / MASS and VOLUME RELATtONSHtpS 8.2
6. unltwelght:
wl .100%
Dry Td =-=:
v l+w
7. Unltma$: e=+ Where: em,e.in otld eo = 63x1rur, minimum and
in-pla€ void ratio of the soil, respectively.
8. Dryunltmass: er=+ T*,Tr" and To = maximum, minimum and
in-pla@ dry unit weight, respcctively.
FLOW OF WATER
-.uk".i__ko.i(l+e)
tl*,*=r=l* or l)d=ry. Fine-grained sand l.l0* to 1 10-3
Where:
n and e = soil's porosity and void ratio, respectively. Sandy loam 1.10j to 1 10J
Flow rate (volume p6r unit time): q = kp .i.A . Sandy clay 1.10-7 to 1.10-5
Boussinesq equation:
3P
d =--
^ T rr il'
Zrcz'll+ft/zl'I
L'
P = concentrated load
2w
O-=-
'"lt*1*t"1'l' o, =f (e, -e, *rin0, cos0, -sin0, cos0, )
Approximate method
P
--:---------:-i-
' ,
-
(B+ 22 tan O)(L +22tffi9)'
,
P =total load
B =width of footing
L=lengthoffooting, B< L
z = depth
o
Settlement S = k..
Where
, =-
K..
k*,.k*"
k*, +k*.
EE
"' =1.
k...
hr
k.,
"' =___:r
h,
sotLs 8.6
NOTES Modulus of doformation (8.) and Winkler's coeffici6nt (k*)
for some types of 6oil
For slop6 stability analysis, it is necessary to compute the factor of safety for 2 or 3 possible l
aeF flg i ri
Table 8"4
Example. Bearingcapacityanalysis
?: j" li
b
civen. Rectangularfooting, B=3.6 m, L=2.8 m, BIL=1.28,
0=300, c=0, Y=130 Lblft3 =130x0.1571=20.42 kN/m3
Granularsoil,
smoothbase
/+7- ! Ff
;E ro r*
ili:,;:
; E e - =- - = i
Loads P=2500 kN, M=500kN.m, e=500/2500=0.2m, elB=0.213.6=0.06 E
i E-L
Bearingcapacityfactors R" =0.78, N" =20.1, N,=20
Solution. q,rt=TDrNq+0.4TBNy=20.42x2x20.1+0.4x20.42>,3.6x20=1409kN/m'?
aEi€i'nF =ia :IE-;
a3i'ai-82 Ei-g; 5€g * E
p.$.
= q,,, . B. L. R. I P = | 409 x3.6x2.8x0.7 8 I 2500 = 4.43 > 3
lE
€ E * -' E i gtY';L
e1€ ,€:;E ;En ; ;
p
2
o 5E F s EsF 3 g
<
z q
v. o@
> lrL
EO
o
q^' ;a F
(=, mS
r=-J1 oo 3-
t* d*
o.
\
Lt-L_ |
l_l oo
NF
d6 E
o oo
LJf'ct ;fioo
o OU
qqqac!
u
= FOOoO
aU'rolcol uo!]cnpeu a
r!
o U
*E
z
oO
DF
iiE
o Rtr
X
eE
?z
o$
g3R33e3 R gooFooin N
153 -
NOTES
9. FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATIONS
EIRECT FOUNDATIONS 9.1
Maximum soil reacton (contact pressure) is determined and @mpared with requirements of
Fores acting on the piles are @mputed and compared with the pile €pacity provided in the
catalogs.
lf ne@ssary, pile capacity can be computed using the formulas provided in Table 9.4.
footlng
Individual column Wall footing
pYv"IM,
q*=++-
AS,AS,
Wher6 & =P+W +2W,
Ivt., =H".t+rra
^v
P = load on the footing from the column
W, = weight of soil
tf qd : 0; assume qd =0
(soil cannot fumish any tensilo resistanc)
..-
3(P...B-2tM
\' ! tl
\
2P"
2P..
