WIRELESS

COMMUNICATIONS
AND MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

Submitted by:

Anand.Govuri
H.NO:04B41A0406
MOBILE NO: 9397876656
E-MAIL:anandl_406@yahooco.in
Kshatriya College of engineering

G.Guru charan
H.NO:05B45A0402
MOBILE NO: 9908468186
E-MAIL:gajula_guru @yahoo.com
Gurucharan2007@rediffmail.com
 Kshatriya College of engineering

ABSTRACT

Wireless LAN technology is gaining broad acceptance and being adopted world-wide in
organizations that clamor for competitive advantage of an increasingly mobile and highly productive
workforce. The WAP 2000 series access point, which sets the enterprise standard for secure,
manageable and reliable wireless LANs while also providing a smooth migration path to future
high-speed wireless LAN technologies. This innovative, state-of-the art wireless infrastructure
platform features dual-band functionality that simultaneously supports current and emerging
wireless standards. One of the most innovative aspects of the WAP 2000 series access point is
that it is both software and hardware upgrade their software to take advantage of new features
that DAX will develop in the future, but they also will be able to upgrade the radios in the field to
take advantage of new high-speed wireless standards.

WIMAX (world-wide interoperability for microwave access) is the IEEE 802.16 standards
based wireless technology that provides MAN (metropolitan area network) broad band connectivity.
WIMAX can offer a solution to what is normally called the “last-mile” problem by connecting
individual homes and business offices Communications. It is to be less expensive than their
wired counterparts, such as digital subscriber lines (DSL). This will now be able to enjoy
high-speed internet access since distance up to 30miles (50km) are supported

“No wires, No rules”. Zooming down the highway, you will be able to use a
laptop or PDA to check the weather or traffic a few miles ahead. From physical issues up to
applications aspects, Mobile Ad hoc networking in Wi-Fi (wireless-fidelity) comprehensively covers
all areas of the technology including protocols and models with an emphasis on the most current
research and development. To understand wireless technology trends and to see why non
infrastructure-based Mobile Ad hoc networks are poised to play an important role in the evolution of
future wireless networks. It helps in the evolution path of different technology generations.
1.0 INTRODUCTION:

Wireless technology for computer users is nothing new. The first connections
were established two decades ago .Adoption, though, has proceeded very slowly, mostly limited to a few
specialized vertical markets, such as warehousing, education and retail.
Implementation has been slow for three reasons.first, the original wireless data rates
were too slow to serve mainstream users on a shared LAN. Although throughput did gradually increase,
network speeds still drastically lagged those of wired LANs.
Second, proprietary, nonstandard solutions dominated the marketplace, providing little interoperability
among devices, or the peace of mind for users that come from having multiple vendor options.third,
these low speed proprietary solutions were very expensive compared to wired solutions.

In recent years, the situation has changed dramatically. In 1999, institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers(IEEE) ratified the 802.11b standard, offering data rates up to 11 megabits per
second (mbps),similar to the 10 mbps connections that are common for many Ethernet-based workgroups.
For the first time, wireless LANs became truly usable for most work environments and office
applications. Multiple vendors quickly came to support the 802.11b standard. This rapidly drove
down costs, leading to increased demand and even greater vendor support. In addition, the
802.11bstandard assured users of device interoperability. The Wireless Ethernet Compatibility
of wireless LAN products based on the IEEE 802.11b specification and to promote the use of the
standard across all Market segments. With the rapid adoptions of the 802.11b standard, users
began to have a choice of a wide variety of interoperable, low-cost, high –performance wireless
equipment.
Perhaps most importantly, much type of organizations today sees tremendous value by adding
wireless on to the corporate LAN. For years, laptop and notebook computers have Promised
anytime, any where computing.But, with access to the LAN and the internet becoming such
an integral part of business, a wireless connection is needed to make true the Promise of anytime,
anywhere computing. Wireless devices enable users to be constantly connected from
virtually anywhere: a desk, a conference room, the coffee shop, or another Building on a corporate or
academic campus. This ability provides users with maximum flexibility,
productivity and efficiency, while dramatically boosting collaboration and cooperation with
colleagues, business partners and customers. In addition, wireless can bring LAN access to location
where laying cable is difficult or expensive.

