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Master 2 Sl Conputer Science

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I A Web address
A Name the different pârts of this URL (Uniform Resource Locâtor),

l!ttp:1&rylhw.

; l<,:ts

rr:.r):,1 ùt'. n; c* ,.i , ,

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8.1 this is the webpage

'3l\ the tt?e oflransmission stapdad your browser musr use to access the data

4. Lhispointsro Lhe compLrlcr where the webpage '- " r"

isslored \ -"
+).
15.' lhis is where the webpage is slored in the compurer :I " ' . \'-'

o this is the company ), '

ô this is a Web file Dqr,-..l n'.,"..

IIow Do Web Search En grnes Work?

A Discuss these questions:

1. How do search engines work?

2. What makes some search engines more effective than others?

Reading it!e. t':\ {

'
Seuch engines are the key to fr,nding specific information on thc vast exp'anse ofthe
World Wide Web. Without sophisticatbd search engires, it would be virtually impossible to
locate aûything oû the Web without kiowing a specific URL,

7
When people ùse the term search engine in rclation to the Web, they axe usually referring to
the actual search forms that seaxch through databases of HîML docurneûts, initially gathqed

by a ïobot. 'l:" ' '

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There are basically thjee types of search engines: Those that are powered by robots (calied
crawlcrs; ants or spiders) and those that are powered by human submissions; and those that
are a hybrid of the two.

Crawler-based search ergines are those that use automated solïware agents {called crawlers)
that visit a Web site, read the information on the actual site, read the site's meta tags and also
follow the links that the site connects to performiug indexing on alt linked Web sites as well
The crawler relurns all that information back to a central depository, where the data is
indexed. The ciawler will periodically retudl to the sites to check for any infomalion that hâs
changed. The frequency with which this happens is determined by the administâtors of the
search engine.

Human-powered search engines rely on hw[âns to submit infoÛnation that is subsequently

indexed and catalogued. Only information that is submitted is put into the index.

In both cases, when you query a search engine to locate information, you're actually searching
though the index that the search engine has created arc not actually searching the
-you
Web. These indices are giant databases of infornaton that is collected and stored and

sùbsequently searched. 'fhis explains why sometimes a search on a commercial search engine,
such as Yahoo! or Google, will retum results that are, in fact, dead links. Since the search
results are based on the index, if the index hasn't been updated since a Web page became
iwalid the seârch ergine treats the page as still an active link even though it no longer is. It
will remain that way until the iDdex is updated.

So why will the samc search on different search engines produce difere[t results? Part ofthe

answer to that question is because not all indices are going to be exactly the same. It depends
on what the spiders find or what the humans submitted. But more important, not every search
engine uses the same algo thm to search tbrough the indices. The algorithm is what the
search engines use to determine the relevance ofthe information in the index to what the user
is searching for.

Oûe ofthe elements that a search englne algorithm scans for is the ûequency and location of
kclavords on a Web page. Those rvith higher frequonoy are typically considered more

t
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 relevant. But search engine technology is becoming sophistcated in its attempt to discourage
whal is knowD as keyword stumng. or spamdexing. -- t, - 'Y)
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Another common elemeDt that algorithrns analyze is the way that pages link to other pagqs iû
the Web. By analyzing how pages link to each other, an engine car bolh determine what a
page is about (if the keywords of the linked pages are similar to the ke)ryr'ords on the original
page) and whether that page is considered "important" and deserving of a boost in ranking.
Just as the techrology is becoming increasingly sophisticaled to igroie keyword stuffrng, it is
also becoming morc sal'vy to Web masters who build artificial links into their sites in order to

build an artificial ranking.

B Find in the text answers to thes€ questions:

1
(i) Which search engine is not optrat€d by humans? Sci\.i '' '

2. What is tle progess ofindexing? :

3. Why âre some rerumed resultd dead linksl ')l'r..","
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4. Why do search engines trear s6rne web pages as slillacrive,links?
-
l";' ="':'-' t L- t,
15J what does the result ofa query depend on'
tr^ o''1ô' ; . ,,,-',1 .t',,, ; _ç,rJ,..
.Q Why do technotogy and web maste$ work for different purposes? *l'r., -t'_'
).,,
i
^ -ar 1.
.,

C Find in the text words with the following de{initions:

1, A program tiat searches docriments for specified kenvords and rchrms a list of thc
documents where tbe keywords were found, .....!lf L:d..,i.n1..r.*..
A special HTML tag that provides informatioû âbout a Web page: ..,nlela,..{rtrtr.-,.
3. The process by which search engines select pieces ofrelevânt code fiom the web page
and catalog them: ...........+.4:-u.
"i,,....,....
4. It refers to the practice of lodding a Web page with infomration without substanlial
added value: .. -........!1.:,r*x.q.'].. -

5. A link on the Web that points to a Web page or server that is permanently unavailable:

...............J*o.J....*;.1.+..,...
6. The position of something on a scale showing its importance in relalior to other
similar things: .,.... :te.',. !...',c.............,.
ll

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3 Web Server Error Messages

Ërors on the Intemel, and those cnnoying enor mcssages. occur quite frequently and
-
can be quite frustrating especially if you do not know the differerce between a 404 erroi
-
and a 502 error. Many times they have more to do with the Web servers yourre aying to
access nther than something being wrong with your computer.

Provide the IITTP status codes (âlso called error messages) relâting to the
following receptive meânings:

1- Usually means the syntax used in the URL is inconect (e.g., uppercase letter should be
I
Iow€rcase letter; wrongpùnctuationmarks):..,11,.....:....i.-,..,,.1.r-.*..J|ç.c?L,,:-.rf,.

2- Server is looking for some enôryption key from the client and is not getting it. Also,
wong password may have been entered. Try it again, paying close attention to case
-t
sensiti\,11y:............+.1...*.,....!.:.'.1:.r:.......1.,.',.\(.1..,......,.....-....,...............