q* =--=
x.L
FOUNDATIONS 9.2
NOTES DIRECT FOUNDATION STABILITY
Requir€d. Compute contact pressure, factors of safety against sliding and overturning M,1uy = P,.B/2, M.,., =M+)H.h
M.(k) = moment to resist tuming
sotution. q^* =
P q"'= P.-=-
IM,
o.T'M. A Mo,u, = turning moment
respectively
vl
I
- 'd---*-
I
+-l - +"-
| ,l I
X
/ :e \(n-l)m+(m-l)n
' =l-l\90,/
E- I' Np = capacity of single Pile
n.m
For cohesionless soil Es = 1.0 0 =mctand/s (degrees), d = diameterof piles,
.r" o
o
o cfr
<6
'6
9o
!E
E_o
ie
.*c
6e HJ.O
e nE &;"3
oii
g-c*
ll o€
F'!EE -di*F
G
o-tb:E
o.= 14 i"
o{
E i^
E\
.-:=o-9 Eo
O-:X.PE O;rr-F a-.6
<
o Y 5;i' t;q-.-
gEE Ed E! E .. s ;r
i gEE HXO
e
I
ooY
1 .o'a
g;F .d i !e A 5
=o
EE'68
frb*$Eo
; E'SH }{ E; b
'l:illoZ- = E EsbPo
EC'88E.
:&*
g$u 6l*"E;;EEtfi t -F €obF9
oq=oF
*9,P --;.9;E.;',6 Egho:
E*h ? EE i
q'H.e E E E EEF
f-dulirl
oEEraG $
=s-E
ii ri rr^
rlii-ltirl ' F
llllA
.J
vv ,S FJ
cyq'u>H EVZ<
i{ p
o o
3
=
tFi
c
3b'
=9, .9 z
--}| '<9 5. o
F:
,I oi
'-/
-. 'ol . ./
./ {:i
c=
UE
d=4
ffi
lt*
'g
FF
zl
-;
oE
-o
o6
t. Itt
.'Ft U^
' --J7\;
| \E o ;
------l
r '€
3t'
p
FOUNDATIONS
RIGID CONTINUOUS BEAM ELASTICALLY SUPPORTED 9.5
The following method can be applied on condition that : L < 0.8. h. {/T/ q
Where E, L and h=modulusofelasticity, Iength and depth ofthebeam,respectively
Shear: Y=4,,,, .P
Mo
b/L *v(0) d(,) 0u(:) 0'(,) 0'(t)
Sheor diogrom
0.33 -0.500 0.408 -0.314 0.216 -0.083
-w
,
I
tl
ttv --1o.zzrf
b/L
0.33
0.22
0.1
0.(o)
0.050
0.046
0.040
0.(r)
0.063
0.059
0.053
0.(:)
0.096
0.092
d.(r)
0.038
0.036
0.{+)
0.006
0.005
w
1 0.088 0.034 0.004
Shear: Y=oq,, .P
w
Sheor. diogrom 0.33 +0.1 84 +0.372 -0.628 -0.432 -0.1 66
-0.061
d.(,)
0.048
0-(r)
0.015 +0.038
0.(r)
+0.006
E, = 40 MPa, concentrated loads P = 200 kN
ffi "lt+:rlY 0.22 0.065 0.052 -0.019 r0.036 +0.005
Required. Compute Mo, Mj, Vi, V3R
v--v
0.07
Mo = c'.(0)xPxL = -0 06ix200x6 = -73 2 kN m Mo -0.075 -0.060 -0.025 +0.032 +0.004
,,-=T-r-\
M3 = o(.(3)xPxL = 0'038x200x6 = 45 6 kN m Shear: Y=o,,,, .P
L=-4
-0.416
5
Bending moment: M, =a-,,, .P.L
'w
P b/L *.(o) 0.t d.(:t 0.(o)
, lP h-o.nnr*l
)
LO)LL. FIETAINTNG
STFTUCTUFIES
RETAINING STRUCTURES
LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE ON RETAINING WALLS 10.1
Coefficients of lateral earth pressure:
Coulomb theory
cos'(q-cr)
K"=
t, [.1q-b),t'(o-p) 1
cos'zo.cos(c+6)
L'-t/*.t";st."lP:O]
cos'(4-a)
Ko=
P
'n t, F'(o.s)'t"(a+p)l cos'o.cos(o-6)
l'-\/-.(CI-D).".(P-")l
Coulomb earth pressure Q = angle of internal friction of the backfill soil
,12
^ -r, soil (6 = 2 /30)
r" =U.)l("Ylt, rn=U.)r\eyH
^ 6 = angle of friction between wall and
Where Y= unit weight of the backfill soil p = angle between backfill surface line and a horizontal line
G = angle between back side of wall and a vertical line
EARTHQUAKE
k"
cos'(q-o-cl)
e = arctan
lkn / (1 - )]
kh = seismic coefficient, kh = AE I 2
AE = acceleration coefficient
k =vertical acceleration coetficient
-173.