1.1 WiMax Standards

This figure shows how 802.16 broadband wireless systems have evolved over time. This diagram shows
that the original 802.16 specification defined fixed broadband wireless service that operates in the 10-66
GHz frequency band. To provide wireless broadband service in lower frequency range, the 802.16A
specification was created that operates in the 2-11 GHz frequency band. To provide both fixed and
mobile service, the 802.16E specification was developed
Both 802.11a and 802.11g offer substantial improvements over the current 802 . 11b standard,
Because higher data rates deliver far greater performance and usability for devices on the wireless
LAN. The one disadvantage is that the 802.11a and 802.11g standards are not compatible because
they use different frequency bands.futher more,
802 11a is not compatible with the exiting installed base of 802.11b devices.
So, what should organizations do? This decision is critical as look a head to the future of their
wireless infrastructure. it will guide their product choices and infrastructure capabilities for years to come.
2. Wimax:
Broadband wireless access technology
wimax is a wireless standards developed by working group of institute of electrical And
electronics engineers (IEEE). The first version, IEEE 802.16 activities were
initiated by the national wireless electronics systems tested (N-WEST) of the u.s national institute of
standards and technology.
The WIMAX from is a non-profit group that promotes 802.16 technology and certificates
compatibility and interoperability of broadband wireless access equipment that conforms to
IEEE802.16&ETSIHIPERMAN standards. That standard offers an alternative [1] to cabled access
networks, such as fiber optic links, coaxial system using cable
modems, and digital subscriber line (DSL) links or t1 links. This technology provides fast services,
flexible, cost effective filling of the existing gaps of wired network and facility to create new services.
The IEEE has established many wireless standards as IEEE 802.15 for personal Area
network (PAN), IEEE802.11 for local area network (LAN), IEEE802.16 for local area network
(LAN), IEEE802.16 for metropolitan Area network (MAN). Each standards represents the optimized
technology for usage model.

2.1 - Typical WLAN Roaming

The topology of roaming cells may take on many forms but the essential building block is a collection of
wireless devices with overlapping BSS. The overlapping wireless roaming cells mainly constitute an
Access Point to Access Point (AP-to-AP) signal, Access Point-to-Wireless Client (AP-to-WC) linkage, or
Wireless Client-to-Wireless Client (WC-to-WC) association. In a typical WLAN topology, the WC does
not communicate directly with each other; they communicate with the access point. If a single BSS does
not provide enough coverage, a number of wireless cells can be added to extend the range. (ESS).

One form of Wi-Fi™ Mesh comprise of a collection Root-AP overlapping to create wireless roaming
cells

An AP attached directly to a wired network provides a centralized point for wireless end users to remain
attached to a wired Internet. If more than one AP is connected to the wired network, users can roam
from one area (or wireless cell) of a facility to another cell without losing their connection to the
network in a large facility (Figure 3). As users move out of range of one AP, they automatically connect
to the network through another AP; consequently, the roaming process is seamless and transparent to the
user. 1c- WLAN Repeater Roaming

Another Wi-Fi™ Mesh comprise of a Root-AP and a collection of adjacent Repeater-APs

Another wireless roaming configuration is attaching a principal AP to a wired network and arranging
other access points as a repeater or central router for mobile end users. The WLAN repeater-roaming
configuration is a chain of repeaters overlapping be neighboring wireless cells and maintain an
indirection association to the wired AP. Similar to a teacher leading a group of children, by the hand,
across a street intersection. The AP wired to the backbone network is designated as a Root Access Point
(Root-AP) and the wireless APs not attached to the wired network are called Repeater Access Points
(Repeater-APs).
 The IEEE 802.16 standard, WIMAX is a broadband wireless access to link homes and business to core
telecommunications networks worldwide. The wireless MAN technology bringing the network to a
building, users inside the building will connect to it with conventional in-building networks. This
technology allows for the efficient extension of the individual users laptop computer in a home.