3- Similar to 401; special permission needed to access the site - a password and/or
usemame if it is a regisûation issue. Other tirnes you may not have the proper
permissions set up on the seNer o! the site's administrator just docsn't want you to be

abletoaccessthesite'....i.1...1,.....f.,:.1.",,,...1,.,..........r,-.............jr:,r,"rr-J.......

4- Server canûot find the file you requested. File has either been moved or deleted, or
you entercd the wrong URL or document name, Look at the URL. If a word looks
misspelled, then correct it ard tly it again. If thât doesn't work backtrack by deleting
infomation between each backslash, until you come to a page on that sitc that isn't a
*./ i'
404. From lherc you may be able to nnd lhe page you're looking for: ..|'l5..:1.....1.r-!. n
f :-'"! /
Client stopped the rcquçst befole the server finished retrieving it. A user will either hit
the stop button, close the browscr, or click on a link beforc the page loads. Usually
occurs\r'llenserversarcsloworfilesizesarclarge,.4J.....i....i.1....,.,....::...;.....
.-t
6- Webserverdoesn'tsupportarequestedlèature:.......-,.....:i.......,.,,;....,,))..:....-.r...1 . )'"-',1

7- Server coûgestion; too many oonnections; high traTfic. Keep trying until the page
loads:,...517-L........i:.rl:.:i.tr:;....1.L,-,,.., -.;..:,1 ...':.::.'........"..".r..,'
L
 Help box

A collocation is a pair or group of words that . Verb+ particle: hack into a computer

are olten used together. Leâming coliocations log onto a bank account

instead ol individual words can help you . Adverb'adjective: highly sensitive

rcmcmbcr which verb to use with whioh noun. information freely âvailable on tlle Well
For example, we may say: 'l\{cals will be . Àdjectir e I noun: malhcmalical formulas
sen'ed outside, ï'hether pennitting'but not up-to-dâte information
'Meals will be served o\rtside, whether The word online olien collocâtes with other
allowing'. words and can fimction as adjective or adverb
In order to sound natural in English, you need Adjectivc: Thcy post opillions on onlinc
rù leam thern. For examplc. irr computing wr joumals.
say 'attach a tjle', not'enclose a filei. Adverb: A podcast is an aùdio rccording postçd
Hçre are some common types ofcollocationi online
.Verb + noun: You may like to burn CDS, Phrases: To drâg and drop
This CD contains instrùctions Plug and play
on how to instâll the
soflwarc,

@' Comptete the gaps to mako collocâtions, ând then say what type they are '/-\- ô\ r

t\.. t'
..*+.]'.
- ,rr" \\cb. ........r.... chal room. or1.:... ., \
b
... . .. . :.. .mails ,
6tr_-r '.
Z, Inrtont r*o-. {.i. b" u g."ut\vuy to communicate with {ii"oa" 1: li ' 1"'
"* ,.'
3. ThissofiuaremaynotU"....\ir.S.6..."ompaliblc!^itholdcr,,peratingsv"re6'. lJ- I'di

4. Mostr ebcarn. ùtù. aIsBpon. v"-,r'"'

5, 'Ihis highly AàJ..,-r,.,...
. ... game will kcep you plâying for hours
6.Companiesare stârlingtouse..rJ,,r'lt,r..: . rcalityontheirwebsites lj ; r"r'ur

Make collocations relat€d to rveb browsers with words from the box,
ând then compl€te the following passage

the home page the cuneil,t page bgûoii lavourites image links

box Lhe crme.nf-trausfcr h\.ocdext linl(s one paqe {Luice

 ,/ \,""
Go back.....f.nc...q.o-X-.@n"ru' .u*^.",t..oo.*-.@ctictabl"..'h,J4ça.t+:\ a,^L^
-_/w
.,-@ co to ... fi.z. -!. o,,,. ç"
o Feed ]e,rtêtx. -.....
2<. @'oo torward ar.,"c gaff.. @
,.@ Stop..*.1'e.u*or.rr}..h*{y"@Sr'o*..$*r$,+rr.Os.ur"tr..}co.*...-.......
(r) Clictaule ,.. À ..,X-c . ûrvâ-D
A typical web page

The toolbar of a web pagc shows all the navigation icons. which lct you 1

âi........ or 2 .........€-......-. You can also 3 b or 4

ê.......,.... when rhe rircuirs are busy.

Tab buttons iet you view different sites at the same time, ard the built-in 5

. ......i......tapsyoulookforinformation. Ifthe6....,,...-..9,a,....,........,tighrs 'f',

it meâns the site offers RSS feeds, so you cart automatioally receive updates. when a web

page won't load. you can 7 ........ d.,..........,... . meaning the page reloads (downioads
agah). If you \aant to mark a website address so that you can easily revisit the page at a
later time, you can add it to your favbu tes (favorites in American English), or bookmark
it, \\ hen 1ou wanr ro visit h again you simpll click S .....Q.............
u
On the web pagç itself, nost sites feature 9 I andf 0 ........i...
Together, these are known as hyperlinls and take you to other web pages when clicked.

Advanced Internet Searching

@Listening:
Listen to this recording which explains how to search the intemet quicker and more
effectively, and then answer the followiûg questions: â{
,,,./o sn.',.J-, *j1.-,
(l) whar example of search is given? Q;lcr"' 't"r:
-Inc' 't
P^ "1tL't-'. ., *ta
^
(!)Inwhichwayametasearchtoolisdifferentfromabasicsearchengine?'DJl'|,\''t 'l' ,r'
[ù Whar are the rips thar may save ]ou rime and give I ou bcner resuhs? 6J 4.* 'oà'1t
@ wni"l "rit.au *e,rsedro anall,e uscfulnessi +{.e"
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Ée
il(r-r., - ,ir',- Ætr â-
\ùl ." a' , *);r*,11q
'u1^" ùtn ,- /lrl\" I \' "1
< J,l .,-(,,
Ahhough the format of a mail missage, as transmitteal flom one machine to another is
4id.lX defined, different mail protocols transfer and store messagçs in.sliq!!]y different
ways, 'fhe mail system you are probably used to employ is a combiûation of SMTP and
POP3 to send and receive mail respectivcly. Others may use IMAP4 to retdeve mâil,
cspecially where bandwidth is limitcd or expejbjle. 3