ry
RETAINING STRUCTURES
LATERAL EARTH PRESSU RE ON RETAINING WALLS 10.2
NOTES Rankine theory ({[=0, 6=0)
The wall is assumed to be vertical and smooth
Table 10.2
' - l-sinO
D K-
L_ PnH = Pn = o.5K -1Ll-
= 8.73 m \ 2l K,
Exam les
P" = 0.5prh = 0.5x61.61x8.73 = 269 kN
't. Assumed: a=0. 6=0. B=0 Cohesive soil
Passive earth pressure:
e. = u.s
' :.
L I\ !2/ o,'"jI =
f or' * *
run n I 0.5 [23.04 + 486.41x10 = 2547.2 kN
7 N---t' r,=u,"f+s"-ll.
\ zt n= o'n
p,+z.r-l+s"-fl
nr++"tun[+:'+]l
d.=------,.-.-H=
:ln,+z.u"l+s +9]l
486.4+ 4x7 .2>1.6
3f486 .4 + 2x7 .2xl .61
xl0=3.48 m
Aq'AlI
^-j+t_;_t-
Resultant force per unit length of
R/
-t-l--
2q V .Kp
p', = KnyH - 2.Jrq . r, = un'[+5" 1'9 ]
t
AA
p- = o.sfz.tunl+s' *91*o. l.
' L \ 2t '')
LH) A-
n, ++" t*[+s'+9J
Required" Compute active pressure per unit length of wall: P" , d" f
;L+:i sl- a rl
a
o
ll
-
! !
- ;l-=). il o, l
o cr->o $!E
0.5x0.3::xls(6-4)' ot
P, = 0.5K"7(H -h* )'? = = 12.0 kN 1 -dF ;J J 3 Fi* cE
d,
Hh6-4
=l+h*- tq=q.01
Z >€iij
,--O .-==ua.-
> .H_ " :
p, = K,y(H
, ^
0.333x18(6-4)x4
t-
< ;v"Xi
< "i : o
oVVd-o .
<nllilllll
h 7 "l
o
-h" )h,, = = 48.0 kN tu
d: = 0.5h* =0.5x4=2 m t( ioiol*o;
oiFiF E
r, = o.:t<" (y-"y," )hi" = 0.5 x 0.333x (18 - 9.81)x4' = 2l 8 kN o
F
h4 U
d, =r= = 1.33 m IY
)
Po = 0.5Y*h'- = 0.5x9.81x4' = 78.5 kN 0
to
h4
d-33
=_:!=,=1.33 m trt
tf.
n
P" = q+ P, + Pr + Pi = 12.0 + 48.0 + 2 1.8 + 78.5 = 160.3 kN
L
. Pd,+P,d,+P,d.+Rd, 12.0x4.67 +48.0x2 +21.8x1.33 + 78
= 1.78 m
I
IY
"'=---::Pj-= 160.3 .{
ul
I
.t'
I(
ill
I
4.
I
177 -
NOTES RETAINING STRUCTURES 10.4
Er6 -e-
llll rr F .sl
o + >-l >- o!-;:;il
le+;-+10."
T =l; ;F6Riiul
6
FFc
;"?ll oL;+o.-l
o€:,i"1
L.;€z--\!?- =rt
o
!2. !2"
hh
E Er! e V
sv].-f+gr
- +l N \_l- E !
;:x !4 El ;oYo'83
ilil= i, pil Lilll
d --
!?:g
3
o ai o-i E ,s, 6.
o o*--;-+€
! o
6
5
--l
d
ori oil
o.E-9E
-a '-: - s -lN
I E}F :ia+t.-
g
:I -F
XME
llll;
r g EE
o
o
e--6d*6
<V}ZY;-
ilil"^S .o
o'd3 d-F
llJ
u
t
o
lu
a
3
o
tt
u,l
E
A
F
E
!J
E
u,
F
J
-'179.