The working group’s initial interest was the 10to 66 GHZ range which is developed for a point-to-
multipoint broadband wireless access over 30 miles. The standards covers both the media access
control (MAC) and the physical (PHY) layers. Task groups a and b are jointly producing an amendment to
extend the specification to cover both the licensed and unlicensed bands in the 2 to 11GHZ range
[2]. The data rate is of 70 mbps over 30 miles (50Kms).WIMAX is speed broadband network.

The WIMAX network is as shown in figure 2. A WIMAX system consists of two parts.

(1) A WIMAX TOWER:

A single WIMAX tower can provide coverage to Avery large area [5].

(2) A WIMAX REACEIVER:

The receiver and antenna could be a small box or PCMCIA card,
or they could be built into a laptop.
A WIMAX tower station can connect directly to the internet using a high-bandwidth,
wired connection (for example, a T3 line). It can also
connect to another WIMAX tower using a line-of-sight, microwave link. This connection to a second
tower (often referred to as a backhaul). A long with the ability of a single tower to cover up to 3,000
square miles is what allows WIMAX to provide coverage to
remote rural areas. WIMAX is capable of delivering flexible and affordable last-mile broadband
access for millions of subscribers in homes and business throughout the world.
2.2 Wimax Radio Channels
This figure shows the key components of a basic WiMax radio system. This diagram shows that the
major component of a WiMax system include subscriber station (SS), a base station (BS) and
interconnection gateways to datacom (e.g. Internet) and telecom (e.g. PSTN). An antenna and receiver
(subscriber station) in the home or business converts the microwave radio signals into broadband data
signals for distribution in the home. In this example, a WiMax system is being used to provide telephone
and broadband data communication services. When used for telephone services, the WiMax system
converts broadcast signals to an audio format (such as VoIP) for distribution to IP telephones or analog
telephone adapter (ATA) boxes. When WiMax is used for broadband data, the WiMax system also
connects the Internet through a gateway to the Internet. This example also shows that the WiMax system
can reach distances of up to 50 km when operating at lower frequencies (2-11 GHz).

2.3 WIMAX BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY

RESIDENTIAL BROADBAND

For residential broadband WIMAX can be used to fill the gaps in cable and DSL coverage. Practical
limitations prevent cable and DSL technologies from reaching many potential broadband customers.
Due to the absence a line of sight requirement, high bandwidth and the inherent flexibility and low cost,
IMAX helps to overcome the limitations of traditional wired and proprietary wireless technologies.
3- Practical Application of Mesh Networks

A Wireless Mesh Network has two practical applications in the Wi-Fi community: Static Wireless Mesh
and Dynamic Wireless Mesh. With a Static Wireless Mesh, the permanent IP address is assigned to a
centralized or specific wireless device, like a wireless router, as it rarely change in physical location.
Adjacent wireless routers can overlap in RF coverage to produce a roaming effect or extend the range
via a repeater configuration as well as several pockets of mobile wireless end users.

Users or wireless devices wishing to communicate without any infrastructure or vital administration
primarily form the Dynamic Wireless Mesh. Each node is free to enter or leave the network area at any
time; however, a very complex IP layer is required to assign or de-assign IP addresses because of an
every changing mobile environment.

Figure 7: Static Wireless Mesh: Wireless Bridge delivers Internet access to Homes and roaming can occur
between neighboring home.

4.0 “last mile” broadband access solution

Metropolitan-Area networks (MAN) connections to home and business office,
especially in those areas that were not served by cable or DSL or in areas where the local telephone
company may need a long time to deploy broadband service WIMAX is useful. The
WIMAX –based wireless solution makes it possible for the service provider to scale-up or scale-
down service levels in short times with the client request.
4.1 cellular backhaul
The networks for cellular base stations by passing the public switched telephone network
(PSTN); the cellular service providers can look to wireless backhaul as a more cost effective alternative.
The robust WIMAX technology makes it a nice choice fir backhaul for enterprises such as
hotspots as well as point-point backhaul solutions.