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 Simple Mail Transfer protocol

SMTP is used to transfer message between one mail serv€r aûd another. It's also used
by email program oû PCs to send mail to the server. SMTP is very sqeight&Iw4ld
providiûg only facilities to deliver only messages to one or more recipients,in batch mocle.
Once a message has been delivcred, it cân"J.be rccalled or cancelled, It's also deleted t''rom
the sending server once it's beeû clelivered.'Sa11p uses .prrsh'. operatioj. meaûing tht;
lhat
cgll:9tion is initiated by the sending sen/er Érher thar the receiver. Ihis makes it
unsuitable for dcliveting messages to desktop pcs, which aren't guaranteed to be switçhed
or} at all times

In !o1t-bq1ed mail sysrems. such Unix and Web mail, SMTP is rhe only protocol the
as
server uses. lteceived messages arc stored locally and retricjed fionl the local file system
by the mail program. In the casc of Web mail, the message is then translatcd into HTML
and tÉnsmitted to your bronser. SMTp is the only protocol for tmnsferring mcssages
between servers. How they are then storcd varies Aom systeût to systein.

Post Office Protocol

POP is a message relfieval protocol used by many pC mail clielrls to gel messagçs
from a seryer, typically your ISP's mail server, It only allows you to dormload ali
ûessages in youl mailbox at once. It rvorks in ,,pull" mocle, the receiving pC initiating the
connection. Pc-based POI,3 mail cLients can do this automaiicall at a preset inteNal.
When yoLr use your Web mail accoLrnr to access a popl mailbo*rlhc lnail server opens a
conn-ection to the POP3 server just as a PC-hased application $ould. The messages arc
then copied into your Web maiibox and read via a browser.

Since pop3 downloads all the mcssages in your mailbox, there,s an option to leave
messrges on the server, so that they can be picked up Êom different machines without
losing anffil1s;loqs meait rhat you'll g€t every message clownloaded every time you
con_nect to rhe senerï:Tf )qq dorit clean your mailbox regular.ly thilcould meagieng

@11:eOt When ùsing a weSmail aécouni io reirieve out POP3 rnail. be careful abour
leavrng messages on the server--ifroo many build up, cach download will take g lotgjllIllE
.; 1q$ up your inbox. Many Wcb maii systems won't recognize messages you,ve alieacly
dounlô-aded.:o you will ger duplicares oloncs 1ou haren r deleied.

Internet Mail Access Protocol

IMAP is similar in opemtion to pop, but allows you more choice over what messages
you download. Tnitially. only message heâders are retrieved, giving information about the
sellder and subjeca. You can thçn downkradjust those messages you waût to read. you can
also delete individual messages liom the server. and some [MAp4 serveru let you organizq
your mail into folders. This makes dotvnload times shorter and therc,s no danger oflosing
messages.
lA
\,/
/ Find answers to these qu€stions in the text:

!Q Which emall protocol is uscd to transfer mcssages betw€en selver computers? S MJ?
a2,, Wh1 is SMTP unsuir.able lor delivering mcssages lu dcsklop PCsi
3) Name rwo ho.L-bascd mail slstems mcnlioned in lhe lext. ' ,* '.. I

l) Where are email messa$es srored in rn SMTP system? ' . -) -. i ..

What happens when you use your ueb mail account to acccss a POP3 mailbox?
'..!)
Give an advantage and a disadvantage ofhaving an option to leave POP3 messages on
a6J
the selvcr.
@ What are the advantages ofusiùg the IMAP4 protocol?

. B,' Mark the following statements âs lrue or fâlse:

'.O Diff"r"n, mail sysrems lrânsler enrail: in oifferenr ,ro1r.-tr*o
more bandwjdrh rhrn lheorheremril protocols.2^ai-
^ .,

'i IMAP4 requires "

QSN,4fPis Lrsed lor .end ing emails from a PC roa serrer. L.
:
Q SVTP deliven mcssages one al a linrc.
\ S, SMTP does nol âllow a delir cred message l,.r be canccllcd. -1, .
.SMTP i, only on" o[many prorocols used to mail beLqeen servers ] '
(7) POP protocol allows the user to download one"end \'
message at a time. ir.. : .

C) Provide th€ acronyms of the following stâtements:

\-/
1. An email transfer process in which lhe cotnectjon is iuitiated by the sendil1g çomputer
rarl)cr than thc receiving (omfulcr:. ...\",..... -.. ]..-
,
2, A mail translèr protocol that initially only refieves the messagg headers:
...........1,.T1Èrl,: ...

3. An email transfçr process in which the receiving computer initiates the cotnection:
'....... .t1rr.\ )i:..\r 2n '\
4. A simpLe mail lransfcr protocol that is used 1o send messages bettve€n seryeN:
3 P,-1'P

5, A message-retrieval protocol that downloads all email mcssages ai the same time:
.........i.o.!.... ..

@ Listening: Finding a web page

Li.ten to this recording which explâins how a browser linds the rveb page you waDt.
Note down the different stâges in the appropriate order.

8 Writing
Write your own description of how â bro[scr finds the wet, p:rgc you wânt, using
appropriate time cleuses,
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ul{tT 2
Master2 Si Computer Science