RETAINING STRUCTURES 10.5
NOTES
t^::
G'F
l,^ldv
ll l*_ lf,- rl
o!!:
oa
-lo;
-l -Fl d E E
:
6-o__r_Flld F - l: El-l
-l^e ts
€ h
3 S-
i x a- i
l +t "J_d=l
N'E 9l:-rJv
Esl- E.lLu g
'E
g
o i , fl..' ERqK4A
: ii +
;
-id
A,E g
d*=:l
E ,i_
€^':o-.,:oo
rta-tE 'li
Eo"Eb-!!
ll tt ll ll
3 eHrlE-' E
(, o
"-i-EEE- ( rl--
2
=
; q v'-."
<VRo
llllE
d € rVqXEI'e
; x +1r
< trotr-l+
F
u.l
&q-e -il-ll
b^rb^E
Lg
E
z
o
u
tr
3
tt
o
ul
u
0-
I
F
G,
UT
ur
F
J
RETAINING STRUCTURES
LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE ON BRACED SHEETINGS 10.6
^h _-:
p"
=O.sKlhj . d"
t
Maximum bending momenti
r,a-.=&\[r*?\
3h ['"
El"./' o""=h"'V:r,E
3 Vrh
-183,
NOTES RETAINING STRUCTURES 11.1
--tF-
\ +t+ -.-tl l^Eo
r ElE ! E >1.>- T
:srl-P t-
.rlN
Nl.r
o e
E
o
E.
o o
o
c
;
o E o
o o
E
o
o a I o
ll
q o
E
U E
.E
o
-185-
RETAINING STRUCTURES
NOTE CANTILEVER SHEET PILINGS 11.2
Table 11.2
-r (r,-r,)vri
Example. Cantilever sheet piling 2 in Table 11.2, H = l0 m
6(4H+lD[
Given. Soil properties: Q, =32", =0, c, Tr =18 kN/ml Maximum bending moment :
Required. Compute depth D and maximum bending moment M,."* per unit length of sheet piling
-' ^-'oH -\
4H+3D
="''(or'-!)=
'*'(*" -!)=,ro,
sorution. K' +4o,
For single Pile
r", = tm'[+s' -9.) = = o,"
""'[or' -1L] o-(K,-K-)YdDi r- =.f"n?
' +3D")
r", = tm' (+5' n Q,
)
="',(or, *fj =r.rrt,
3{4H [ 3
where d=pilediameter
P, = 0.5K,,T,H' = 0.5x0.307x18x10'? = 276.3 kN,
D = (1.2 to I.4) Do for factor of safety at 1 5 to 2 0
K,.Y,H 0.283\lgyl0
-r--
(K" - K. )Yr 3.254x t6
Earth pressure:
P, = 0.5K"^1,H2, = 0.5x0.283x1 8x 10x0.98 = 24.96 kN,
R = 0.5K"^YH'
',
(f .o,).', (o, -]) -* Jro, -,,) = o Equation to determine Do: lMo =0
186 -
w-
^i bT.
E
[- e il': ^l B --l- )z
d Nl+ X T N.'", qP"i;
il Nilo a :!+a
"' =r*'f\
+so+91=,un'[+:"*14
^^ Yl;
K,. ts
2 )]=r.rro,
K", -K,. =2.s48 g x+ Gl,
2) l. it o
ci o
E
>
;
X I 19
:E tFt-j-- .,
Nl-
Nl
l
o il E tit
Forces per unit length of wall
EII F
- - E ----
-
ll
g J9 E l'"ll
: l+lr
oi
+
P, = 0.5K",T,dt = 0.5x0.333x20x1.2': = 4.8 kN *d
VE B N
d er^.| r - 6El^^li^-lTlv..
E
*t
N
!V
P, = 0.5K", y, (H + d) (H
. (H +d)
-d)(2H
- d) = 0.5
{r5 - t.2 )(2x t5 +
x 0.333 x20x (rs + r.2)
1.2 )
(r s - 1.2) = 744.4 kN
o v]
,,,'rl
or-dx
.- -a
I
.. E
(d,b
or{
c 9
ll.,
Itl^ l>
lo< | Fa
E
F
l'-|tr;
+F
I +
'Ft,.
' 3(H+d) 3(ts+t.2)
N N
o E^-O
h':o
lel
lli
I
=
ul o:
!xE
I lv- -oNl'":.