WIMAX helps backhaul enterprise connections to the internet for WIFI hotspots. It will
allow users to connect to the wireless internet service provider even when they roam outside their
home or business office. A variety of new business services by wireless internet service provider are
possible.

5.0 WIMAX Usage Scenarios

5.1 Extending the Reach of Communication and Government Services

In Indian cities, house holds with internet access use it to keep in touch with their
families and friends or in other parts of the country or abroad. But dial-up connection, currently the most
prevalent method of internet access does not provide the service quality or reliability for applications like
video chat. Low bandwidth results in video frames being dropped and in poor audio quality, and
makes the telephone unavailable for the duration of the internet connection

Broadband facilities solve these problems and extend the reach and variety of personal
communication to include the efficient VOIP, video conferencing, instant messaging and quick access to e-
mail.

Broadband access can increase the effectiveness of e-governance initiatives E-

governance can reduce wait times for service and increase productivity in government offices.

India is already testing the e-governance idea in pilot programs aimed at bringing
local government services to people through internet access. E-seva is one such initiative, created by
the Andhra Pradesh government to provide its citizens with online services such as obtaining birth
certificates and various licenses, payment of utility bills and taxes, tickets reservations for transportation
services and listings of government pay orders and policies.

Gramdoot is a similar initiative by Rajasthan government. The states of Karnataka, Madhya

Pradesh and kerala also have several internet-based services and literacy programs. Broader internet
adoption driven by cost-effective technologies like WIMAX can speed-up and extend the reach of
government services at a reduced cost to both the people and government.
5.2 Improved Education, Health Care and Entertainment
With higher bandwidth and faster speeds broadband internet can make education more accessible by
delivering interactive distance education at low cost.

In India, schools and libraries in rural or remote areas without wired infrastructure or
broadband services can be cost effectively connected to broadband using WIMAX. Video
conferencing tools can help students to study a variety of subjects with educators who may not
be able to commute to remote areas. Lecture classes from urban schools and top universities can be
broadcast to rural students, and the students could use the broadband facilities of WIMAX for
communicating with teachers and with their remote classmates.

The IndiraGandhi National Open University (IGNOU) is already encouraging state

governments and conventional universities to establish distance learning programs, providing
financial support and grants for programs and facilitating development of multimedia materials for delivery
through distance learning programs.

Other premier institutions such as the Birla institute of technology and science (BITS),
pilani, are already offering distance learning programs through relation- ships with industry and
development agencies. BITS conducts off-campus degree programs as a means of continuing
education for the employed professionals as part of the human restores. Development programs of
specific organizations at various off-campus centers. BITS offering include degree programs in
math’s, science and engineering, computer sciences, medical and health care and other fields. Extensive
and reliable broadband internet can help this internet-based quality distance education reach more people
across the nation.

Agriculture and health care can also benefit from broadband services. High resolution pictures
or real time images of crop diseases can be transmitted to Agricultural experts in a different geographic
location for immediate expert advice, thus containing the crop diseases faster. Similarly, doctors
can use real-time video conferencing to
discuss patient symptoms with far away experts, thus providing faster and better care to
the patients. Videos of this and similar scenarios are available at the Intel web site.

The many social advantages of broadband internet also include telecasting of entertainment
programs, as “on-demand” movie and infotainment service business models evolve. Entertainment
delivered via broadband could be an event for social gatherings in isolated villages.

5.3 Backhaul for Meshed Wi-Fi

Local Area Network

India has one of the fastest-growing IT industries in the world, and this growth is expected to continue.
Broadband internet connectivity is critical for many business, so IT- dependant industry concentrates in
areas where broadband service is available. Wireless last-mile broadband could accelerate the development
of meshed office wireless LANs (like wi-fi), and business could than backhaul the LAN traffic to the
WIMAX network. Service providers will be able to quickly provide on-demand high-speed connectivity to
businesses anywhere within their base station range.