Data Security
1 Read the text "THE ANATOMy OF A VlRUS,,
and then find answers to the questions that fo ow:
A biological virus js a very small, simole
organism that infects living cells, known
itselfto them and using them to reproduce as the host, by attaching
itself. This often causes harm to the host cells.
simjlarly, a computer virus is a very small progr",
resources to reproduce itself. lt often
,outin,, tf,.iiit*, ."rr,**
,vstem and uses its
does this by patching thu opuÀilne " ,vat",
program ftles, such âs COM or EXE to enable it to detect
f es. tt then copies itsetf-into ù*"ïË!..
if,,, ,ornerimes causes harm
to the host computer system.
When the user runs an infected progrânr,
it ;s loade/J into memory (:rrrying the virus. The virus uses a
:ry'pryj:IT'|8lethniqueto5taylè5ident.nmemory.i.-l,.r'".i,'".'ryl
l-lTqll! rhis process continues r,,ntitthe
,ne vtrus may also contain a pavload tllat r'lmains
computel i,l*ii"i."6ltr.
-,.'. , .kev- :: - dormant urrtil a tri€ger event activâtes it, such as the
The pavlc,ad ;";;""; ; ;i'.'r.ir",-liii .'rn, a. somethins rerativerv
ïfnular a m' ss'rs
::::l:-"-':ilt"" t*kolaving
i:ll:t::,1:l
sucn as deleting files on le har4r /.i,.k-
e on the monltor s1rç,gn 6r it mitht do ;mething more destructive

when it infects a file, the virt'.s .eplaces the first in,struction

ih the host program with a command that
cnanges. the- normal execu'(ron This'.ype
sequence. of command is known as a JUMP command and
causes the virrrs instJrjc*.rons
tr; be executed b'èfo;; the host program. The virus then returns controlto
the host prclgç3m wt rich then continues witr,r
its normal sequànc! of instructions and is executed in the
norlnalwa.r,.
To be a \"irv'r, a program,Jnly needs'.o have a reproduction routine that enâbles it to inlect other
pr-ograms. \ however, ha'./e four main parts. A misdirection routine that enables it to,hide
"/iruses cân,
itlgll a ra,produqtion rou'tlne that allows it to,tgpyltself to other programs; a trigger that causes the
payload 6" at a pâd.icular time or when a particular event takes place; and a payloâd thât
".s "a1iu"ted
maY be,31"ir;o 1',"talc:ss joke or may be very destructive. A program that has a payload but does not
have a reproduction r outine is known as a Troian.

q
,2.
How are co mputerviruses tike biological viruses?
Whèt is th,.t effect of a virus pâtching the operatin8 system? *."'t
ii;i.'. C.- *g
rq'tt J."\ ;"'ît) l!:
)À:'r ",.+-')..\"",
. some viruses desisned o"'::o.o ;: "XÀ j
(| 4. ï:f il, :".""t ;Ùl,t'.:
:: writer provide? r".-g,;l
what xamples ot pôyload doesthe
e
',.!lto?
\
(.CtqC.\ e KE: i,.'I
(
5 Whar.1;66 o1Ororrams do vlruses often attach IJ {-_
Ji Pro,r'ide the function of each virus routine:

misdirection
reproduction
tri88er
oad

i i) How does â Trojah differfrom a virus?

-J Ç.,., tr. .-.r^q'.' J rL ,..I-v --r.. I

b,r. .l +,-"'[ \Y'- r(ieJ"'t'-''': "

2- [isteningl

1^
l,_, ,,,..\,.1,, \. (1-'vri\ I
-,.f- . 1,J.V,tlO
 @ You are golng to hear Jon, a bank security offlcer, answer some questions about hisjob.
Before you listen try to complete the sentences about bank securitY.
a. A l$jl-ùk.:.J4i-:. hacker is a hàckerwho helps oryanizations protect themselvês against cdminal
hackers.
b. A ..0!lac\."-1r*f. ls a process to check to see who is connected to â network.
c. ....'.*rqf .1"ç....-, tingerprintinF gives information about what operating system people are using.
d. 128 bit sst ..........Çi.:È;t:{:.,r*).. encrypt data.
e. Anti-virus software can protect againstviruses and ......'.1:tL9-1.!L":. ,.,............
f. ......}l),'.â..,2-..,...,,,.,...... phishing is a more targ€ted form of phishing.
Now listen to Jon and check your answers.

asked Jon. Listen again and match the

@these were the questions that the interviewer
questions 1-6 to Jon's answers a-e. There is one question that was not asked.

C\1. What can people do to stay secure online?

,L 2. ls there anything else that people should be aware of?
c- 3. How do you go about that?
4. to use credit cards online? t*i t^À"-.|
ls it safe
5. So, Jon, what sort ofwork do you do forthe bank?

ts 6. what's the difference between you and a normâl hacker?

3- lnternet Crimes

A- ldentify the internet crimes sentences (1-6) refer tol

a c.âckers try to find a wây to copythe latest Same or computer program.
Astudy hasrevealed that halfa million peop'le willautomaticallyopenàn email
Yr'ro9
theiùelieve to be
A) from their bank and happily send off all their security details. p\i.**.,\
@ this software's danter is hidden behind ân attractive appearance. Thats whi it is oftên wraP€ed^in ^^
$'!"'l Jil,>Ê
attractive packages promising photos of cele b rities like An na Ko urn ikova o r Jennifer Lopez
@ There is a particulâr danger in lnternet commerce and emails. Many people believe they have been
offered a speciâl gift onlyto find out laterthey have been deceived. l)(lr''rn
G' 'Nimda'spreads bV send;ng iniected emails and is also âble to infêct websitet so when a uservisits
\ôi{tl"rr')
a

compromised website, the browser can infect the computer.

6 Every day, millions ofchildren spend time in lnternet chat rooms talking to strangers But,\^/hàt,me
ofthem don't realize is that some ofthe surfers chattint with them may be criminals.
(àbi-):'l

B- ldentify the internet crimes to be avoided by followingthese pieces of advicê:

A.,6 People shouldn't buy cracked software or download music illegâlly from the lnternet'
;;--(a
1L,-G'
Be suspicious of wonderful offers. Don't buy if you âren't sure.
It's dangerous to give personal informatlon to people you contact in chat rooms'

i.:€
l.*Q
Don't opên attachments from people you don't know even ifthe subject looks attractive-
Scanyouremail and becareful aboutwhichwebsitesyou visit.
'r-r--(!) check with your bank before sending information.

4- Read the following text, and then deal with the related exercises:
2
 does data encryption provide?
Glwhat
b. integrity c" authentication
æ)
@e message encrypted with the recipient's public key cân only be decrypted with

a- the senders private key b-the sende/s public key @the recipienfs priyate key
Owhat svstem is commonly used forencryption? pr-v,Ùc K.l ."*$.:r'S'1"\
@what is the opposite of tncrypt'? d."gtt
@A message-digest functio n is used toi

a' authentlcate a user @create MAc c- encrypt a messaSe

t2,What informetion does a digitalcertificate give to a client?