F+
p:
=0.5K",rrHz, =0.5x0.307x20x15x1.74=80.13 kN, , =#HE =o'r!#frirt =r.r, J
;
9+c + ,9b;o,-
^IEE-
o N
xc
Fot *+o .!6
Q2 =32' : x = 0.059H = 0.059x15 = 0.885 F :F
u
lll
E ffsL "nxE
n-o<
Htr>d
Ivr, = o, R(H-d+x )+r, 4-p,a, -p, (H-a-1) =o u
a
R(r5 -1.2+0.885 )+ +sx! -t ++.+x8.86-80.13fl5-r.r* t tol = o,
3 z ) -'
R = 527.46 kN
\ U
T = (Pr + P, + & ) - R = 4.8 + 744.4 +80. l3 - 527.46 = 301.87 kN
i e,+e,+e.-r
, _ /4J+i44l+sot3-jot-87
-
! 0.5(Ke - K" )y, Y 0.5v 2.948x 18
N
r.* = (q *r,)(4*,, *,,) *r,(2,,*".)*r(+r-d+2,+2.)-0s1r," -r", )i,* (f) oo
.N
= {
+. s + za.+; (ll + t.t a+ +.+6)+ Bo x(}t.t + * +.+al - ro,.r, r, -,.,
1
+ 1.7 4 + 4. 46) I
:a
46'
if,
Y
-0.5x2.g48xt8x4 = 2019.4 kN .m/m
NOTES
Lzr L3. P IP rS
and
TUNN ELS
Bending Moments
for
Various Static
Loading Conditions
TUNNELS
RECTANGULAR CROSS-SECTION 12.1
This chapter provides formulas for computation of bending moments in various structures with
rectangular or circular cross-sections, including underground pipes and tunnels. The formulas
for structures with circular cross-sections can also be used to compute axial forces and shea6.
q*w
ri w(2k+3)-ak
': '
M- =M. =--
12 k'+4k+3
t? c{2k+3)-wk
M =M.=--.",
12 k'+4k+3
For q=Y
.- r2 k+3
ffio M =M.=M^=M,=-ia. ,
12 K'+4k+3
PT 4k +g
M =M. =-:-1. : - -
24 k'+4k+3
lYl =lvlj
PL :
4k+6
=--.
24 k'+4k+3
FOr K=l
1?
M =M. =- -- PL
192
7 Pt
v-=v,=- t92
NOTEST TUNNELS
I- REC TA N GU LA R CROS S- SECT IO N 12.2
llh-i(
l2(k+l)
rt
FI Mo =M" =lfo =\{"
FI
F
F
H
f
For k=l and h=L
M" =M. =M^ =M, =_I::
24
Mo = o.l25ph' - 0.5 (M" + Md )
M -M, -- P!'!(lk+S)
60(k':'4k+3)
-L2t.
a = P" I ltotr' -:u'I
60h'\
^ (.
pbak 45a -2b \
D=:-n-_a-_b-_l
2h' \ 270a )
PIPES AND TUNNELS
REC TA N GUL AR CROS S_S EC TI ON 12.3
Th
Table 12.3
I'L
Example. Rectangular pipe 7 in Table 12.3
r2 r2
Given. concreteframe, L=4m, H=25 m, hr =10 cm, h, =lQ s6 r =2k+1
b =1 m (unit length ofpipe) Ir Ir 4 I1
bhi l. m=zo(k+z)(6k'+6k+1)
-l.= bhi looxlor
J=--EJJJCm lt=-=-
loox2or l2
=OOOO/Cm
'1212"1212
Uniformly distributed load w = 120 kN/m +M =tension on inside of section
I.H 66667x2.5
-k=I='--'" --
I,L 8333x4 =5.0,
Sotution. r=2k+1=2x5+1=11
tv
m= 20(k+2) m= zo(k+2)(6k' +6k+l) = 20(5+2)(oxs' +oxs +t) = zs:+O ffi
or = 138k2 +265k+43 = 138x5'] +265x5+43 = 4818
,^=-iwti ;,t M. = M. = M, = \,{.
lt
r.' = - 9l l* o' t.
