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St.Theressa college of engineering and technology.
the future clearly. ABSTRACT: Blindness is more feared by the public than any other ailment. Artificial vision for the blind was once the stuff of science fiction. But now, a limited form of artificial vision is a reality .Now we are at the beginning of the end of blindness with this type of
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For more Presentations goto http://www.mycatalyst.co.in
St.Theressa college of engineering and technology.
the future clearly. ABSTRACT: Blindness is more feared by the public than any other ailment. Artificial vision for the blind was once the stuff of science fiction. But now, a limited form of artificial vision is a reality .Now we are at the beginning of the end of blindness with this type of
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For more Presentations goto http://www.mycatalyst.co.in
St.Theressa college of engineering and technology.
the future clearly. ABSTRACT: Blindness is more feared by the public than any other ailment. Artificial vision for the blind was once the stuff of science fiction. But now, a limited form of artificial vision is a reality .Now we are at the beginning of the end of blindness with this type of
For more Presentations goto http://www.mycatalyst.co.in
Drepturi de autor:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formate disponibile
Descărcați ca DOC, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
MVGR college of engineering. St.Theressa college of engineering and technology.
the future is also presented clearly. ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Blindness is more feared by the public than any other ailment. Artificial-vision researchers take Artificial vision for the blind was inspiration from another device, once the stuff of science fiction. the cochlear implant, which has But now, a limited form of successfully restored hearing to artificial vision is a reality .Now thousands of deaf people. But the we are at the beginning of the end human vision system is far more of blindness with this type of complicated than that of hearing. technology. In an effort to The eye is one of the most illuminate the perpetually dark amazing organs in the body. world of the blind, researchers are Before we understand how turning to technology. They are artificial vision is created, it's investigating several electronic- important to know about the based strategies designed to important role that the retina plays bypass various defects or missing in how we see. Here is a simple links along the brain's image explanation of what happens when processing pathway and provide we look at an object: some form of artificial sight. • Scattered light from the This paper is about curing object enters through the blindness. Linking electronics cornea. and biotechnology, the scientists • The light is projected onto has made the commitment to the the retina. development of technology that • The retina sends messages will provide or restore vision for to the brain through the the visually impaired around the optic nerve. world. This paper describes the • The brain interprets what development of artificial vision the object is. system, which cures blindness to some extent. This paper explains the process involved in it and explains the concepts of artificial silicon retina, cortical implants etc. The roadblocks that are created are also explained clearly. Finally the advancements made in this system and scope of this in the ARTIFICIAL VISION SYSTEM technology.
HOW TO CREATE ARTIFICIAL VISION?
The current path that scientists are
Figures (1,2): the anatomy of taking to create artificial vision the eye and its path view received a jolt in 1988, when Dr. Mark Humayun demonstrated that The retina is complex in itself. a blind person could be made to This thin membrane at the back of see light by stimulating the nerve the eye is a vital part of our ability ganglia behind the retina with an to see. Its main function is to electrical current. This test proved receive and transmit images to the that the nerves behind the retina brain. These are the three main still functioned even when the types of cells in the eye that help retina had degenerated. Based on perform this function: Rods, this information, scientists set out Cones and Ganglion Cells. The to create a device that could information received by the rods translate images and electrical and cones are transmitted to the pulses that could restore vision. nearly 1 million ganglion cells in Today, such a device is very close the retina. These ganglion cells to be available to the millions of interpret the messages from the people who have lost their vision rods and cones and send the to retinal disease. In fact, there are information on to the brain by at least two silicon microchip way of the optic nerve. There are devices that are being developed. a number of retinal diseases that The concept for both devices is attack these cells, which can lead similar, with each being: to blindness. The most notable of these diseases are retinitis • Small enough to be pigmentosa and age-related implanted in the eye macular degeneration. Both of • Supplied with a these diseases attack the retina, continuous source of rendering the rods and cones power inoperative, causing either loss of • Biocompatible with the surrounding eye tissue peripheral vision or total blindness. However, it's been found that neither of these retinal diseases affects the ganglion cells or the optic nerve. This means that if scientists can develop artificial cones and rods, information could still be sent to the brain for interpretation. This concept laid the foundation for the invention of meaningful images to the brain.
How does ARTIFICIAL
SILICON RETINA works?