B - Re-read the text to find answers to these quegtlons.

1- Flnd thetechniques corresponding to the following instructionsr

a, to encrypt a message forsendin8

b, to decrypt a received message
c. to encryptthe MAC ofa message
d. to encryptthe MAC ofa di€ital siSnaturê

2 -Flnd the terms related to the following statements:

F\frL
i.r'r.
I estwr
a. message-àuthentication.oa" d. person pretending to be Someone else
b. principal features tt','à;, e. make unauthorized changes F.vcç r
c. meaningless data gitLtg0r f. convert to meaningful data -Jt'-e-1tl,t -
C- Mârk each ofthe following statements wlth true or fâlsê:

6 A messate encrypted with e public key can be d".rypt"a ry ({2-

@
"nyon".
To send a secure messate you must know the recipient's public key. " \,.u
e+ùc.
G' Secure messages are normally encrypted using a priv^âte key b€fore they are sent. \
@ A message can be reconstructed from its MAc. krb{
êt Two messâges can otten have the same MAc. "t 9 an
., _

A-l A dlgital certificate is sent to â client in ân encrypted form.

V\M 1,/!!
A digital certificate should be si8ned by a trusted digitâl-certificate iisuer..-\
@
6) A MAC is used to checkthat a message has not been tampered with. \'\'-'-!

5- Writlng: summarize the steps related to sending a secure emâil.

 Safe Data Transfer Çc!, en"* '''P
P..-.. lÉkr''^
Secure transactions across the lnternet have three goals. First, thetwo parties engaging in a
transaction {say, an email or a business purchase) don't want a third party to be able to read their
transmission. Some form of data encryption is necessary to prevent this. Second, the receiver of
the message should be able to detect whether someone has tampered with it in transit. This calls
for a message-integrity scheme, Finally, both parties must know that they're communicatinE with
each other, not an imposter. This is done with user authentication. .:
Today's data encryption methods rety on a technique catledktFhlfuMËveryone
using a public-key system has a public key and a private key, Messages àÈ'eàirirpted and
decrypted with these keys. A message encrypted with your public key can only be decrypted by a
system that knows your privâte key.
For the system to worlç two parties engaging in a secure transaction must know each othe/s
public keys. Privâte keys, however, are closely guarded secrets known only to their owners. When
lwant to send you an encrypted message, I use your public key to turn my message into gibberish.
I know that only you can turn the g_ibberish back into the original message, because only you know
your private key, Public-key cryptography also works in reverse - that is, only your public key can
decipher your private key's encryption.
To make a message tamper-proof (providing message integrity), the sender runs each message
through a message-digest function. This function within ân application produces a number called a
messâge-authentication code (MAC), The system works because it's almost impossible for an
altered message to have the same MAC as another message. Also, you can,t take a MAC and turn
it back into the original message.
The software being used for a given exchange produces a MAC for a message before it's
encrypted. Next, it encrypts the MAC with the sender,s private key. tt then encrypts both the
message and the encrypted MAC with the recjpient's public key and sends the message.
When the recipient gets the message and decrypts it, they also get an encrypted MAC. The
software takes the message and runs it through the same message-digest function that the sender
used and creates its own MAC, Then it decrypts the sende/s MAC. lf the two are the same, then
the message hasn't been tampered with.
The dynamics of the Web Cictate that a user-authentication system must exist. This can be done
--
usingdigitalcertificat"r.
A server authenticates itselfto a client by sending an unencrypted ASCI|-based digital certificate. A
digital certificate contains information about the company operating the server, including the
serve/s public key. The digital certificate'is signed'by a trusted digital -certificate issuet which
meâns that the issuer has investigated the company operating the server and belieËiit to be
legitimate. lf the client trusts the issuer, then it can trust the server. The issuer 'signs' the
certificate by generating a MAC for it, then encrypts the MAC with the issuer's private key. tf the
clienttrusts the issuer, then it already knows the issue/s public key.
The dynâmics and stândards of secure transactions will change, but the three basic telets of
secure transactions will remain the same. lf you understand the basics, then you're alreâdy three
)
steps ahead of everyone else.
I
A - Find answers to these questions in the text.
$'L-'
çJ.,.,.Jo,,/ t *J. .t !'\i-""'j'-^--" !,-'1...'ù,',.i,-
Àt,.^,.,.'',
 Compounds

ln English words particularly adjectives and nouns are combined inlo eompound struc.tures in a I
vaiely of ways. There are three forms of compound words:

l- ïhe closed form, in which the words âre melied together, such as: keyboard.
2- The hyphenâtêd folm, such as: a hands-free device.
3- ThE open form, such es: a conlrol panel.

A- Compounds consisl of a hsadword and one or morê modmers which refer to difrerent things:

1- Material: e.g. silicon chip= a chip made ot silicon

2- Use orfunciiont e.g. search-enginê= a program used to find information on the web.

3- Activity or proiession: e.g. sottware engineer= a person who designs software.

4. Placei e.g. web portal

B. Some ways in which these combinalions cân be used:

1- When the secônd noun belongs to or is parl oflhe first: e.g. college librâry

' but words denoting quaniity (eg.r piecej can not be used iqthis way:^ e.g. A piece of text (not
text piece). \( l.S* K- \S
' \.:"rï'6n '\"J\>
2- The firsl noun can indicate the place of the second: s.g. online shop.

3. The first noun can indicâte the time of the second: e.g. Pre-service training.
4- The lirst can Btale the material of which the secend is made of: e.g. carbon fiber.

5- The lirst noun can also statê the power u6ed lo operale the second: e.g. laser disk = a siorage
disk with stored data reâdâble by laser beam.

6- The first cân indicate the purpose (aim) of the second: e.g.lrâffic signal= a signalthât
controls lhe movement of traffic,

7- Work areâs, such âs faclory, can be preceded by the name of the article produced:
e.g. a machine Êhop= a workshop where different meialg are cut, shaped and worked.