, *f -^t -n
*-1!lL]= - 24 f 1- ",
24 I\ll 25340] -22.56 kN.m M. ) +7.e2 kN.m
24[r m)l= ''o-10' =
\r m) =
M.=_:fr1*s.l=rro_10'r+._rgol)=*,u.rr^
' 24\r m) 24 !ll 251401 -, Ml =-*f24 1,1-
\r "'J=+2.24
m)
kN.m
t o, )
M"
wf-'f .. sL rt_- cr, l
24\r m)r. tvl =--
' 24\r -ml
i
m' - 24(k+6)r
Ira" =Na. =Pl,l4lls
ml
l5k'+49k+18
Mur = Mrz = -rr ml
49k+ 3o
M" = M, = -PL
ry
ml
9k'+ 11k+6
Mae = Maz = r"
ml
Mon =Mon =0
.h2 L
M, =M" =M. ="r=-?.;
R
H
FI
M,, =M.. =fr,f,,
"'=d.!
12 r
tt|
t-t
Mr.=Mon=0
20(k+6)r
In, =__T-
st*sg
N,t" = 1,,t" = -Pht .
of,r
A M- =M" =-Ph'z,12k+61
6m,
H h
H(p Mo, = Mor - P!' 7k+31
F 'om2
Mao=Mo, -Ph:
jk+29
oh:
Mo, =Mun =0
TUNNELS
R ECTAN G U LAR C ROS S-S E CTI ON 12.5
r
m=zo(k+2)(6k +bK+l l. n, =
p\
y" =Ph'f- 2 *o, l, 2
^^' _ph'(
0, )
1 I
!p
4
<r?h
v","'=-Ph'i,
241 n,*o,mJl, M,.=-Ph'f
"' 24(- n,-o,m)I
,u /+v
+M =tension on inside of rang
: b.=a5'
0.=90'
I :-\\
+N + Tension
I
b= 1 3s'
- Compression
l-0.=t gd
0 -0.5wR 0 +0.5wR 0
0 +0.5pR 0 -0.5pR 0
\T -r.J /)pK'
-0.625pR'? -0.41 2pR' 0 -0.588pR'?
M 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
PIPES AND TUNNELS
CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION 13.2
Buoyoncy Forces
M 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
/vR(1-co€a)
N 0 -0.154P 0
-0.354P -0.5P
+0.154P 0 ,0.5P
+0.5P -0.354P
r.". =+-X(5p,+7p,)
u.' =-f *f {r *n,)
Ril lp' +5p,)
"
N=
l6
APPENDIX
UNITS
CONVERSION between ANGLO-AMERICAN and METRIC SYSTEMS u.1
Units of Length
Units of Area
sQuare millimeter (mm'?) t square inch (in':) - oa5. I o(mm') Im'? ) = o.ool5so(in')
1 square centimeter (cm') = tOgl*t; t square foot (ft') = 0.092903 (m'?) cm') = 0.15591;t'.)
I square meter(m' ) = tOt (mt) I square yard (yd' ) = 0.816 127(m'/ ) m') = 10.76(ft')
I square kilometer (t<m') = t o' 1.'; t acre = 4046.856 (m' ) m') = 1.19599( yd')
Units of Volume
Units of Mass
Units of Force
Temperature: T: =:(Ti -320) where Tj and Tf are Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures, respectively
MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
ALGEBRA M.1
POWERS ROOTS
a''
a; = Va"' '{a' = Va
-l
log, Vx =-:log, x hx=ff=2.3o2sss tex
m
n!=1.2 3 ,.n
(n+l)!=(n+l)n!
FACTORIAL 0!:r. (o+r)t=(o+r)ot
"!=
J2- fll'
\e./
PERMU TATIONS COMBINATIONS
P; =,:+.
(n -mJ1
= n.(n. t).(n -2)....(n m-t)
n>m
Exampte: l-i!1J " l.).1.4.<
Example: ('.-
P; - - 69 , -10
' 1.2,3.(t.2)
Where; P= numberofpossiblepermutations, C= numberofpossiblecombinations,
n = number of things given, m = number of selections from n given things.
NOTES- MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
r- ALGEBRA M.2
A LG E B R A IC E X P R E S S I O N S
(alb)'?=n'?+23616' 3r-U']=(a+b)(a-b)
(a +b)' - ar +3a2b+3ab'] t br sr +63 =(a+b)(a, Tab+b')
a a(n-l) a(n -1) (n2a"
(a+b)' = n" * u",6* u",6, * 3b3
+...b"
rb':
a" - b" = (a -U)(a"-r +a"'b+a" +...+ab'" +b" I
)
ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Linear eouations
a|x +apy+afz = br
D,
Third-orderdeterminants: a2\x+a22y+a2rz=b1 x=:t v=-.D. z=-D.