6.0 Wi-Fi Mesh Networks, The path to mobile Ad Hoc

6.1 - Makings of a Wi-Fi Mesh Network: Wireless Roaming Cells

(WC) by combining at least two P-to-P or P-to-Mp wireless cells create a roaming effect and thus is the
start of a Wi-Fi™ Mesh Network. Roaming is the ability to maintain network connectivity while moving
from one access point to another. The basic service set (BSS) is the area of RF coverage provided by an
access point, also referred to as a wireless cell. The AP is the master for the wireless cell and controls
traffic flow to and from the network for its given RF circle. The RF coverage of a wireless cell is limited
and each county has its own set of rules of cell coverage.

To extend the BSS or to simply add wireless devices and increase the range of an existing wired system, an
Access Point can be added, hints this unit is the point at which wireless end users can access the network.
Because the wireless end users ranges from PDAs, Laptops, tabletops, PCs, these wireless accessible
devices are called Wireless Clientsmost manufactures.

Normally, Wireless Local Area Networks (Wireless LANs) are configured using a peer-to-multipoint
network, which has one access point (AP) that controls communications with other wireless devices
accessing the network. Signals in peer-to-multipoint networks converge at a single access point. The
reliability of these networks is set by the quality of the RF linkage between the central AP and the end
points.
In a real-world application, it can be problematical to find an ideal location for an access point that provides
dependable communication

with each end point, especially if two or more floors exist or due to a home’s physical structure. Moving an
access point to improve communications with one node will often degrade communications with other end
points. The status of a communication link between wireless devices, at any given time, is a function of
their positions, transmission power levels, antenna patterns, interference levels, and many other minor
phenomena.
7.0 WIMAX Benefits
7.1 cost and investment risks

• Interoperable equipment lets operators purchase WIMAX-Certified equipment from more

than one vendor[4].
• A stable, standards-based platform improves Op ex by sparking innovation at the
network management layer, antenna layers and elsewhere in the protocol stack.
• Better bits per second per Hz at longer ranges.

7.2 Scalable System Capacity

• Easy addition of channels maximizes cell capacity.
• Flexible channel bandwidths accommodate allocations for both licensed and
unlicensed spectrums.
.
8.0 Today’s wireless applications
Wireless access at LAN speeds:

Workers today need secure access to an organizations network, whether

they are at the office, at a branch location, at home, or at the airport. with wireless
connection, they can enjoy full access to their applications and data, enabling them to
work from a wide variety of locations within range of an access point. Therefore,
workers can stay connected and be fully productive from almost anywhere.

Internet/intranet access:

Today, workers require continual access to the internet and to the company
intranet. wireless technology lets employees take advantage of these capabilities
constantly, conducting research and communicating with co workers and business
partners through email and instant messaging .Without the physical restriction of wired
connection.

Highly mobile computing:

Currently, most wireless computing is conducted with laptop computers.

However, that scenario is rapidly changing and broadening. More and more, wireless
vendors are offering silicon solutions that dramatically power consumption and cost of
wireless solutions. As a result wireless capabilities increasingly will be featured in
smaller devices, such as very small laptops, PDAs and phones .these devices when
connected wirelessly to the company network, will become critical productivity tools for
workers who do not spend their entire day at a desk
Conclusion:

The IEEE 802.16 wireless MANTM air interface standard provides the wireless alternative to cable and DSL.
The WIMAX can offer a solution to what is normally called the “last-mile” problem by connecting
individual homes and business offices communications. It’s high throughout, scalability, and QOS features,
are combined with techniques for coverage extension. IMAX provides world-wide broadband connectively.
The standard is intended to allow for multiple venders to produce interoperable equipment.

References:

1. IEEE 802.16-2001,”IEEE standard for local and metropolitan Area networks-part 16: Air later
face for fixed broadband wireless access system”, apr.8, 2002.
2. www.ieee.org
3. www.wimaxforum.org
4. http://computer.howstufffworks.com
5. www.intel.com
7. www.wi-fitechnology.com