8-Some combinations are often used of occupalions, sports, hobbies, and the people
who p€c'tige lhem: e.g. computer conaultant, car rally.

9- The lirsl noun can show what ihe second is about or concemed with:
e.g. income lax, car insurance.

B- Read the following senten€es, and then form compounds that refer to them:
 1. Whet does data enc44rtion provide?

a'privacy b- integrity c- authentication

2, A message encrypted with the recipien?s public key.ân only be decryptêd with

a-the senders private key b-the sende/s public keY c-the recipient's private key,

3. what system is commonly used for encryption?

4. What Is the opposite of'encrypf?
5. A message-digest function is used to:

a- authenticate a user b- create MAC c- encrypt a message

6. What ihformation does a digita I certificate give to a client?

I - Re-read the text to find answers to these questions,

1- Find the techniques conesponding to the following instructions:

a. to encrypt a messâ8e for sending

b. to decrypt a received message
c. to encryptthe MAC ofa message
d, to encryptthe MAc of a digitâl signature

2 -Find the têrms relâtêd to the following statementsi

a. mêssage-authentication code d, person pretendingto be someone else

b. principa I features e, make unôuthorized chahges
c, meaningless data f. convert to meanihgful data

C- Mark each ofthe following statements with true orfalsêl

a. ,q message encrypted with a public key can be decrypted byanyone.

b. To send a secure messaSe you must know the recipiênt's public key
c, Secure messages are normally encryptèd using a private key bêfore theyâre sent.
d. A message can be reaonst.uctêd from its MAc.
€. Two messages can often have the same MAC'
f. A digita I certificâte is sent to a client in an encrypted form.
g. A digita I certiflcate should be signed bya trusted digital-certificate issuer.
h. A MAC;s used to cheak thata mÊssage has not been tampered with.

5- Wrlting: Summârize the steps related to sending a secure email.

6- Listening: Listên to this recording on'Basic Cyber Safeq/, and then note down
some of the given pieces of advice.

7- Lantuag€ Work
A- Explâin the following compounds, extrâct some others from the text and then,
study the related notes below: "a message-integrity scheme", "data encryption
methods".
 ô A website which is designed in a goodway. -. '.11.i-lq,l'-,r.i
2- A display which is mounted on the user's head. ..,
.. r.. J-rr, ,rrr,, i,, .J
!3' An operation which doesn't require hands. - ' -, .l -i,. ..
!O A computerwhich runs on batteries. \.Jù,.,.-.q'.tr'.1 '-:,,*i:,!': '-
5- A hard drive which integrates two different teàÂÀologies. f
'i.
i,\'"'J
6- A special file which redireds to another file or program. S4,.û.f\'r
7- A peripherâl device which reads and writes flash memory.
I:.,.:'r i, ',...'
8- A file which can be retrieved and displayed, but not changed or deteted.
9- A device which is worked by the user's voice.
,.!G A source of powerwhich mayTail. ,, .. lî"i. r
l1-An unauthorized access ofa website. ,,.- -.\. ,..' ",.,
12- Strategies against malware. .l

8- Read the passage, and then answer the questions below

The average computer user has between.5 ând 15 username/password combinations to Iog in to
email accounts, social networking sites, discussion boardt news and entertainment sitet online
stores, online banking accounts, or other websites. For people who use email or other internet
applications at work, the number of required username/password combinations may surpass 30.
Some of these accounts demand that you use a specific number of symbols and digits, while others
,
require you to chang€ your password every 50 days. Whel1 you add to this list the codes needed to/
access things like ATMs (devices to perform financial transactions), home alarm systems, padlocksi
or voicemail, the number of passwords becomesqqgger'ÂglThe teeting of frustration that results
from mainteining a memorized list of login credentiaÈ f,aigro\^,n ro pr"ualent thât it actuâlly-hâsra --- ,*
nameipasswordratieue. ,
i "::.î*.iff
-
Having to remember so many different passwords i1g$![g but it can also be dangerous. Because
it is virtually impossible to remember â unique password for each of these accounts, many people
leave hândwritten listr of usernames and passwords on or next to their computers. Others solve this
problem by using the same password for every account or usinS extremely simple passwords, While
these practices make it easier to remember login information, they also make it exponentially eâsier
for thieves to hack into accounts, Single sjgn-on (SSO) authentication and password management
software can help.. mitigate- this problem, but there are \!|,tvbr{t
Ig.?gj!,.epploaches. SSO
authentication can be used for{elated, but ind€pendent softwarè system;. With SSO, users log in
once to access a variety of different ap-plications. Users only need to remember one password to log
in to the main system; the SSO software then automatically logs the user in to other accounts within
the system. SSO software is typlcally used by large companies, schools, or libraries. password
management software, such as KeePass and Password Safe, is most often used on personal
computers, These software programs-which have been built into many major web browsers-store
passwords in a remote database and automatically "remember" usery passwords for a variety of
srtes. \ \r4Àtr;.. J
'Ihe problem with both SSO authentication and password
management software is that the feature
thât makes them useful is also what makes them vulnerable. If a user loses or forgets the passworci
required to log in to SSO software, the user will then lose access to all of the applicetions linked to
the SSO account, Furthermore, if a hacker can crack the SSO password, he or she will then have
6
 accessto all of the linked accounts. Users who rely on password management software, are
susceptible to the same problems, but they also incur the added threat of passwords being
compromised because of computer theft. s.U... I V\St
Although most websites or network systems allow users to recover or change lost passwords by .,o"
providing email addresses or answering a prompt, this proc€ss can waste time and cause fgrllgr'
frustration. What is more, recovering a forgotten password is only a temporary solution; it does not
address the larger problem of password fatigue,

Some computer scientists have suggested that instead of passwords, computers rely on biometrics.
This is a method of recognizing human users based on uniqu€ traits, such as fingerprints, voice, or
DNA. Biometric identification ls currently used by some government agencies and private
companiet including the Department of Defense and Disney World while biometrics would
certainly ellminate the need for people to remember passwords, the use of biometrics raises ethical
questions concerning privacy and can also be expensive to implement,