D D- t)
L3rx + a32y + allz *- bl
all.42 432-aB.a22.a3\
I b. a,, a.,
xt+px+q=g
Equation of ihe 3rd degree
,. ir /.
q=-a2^l --a.b+c
a
xr =Yr Determinant: D=l " i -l f L o- b--
xt+u2+bx+c=0
3 \l/ \21 l
a
If D=0: y,=i[4q, ,,=r.=E
- -'
a
-l-iJJ . o.= - t-i"6
Il u:u: c0,=--
3 '22
-
1--
rf D 0: v, =iJ:/lpl co'e. r,-i.6J,orcs{q+t20'), ) --
v,-j'6ld-'1e ru0")
q= I arccos--J,/Jq
_H
-216-
MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
GEOMETRY
M.3
SOLID BODIES
V= volume, A=cross-seclionarea, A =surfacearea' A,d=generatedsulace
Cuboid Cone
V=a.b.c V=
-r-n
3
y=I!(n.+r,+nr)
A', =2n.p L
p=0.5(R+r)
L =!F'-l)+1"
Pyramld Sphe
V=-ft'=4.189r'
3
., A,h
= 1nd' = 0.5236d'
3 6
A. -{n1'?=nd'?
v = 1d'h
4
A' = 2nrh
,C" = 2nr(r+h)
MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
GEOMETRY
M.4
SOLID BODIES
zoneofa Sphere Ungula
v =In(:a'+:t'+tr') v = 3.'h
3
v = 1d'n v=an(zo'+a')
4 12'
A, =rr[hr +h, +r
r^ -- J I
+./r'+(h, -h,l l4l
A," =rdh
PLANE ANALYT c cEOMETRY (Equations)
Lin€
, ,t , . .2
Y =lu+b (x -a., +(y-bJ =r
6 =&-!L = 1un, If a=0, b=0:
Xr -Xt
x2+y2=1'
X, V, x' y'
a- b' a- b-
= 16'-d . =rF *d
"
c c,
e=*<l
a a
Parabola
I Af
2T\ v=-x(L-x)
I
2
-L-
F---rJ'
MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
TRIGONOMETRY M.5
BASIC CONVERSIONS
sino,
ranc=- I I
I|
seco= sin2c+cosr0=l |I -1-=t*,unto
cosd cosd- cos cx
cotd--cosd I
II cosecC=
I
tand.cotcr,=l |
sln0 slnd I =]-=t*"ot'o
sln c[
^ cot'z0,-l
cos 2cr = cos' ct -sin2 d cotlfi=-
2cota
cos
ct
=
cr sinc I l cosc li+.*a
2 2 1-coscr sinc \l-cosc
-c[
.
sln ct = ^ {I
lsln-.cos
0, --- 1 .)
tan0=
ztan
-
^
^ a-B o-B
Slnc{ r Slnp=Zsrn-.COS
u+B d-R
coso +cosB - 2cor - r '.6t "i--r
2 '22
sina-sinB=2sssgj-q
. c-0 COSct-COsP- ..
2Stn-
0-p 0-B
2
sin = lco,(o-9;
u.sinB'22 -]cos(o +0) ^ cot{x+tmB
coto(.tanLt=-
' tan(x+cotB
cos or,+ sin cr = J7.sin (+so + or)
! t; t;
sin d 0.0 = 0.s000 = lJ-6bbt) 1.0
2 2 -2
h
:.A I
cos c[ 1.0
2
= 0.8660
T = 0.7011
2
= 0.5000 0.0
tm(x 0.0 f3
=o.rrro 1.0 Ji =1.7321 t&
(p
-o( 90'1 cr 180'+d 270" + a 160' -a
- 225
T
SYMBOLS s.1
NOTES A Area, Cross-sectional area (cm2 ) R Supportreaction (kN), Strength (MPa)
D Diameter (cm). Force (kN) Radius (cm)
M. " about the z - z uis (kN .m) c Coefficient of linear expansion (l/grad)