The ASR contains about 3,500
microscopic solar cells that are able to convert light into electrical pulses, mimicking the function of Figures (3,4) The dot above the cones and rods. To implant this date on this penny is the full size device into the eye, surgeons of the Artificial Silicon Retina. make three tiny incisions no larger than the diameter of a needle in Perhaps the most promising of the white part of the eye. Through these two silicon devices is the these incisions, the surgeons ARTIFICIAL SILICON introduce a miniature cutting and RETINA (ASR). The ASR is an vacuuming device that removes extremely tiny device. It has a the gel in the middle of the eye diameter of just 2 mm (.078 inch) and replaces it with saline. Next, a and is thinner than a human hair. pinpoint opening is made in the In order for an artificial retina to retina through which they inject work it has to be small enough so fluid to lift up a portion of the that doctors can transplant it in the retina from the back of the eye, eye without damaging the other which creates a small pocket in structures within the eye. Groups the sub retinal space for the device of researchers have found to fit in. The retina is then that blind people can see resealed over the ASR. spots of light when electrical currents stimulate cells, following the experimental insertion of an electrode device near or into their retina. Some patients even saw crude shapes in the form of these light spots. This indicates that despite damage to cells in the retina, electronic techniques can transmit signals to the next step in the pathway and provide some form of visual sensation. Researchers are currently developing more sophisticated computer chips Figure 5:Here you can see with the hope that they will where the ASR is placed be able to transmit more between the outer and inner processor, and the brain implants. retinal layers. The tiny pinhole camera, mounted on a pair of eyeglasses, captures For any microchip to work it the scene in front of the wearer needs power, and the amazing and sends it to a small computer thing about the ASR is that it on the patient's belt. The processor receives all of its needed power translates the image into a series from the light entering the eye. of signals that the brain can This means that with the ASR understand, and then sends the implant in place behind the retina, information to the brain implant it receives all of the light entering that is placed in patient’s visual the eye. This solar energy cortex. And, if everything goes eliminates the need for any wires, according to plan, the brain will batteries or other secondary "see" the image. devices to supply power. Another microchip device that would restore partial vision is currently in development called the artificial retina component chip (ARCC), this device is quite similar to the ASR. Both are made of silicon and both are powered by solar energy. The ARCC is also a very small device measuring 2 mm square and a thickness of .02 millimeters (.00078 inch). There are significant differences between the devices, however. According to researchers, the ARCC will give blind patients the ability to see 10 by 10 pixel images, which is about the size of a single letter on this page. However, researchers have said that they could eventually develop a version of the chip that would allow 250 by 250 pixel array, which would allow those who were once blind to read a newspaper.
WORKING OF ARTIFICIAL VISION SYSTEM:
The main parts of this system are
miniature video camera, a signal photodiodes on the chip. The photodiodes mimic the retinal cells by converting light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted by cells in the inner retina via nerve pulses to the brain. The goggles are transparent so if the user still has some vision, they can match that with the new information - the device would cover about 10° of the wearer’s field of vision.
The patient should wear
sunglasses with a tiny pinhole camera mounted on one lens and an ultrasonic range finder on the other. Both devices communicate with a small computer carried on his hip, which highlights the edges between light and dark areas in the camera image. It then tells an adjacent computer to send appropriate signals to an array of small electrodes on the surface of patient’s brain, through wires entering his skull. The electrodes stimulate certain brain cells, making the person perceive the specks of light. The shifting patterns as scans across a scene tells him where light areas meet dark ones, letting him find the black cap on the white wall, for example. The device provides a Figures (6,7) illustrating sort of tunnel vision, reading an the AV SYSTEM. area about the size of a card 2 inches wide and 8 inches tall, held Light enters the camera, which at arm's length. then sends the image to a wireless wallet-sized computer for ADVANCEMENTS IN processing. The computer CREATING ARTIFICIAL transmits this information to an VISION: infrared LED screen on the goggles. The goggles reflect an Ceramic optical detectors based infrared image into the eye and on on the photo-ferroelectrics effect to the retinal chip, stimulating are being developed for direct implantation into the eyes of attracted growing government patients with retinal dystrophies. funding and commercial interest. In retinal dystrophies, where the Such implants zap electrical optic nerve and retinal ganglia are signals to nerves on the back of intact (such as Retinitis the eye, which then carry them to Pigmentosa) direct retinal implant the brain. However, since these of an optical detector to stimulate devices take advantage of retinal ganglia could allow surviving parts of the eye they patients to regain some sight. In will help only the subset of blind such cases additional wiring to the people whose blindness is due to brain cortex is not required, and retinal disease, by some estimates for biologically inert detectors, about 30% of the blind. Moreover, surgical implantation can be quite