The problems associated with sso, password management software, and biometrics continue to
stimulate software engineers and computer security experts to search for the cure to password
fatigue. Until they find the perfect solution, however, everyone will simply have to rely on the

{ z, Jlryfass*ord svstem currentlv in place'

t\^,P
I l-Understanding the passate

A- Answer the following questlonsi

\n\
1) Which ofthe following best describes the organization ofthe passage (circle it)?

a. The passage organizes ideas in order of increaslng importance.

solutions as
inadequate.

d, The author explains â problem and then to agree with his or her solution to the
egsq?-qgtreaders
problem.

e. The author explains a problem, contextualizes the problem, and ultimately dismisses it as an
unnecessary concern,

2) The passage discusses all of the following solutions to password fatigue except

â. writing the passwords down on a piece of pâper

b. voice-recognition software

c, KeePass

d. using very simple passwords

ôntelligent encryption
3) As used in paragraph9, which is the best synonVm forg$g{$
7
 a" predid

b, postpone

c. investigate

@lesren
e, complicate

4) According to the passage, SSO authentication software may be safer than password management
software because

l. stolen personal computers contain passwords memorized by a user's web browser

ll. if a user of password management software forgets his or her login credentials, the user can no
longer access any ofthe appiications protected by the password

lll.
hackers who access password mânagement software can gain access to all of the applications
protected by that password

a, I only

b. llonly

c. land llonly

d. lland lll only

e. l, ll, and lll

5) Which ofthe following statements from the passage represents an opinion, as opposed to â fâct?

a. "For people who use email or other internet applications at work, the number of required
u-îername/password combinations may surpass 30."

b, the feeling of frustration that results from mâintaining a memorized list of login credentials has
Srown so prevalentthat it actually has a name: password fatigue."

Q'Having to remember so many different passwords is irritating but it can also be dangerous."

d. "Additionally, recovering a forgotten password is only a temporary solufion; it does not address
the lar8er problem of passwo.d fatigue,"

e. "The problems associated with SOS, password management software, and biometrics continue to
stimulate software engineers and computer security experts to search for the cure to password
fatigue."

6) ln paragraph t the âuthor notes that "the use of biometics raises ;ihical questions concerning
privacy," Which ofthe following situations could be used as an example to illustrate this polnt?

a. A thief steals a personal computer with password management software and gains access tc
private email accounts, credit card numbert and bank statements.

b. An employee et a company uses a voice recognition system to log in to his computer, only to be
called away by his boss. While he is away from the computer but still logged in, another employee
sngops on his computer and reads personal email correspondence,
8
 c. A computer hacker gains access to a system that uses sso software by cracking the password, [îè
gaining private access to all linked accounts
.-"d.
A company that employs fingerprint identificatlon securlty softwâre turns over its database of
fingerprints to the local police department when a violent crime occurs on its grounds.

e. Even when a person is on password-protected websitet an internet browser tracks the person's
internet use and colleds information in order to tailor advertisements to his or her interests.

7) ln the {inal paragraph, the author's tone can best be d€scribed as

a. angry

b. resigned = .'-fi.J.r " ' î ,' *t 1

c. confused

d. hopeful

e, depressed

9
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U.S.T,H.B / C.E,I.I, UNIT 3

Master 2 S1 Computer Science

I
DATA !!r,!itNc '
Data mining is simply Tiltering through large amounts ofûw data for useful infomation that
gives business a competitive edge, lhis inlbrmation is made up of meadngftil pattems ard
tr,elds.that.are already in the data but were previously unseen.
Ft!,èL ^Nl
The most popular tool used $hel1 niniDg is artificial intelligence (AI). Al technologies try to
work the way the human brain works. by making inrelligent gucsses, learning by exampie,
and using deductive reasoning. Some of the more popular AI methods used in data mining
include neural networks. clustering. and decision fees.

Neual networks look a! the rules ofusing data, which are based on the connections found or
on â€-ampl9 set ofdata. As a result, the softûare continually anaiyses value and compares it io
the other factors, and it compares thesg factols repeatsdly until it finds patterns ernerging. /
These patt€rns are knou'n as rules. The software then looks for other patterns based on these
rules or sends ou1 an alarm when the trigger value is hit.

Clustering divides data into groups based on similar features or limited data ranges. Clusters
are userl when data is not labelled in a way that is favomble to mining. For instance, an
insurance company that wanls 10 find instances of h.aud rvouldn'r have its record labelled as
fraudulent or not fraudulent. But after analyzing pattems within clusters, the mining software
can stalt to figure out the rul€s that point 10 which claims are iikely to be false.

Decision trees, like clusiers, separaie the data inio subsets and then analysg the subsets to
divide them into lulther subsets, and so on (for a few more levels). The final subsets arc then
snlali enough that the mining process can Iind iniercsting pattcms :urd relationships within the
dâtâ.

Onçe the data to be minçd is identificd. it should be cleansed. Cleansing data lices ir fiom
duplicate iûformation and eûonçou!-data. Next, the data shouid be stored in a unifoln format
within relevant catçgories or fields. N4iùing toois can work with all types ofdata storagc, lrom
large data \a,archousc to smaller desktop databases to flat files. Data warchouses and data
marts are storage methods that involve archiving large amounts ofdata in a way that makes it
casy to acoess when necessary.

When the proccss is compiete. the midng softwarc generates â reporL. anal"vst goes over
v| rl
the report to see if fui{rer work needs ro bc done, such as rctining ^n
{arq4qefgl} usins othcr
4gla_glùCis_-199!s !g e!4q!ne -t! e data. o:f_gygo,sçIappinelie-drla_i! il!_qus.eblc, lf no
further work is required, the repofi procceds to the decision makers lor appropriate action.

the power of data mining is being uscd for many purposcs, such as analyzitg Supremc Coùt
decisions, disçovering pattems io heallllCafS, pulling stories about competirors from
ncwswires, rg!q!]ll!g qo!t1_e..nqckr! in producrion processes. and analysing scquerces in the

' rr" \ +1.. 1

'ç'/- i''r --t!

