C H A P T E R 11

Digital T-Carriers and Multiplexing

Multiplexing

- Transmission of information from one or more source.

- To one or more destination over the same transmission medium (facility).

Space-Division Multiplexing

- Unsophisticated form of multiplexing that simply constitutes propagating signals from

different sources of different cables that are contained within the same trench.

Trench

- Considered as transmission medium.

QPSK

- Form of phase-division multiplexing (PDM) where to date channels (the I and Q)

modulate the same carrier frequency that has been shifted 90◦ in phase.

I – Channel Bits

- Modulates a sine wave carrier.

Q – Channel Bits

- Modulates a cosine wave carrier.

Methods of Multiplexing Signals.

- Time-Division Multiplexing

- Frequency-Division Multiplexing

- Wavelength-Division Multiplexing

Time-Division Multiplexing

- Transmissions from multiple sources occur on the same but not on the same time.

PCM

- Most prevalent encoding technique used for TDM digital signals.

DS-O Channel

- Use an 8-kHz sample rate and an eight-bit PCM code, which produces aC64Hkbps
A PPCM
TE R 11
line speed.

Multiplexer

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- Simply an electronically controlled digital switch with two inputs and one output.

TDM Frame

- One eight-bit PCM code from each channel (16 total bits).

Frame Time

- Time it takes to transmit one TDM frame.

Digital Carrier System

- A communications system that uses digital pulses rather than analog signals to encode

information.

T1 or Transmission One

- Specifies a digital carrier system using PCM encoded analog signals.

300 Hz to 3000 Hz

- Voice band channel bandwidth.

T1 Lines

- Special conditioned cables.

Framing Bit

- Used to maintain frame and sample synchronization between TDM transmitter & receiver.

Digital Channel Banks

- PCM encoders & decoders with a seven-bit magnitude.

Signalling

- Supervision between telephone offices, such as on hook, off hook, dial pulsing, and so

forth.

Signalling Frame

- Only seven-bit resolution.

Extended Super Frame Format

- C
Consist of 24 193 bit frames, totalling 4632 bits, of which 24 are framing bits. H A P T E R 11

CRC-6 (Cyclic Redundancy Checking)

- Used for an error detection code.

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A Bit

- Signalling bit in frame 6.

B Bit

- Signalling bit in frame 12.

C Bit

- Signalling bit in frame 18.

D Bit

- Signalling bit in frame 24.

Data Service Unit / Channel Service Unit

- Digital interface that provides the physical connection to a digital carrier network.

Multiplexers / Demultiplexers

- Upgrade from one level in the hierarchy to the next higher level.

Digital Cross Connect

- Provides a convenient place to make patchable inter connects and perform routine

maintenance & trouble shooting.

Signal Processor

- Provides frequency shifting for the master group signals.

Picture phone

- Low quality video transmission for use between non-dedicated subscribers.

Three-Bit Code

- Identify when transitions occur in the data and whether that transition is from a 1 to a 0 or

vice versa.

Address Bit

- First bit of the code. C H A P T E R 11

Digital Line Encoding

- Converting standard logic levels.

Unipolar
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 Digital T-Carriers and Multiplexing
- Involves the transmission of only a single nonzero voltage level.

Bipolar

- Two nonzero voltages are involved (a positive voltage for a logic 1 and an equal-

magnitude negative voltage for a logic 0 or vice versa).

Duty Cycle

- Categorize the type of transmission.

No return to Zero

- Maintained the entire bit time.

Return to Zero

- Less than 100% of the bit time.

DC Wandering

- Produces a condition in which a receive may lose its amplitude reference for optimum

discrimination between received 1’s & 0’s.

Digital Biphase

- Popular type of line encoding that produces a strong timing component for clock recovery

and does not cause dc wandering.

Biphase

- Uses one cycle of a square wave at 0◦ phase to represent logic 1 and one cycle of a

square wave at 180◦ phase to represent logic 0.

Biphase M

- Used for encoding SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Tele vision Engineers) time-

code data for recording on videotapes.

C H A P T E R 11

Biphase L

- Commonly called the Manchester Code and specified in IEEE standard 802.3 for

Ethernet local area networks.

Miller Codes
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 Digital T-Carriers and Multiplexing
- Forms of delay-modulated codes where logic 1 condition produces a transition in the

middle of the clock pulse, and logic 0 produce no transition at the end of the clock

intervals unless followed by logic 0.

T Carriers

- Used for the transmission of PCM-encoded time-division multiplexed digital signals.

Amplifier / Equalizer

- Filters and shapes the incoming digital signal and raise its power level so that the

regenerator circuit can make a pulse-no pulse decision.

Timing Clock

- Recovery circuit reproduces the cocking information from the received data and provides

the proper timing information to the regenerator so that samples can be made at the

optimum time, minimizing the chance of an error occurring.

Regenerative Repeater

- A threshold detector that compares the sampled voltage received to a reference level and

determines whether the bit is logic 1 or logic 0.

E-Lines

- Different version of T carriers used in Europe.

Time Slot 0

- Used for frame alignment pattern and for an alarm channel.

C H A P T E R 11

Digital carrier frame synchronization

- Added-Digit Framing

- Robbed-digit framing

- Added-channel Framing

- Statistical framing
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- Unique-line code framing

Methods of Interleaving PCM transmissions

- Bit Interleaving

- Word Interleaving

Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing

- Used more often for the transmission of data when they are called asynchronous TDM,

intelligent TDM, or simply stat muxs.

CODEC

- Large-scale integration (LSI) chip designed for use in the telecommunications industry for

private branch exchanges.

Functions of Codec

- Analog Sampling;

- Encoding / Decoding;

- Digital Companding

Time Slot Strobe Buffer

- Used to gate the PCM word onto the PCM highway when an external buffer is used to

drive the line.

Burst Mode

- Data are input and output for a single channel in a short burst.

Variable-Data-Rate Mode

- Allows for a flexible data input and output clock frequency. C H A P T E R 11

Shift Register Mode

- Data from the PCM highway are clock into the codec on the next eight consecutive

negative transitions of DCLKR.

Frequency Division Multiplexing

- Multiple sources that originally occupied the same frequency spectrum are each

converted to a different frequency.

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Stacking

- Process is accomplished without synchronization between stations.

Message Channel

- Basic building block of the FDM Hierarchy.

Demultiplexers / Splitters

- Separate signals with different wavelengths in a manner similar to the way filters

separate electrical signals of different frequencies.

WDM Routers

- Direct signals of a particular wavelength to a specific destination while not separating all

the wavelengths present on the cable.

WDM Couplers

- Enable more efficient utilization of the transmission capabilities of optical fibers by

permitting different wavelengths to be combined and separated.

Basic types of WDM couplers

- Diffraction Grating

- Prism

- Dichroic Filter

Synchronous Optical Network

- Multiplexing system similar to conventional time division multiplexing.

C H A P T E R 11

STS-1

- Has a 51.84-Mbps synchronous frame structure.

OC-48

- Second level of SONET multiplexing.

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