scientists don't believe any direct. The detector currently implant could help those blind being developed for this since birth, because their brains application is a thin film never have learned to recognize ferroelectric detector, which under vision. optical illumination can generate a local photocurrent and photo VISIBILITY: voltage. The local electric current generated by this miniature It has been demonstrated in some detector excites the retinal neural studies that to a sighted person, circuit resulting in a signal at the image resolution of some 64 by 64 optic nerve that may be translated pixels is (more than) enough to by the cortex of the brain as get easily recognizable images. "seeing light". Detectors based on See for instance the reference at PbLaZrTiO3 (PLZT) and the end of this page which BiVMnO3 (BVMO) films exhibit suggested a lower limit of around a strong photo response in visible 625 pixels. Similarly, a study by range overlapping eye response Angélica Pérez Fornos suggested from 380 nm to 650 nm. The thin a minimum of 400–500 pixels for film detector heterostructures have reading text, with less than a been implanted into the eyes of factor two further reduction in rabbits for biocompatibility test, case of real-time visual feedback. and have shown no biological Thus a 1000 pixels should do for incompatibilities. many purposes, but some 64 The bionic devices tested so far pixels (for instance arranged in an include both those attached to the 8 by 8 matrix) or less rarely gives back of the eye itself and those recognizable images to a sighted implanted directly in the brain. person, so we cannot expect this Patients with both types of to be any better in an alternative implants describe seeing multiple display that is likely to be much points of light and, in some cases, more crude than what Nature crude outlines of objects. Placing normally provides us with. electrodes in the eye has proved easier. During the past decade, work on these retinal implants has The effect of image resolution is 3.Researchers caution, further illustrated with the images however, that artificial vision below, where a photograph of a devices are still highly parked car has been pixelized to 4 experimental and practical by 4, 8 by 8, 12 by 12, 16 by 16, systems are many years away. Even after they are 32 by 32, 64 by 64 and 128 by refined, the first wave will 128 pixels, respectively. The most likely provide only crude images here still include shading, images, such as the outline of while some implants may give a kitchen doorway. It does little more than on/off signals per not function as well as the pixel or phosphene. real eye, and does not have crystal-clear vision (as it is only a camera).The device is a very limited navigational aid, and it's a far cry from the visual experience normal people enjoy.
144 256 1024 4096 16384
16 pixels 64 pixels pixels pixels pixels pixels pixels OTHER REASONS CAUSING (12 × 1 (16 × 1 (32 × 3 (64 × 6 (128 × (4 × 4) (8 × 8) 2) 6) 2) 4) 128) BLINDNESS AND THEIR REMEDIES: BOTTLENECKS RAISED BY THIS TECHNOLOGY: The main aim of Artificial Vision is to restore some degree of sight 1.The first and foremost thing is to the profoundly blind. Since the cost .The miniaturization of blindness can result from defects equipment and more powerful at many different points along the computers have made this visual pathway, there are artificial vision possible, but it's accordingly a wide variety of not cheap: The operation, proposed models for an "Artificial equipment and necessary training Eye". cost $4,800 per patient. And also may be much higher depending The earliest stage of visual processing is the transudation upon the context and severity. of light into electrical signals by the photoreceptors. If 2.It may not work for people this is the only process that is blinded as children or as infants, interrupted in a blind because the visual cortex do not individual, he or she may develop normally. But it will work benefit from a Sub-Retinal for the vast majority of the blind -- Prosthesis, a device that is 98 to 99 percent. designed to replace only the photoreceptors in the retina. However, if the Optic Nerve itself is damaged, the only possibility for restoring sight is to directly stimulate the enormous amount of work visual cortex. Cortical to be done in developing prosthesis is designed artificial retinas. In recent specifically for this task. years, progress is being Although the categories made towards sensory presented account for most of distribution devices for the the research in Artificial Vision, there are a few more blind. In the long run, there exotic techniques being could be the possibility of developed. One of these is brain implants. A brain the BioHybrid Implant a implant or cortical implant device that incorporates provides visual input from a living cells with man-made camera directly to the brain elements. Regardless of the via electrodes in contact specific design, all of these with the visual cortex at the devices are working towards backside of the head. the same goal-- a permanent replacement for part of the BIBILIOGRAPHY: human visual system. BOOKS: CONCLUSION: - “Artificial Vision for the Blind by The electronic eye is the latest in Connecting a Television high-tech gadgets aimed at Camera to the Brain" helping millions of blind ASAIO Journal 2000 and visually impaired people. Although the images WEB: www.artificialvision.com produced by the artificial eye were far from perfect, www.howstuffworks.co they could be clear enough m to allow someone who is otherwise blind to recognize www.wikipedia.org faces. The first useful artificial eye is now helping a blind man walk safely around and read large letters. Several efforts are now underway to create vision in otherwise blind eyes. While technically exciting, much more work in this area needs to be completed before anything is available to the majority of patients. Research is ongoing in two areas: cortical implants and retinal implants. There is still an