 I
!u!Ls4Je!r9!gl4elq There really is no limit to ûe type business or area of study wh€re
data mining can be beneficial.

A- Find ahe atrswers to these question$ in the text:

o what lool is often used in data mining? --) A ! (l^lÀ"rs rA\"VÇ'.." -

/') What Al method is used for the following processes?

@ Separate data into subsets and then analyse the bsets to divide them into futher
strbsels for a numbe! oflevels. Lerv:".n \,"€o-'.

@Continually analysc and compare data until s cmerge. NÂ.4l*Q Nùw*.!,"

$ Divide data into groups based on similar features limited data ranges. c\ok"r.i*t1

a) What term is usçd for the pattems found by neural

Nw- î1, ,",*tq^uJù.! ',^
CI when are clusrers used in daturnining? *"à Sr,
"iîh*..
L \orvr^U'Q. +" r.'nr*;'.-1'
o What types ofdata storage can be used in data minin v;^^
J"l.
lç,r. ' S^-N*
\,--' . ùt^l Lr.
$u-
G) What can an analyst do to improve the data mining ts? $J
r?.; Name some ways in which data mining is crmently

B- Re-read the text to find the elswers to these qu

I Firld the terûs correspondirg to the follorving state

@ Storage method ofæchiving large amounts ofdata to it easy to access ùIo n,or,\,o**
($ Data ftee frorn duplicate and erroneous infomation

O A process offiltering thorough large amounts ofraw for useful inlormalion \)dld ! q
^Iv^
@ A computing tool that tries to operate in a way similar the human hrain t\r
2- Mark the followitrg as truc or fâlsei

(E Data minhg is a process ofanaiysing known iu data. \"\È"

0 Artificial intelligence is cornmonly uscd in data mi

e In data mining. patterns found while analysing

.-W*
are used for further analysing the
data,
o Data mining is uscd to delect false insurance c -\1..
o Data mining is only useful for a limited range of blems. $J^'
 i1-*"\
Ie Re-s
C- Lenguage Work:

I Considçr the lollowing sentence extracted from your texl:

A1] anâlyst goes over thç rçpofi to see if further work needs to be done.
What does the undcrlined word reprcsem?
te"r.J... f:-'* (\*)

2 Review comparison cooslructiorN through the follo*ing quizl

Ol - It's
EL-utt".
than mine.
I ...,!À<-Q
a\
( r["ù *{*,} ?. )
lmore small- I .FëeL
fhither could be used here.
{ \N{&1,. s"\vrc-r u
'i
Q2 - Yours is than mine. cÊd'æ1
flbin".
$i*r* çt.r.rrrn,o (* JÉ\ J.rÀ!.,,
Jmore big

03 - It's than you think.

flo--orr.I *\u \
Jlmore common
à,lElther could be used here.
ôi*^€
costs than I thousht.
(,4 - It qwÉnx''"r1
lXless,,-.^,^jrr-.ir. CJ

Xfe*., .-.-- q.,l-,1 '..0"

ifEither could Ùc used here. (

He's jTa"Jor' ) . \l* L

05 - than he looks. ^
E"l.-u.r.,. r...--.Ja^J+ "É1L uJ- IL L,..n'-t^
-Jinorc ctever '-, DJ è!. F".""
lFrlher corild he rrsed here.

Q6 - The road is tha.r rhe motorway.

Xlnuoo*".
f.ore na.ro*
]]Either could be used here.

Q7 - She tâlks than I do.

nquicker
!more quickly
&ither could be usecl here.

Q8 - It's thar it iooks.

Dbadder
Krors"
Ilbader v.riYq\
ti?'*,ù !
-.o e/w
\]" î,r.
cr^.Owr.iv' fa:'"' j.o' ?

^.b!^ --+ xe ) afu

- c>/ \
 Q9 - It's than it was.
Eb"t".
Ebetter
IJgooder

was
Qlo - It than I thought it would be.
Equicker -
-Jmore-quick
(. .
JEither could be Lrsed here.

Qll - I'd like

Xfu.th"t
ffurth", =

The + comparative the more/ the less

The + comparative Lhe +compamtive

E.g. The more I study, lhe ntore I know. (AslBecause I y more, my knowledge grows
more).

Ë.g. The smaller the problem, thc Iess (hallenging it is for the programmer'
(As,4lecause the problem is simple, it does not present a great challcnge 10 the progmrnmer)

E.g. The dlffererces in resolution are noticeable The more dots per inch, the clearer the
image. (As/Because there are a lot ofdots per inch, the image becomes very clear)'

Sometimes the subject and the verb (to be) are omitted:
E.g. The sooner, the better.
E.g. The less said about it, the better.

B- lask: the Iollowing senlenccs to form parallel inçreasc constructions:

LJse ' )
@As,Because I lorget a lor.l kno\\ a lillle ^) -1. *"1" I T'"-\ '\''.u"" .-- <',,-.1.. J
@As/Because I searched a grcat deal, l found a great amount of information '
\* '-;'" - I
3- As/Because the paycheck is very large, the tax is very high *'.ry ti -'"\i,;\ ^D
4- As/Becâuse the rates are low, there are alot ofborrowers l t'À
ïL^'J
'!"- J ç
5- AsÀecause you plan a little, yoùr experiences are bad. '

Now that data mining has been introduced. it is interestinç to deal with some other related
aspects. , .-\ _e"r.+^L,Q,
-
-- |ÊJ i -, i, -7 'r'
È
, L-4t f-
Benelits of data mining -',^..,r.À\Q
.!, Y ",' L)l
\-D l\{ê}
'\tv r, 0 \
L*..r.! '*l rJÀ( f .^'^\c,.t t' d<
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q) \\" uo,l'n I Jer ' vie 1'.i,1 1.7"v:,ts1' ;.'!^
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5) -- Dc.'*
p, ç,1,*, H. ,:nJ eYft "'""
 Direct marketiûg: the ability to prcdict who is most likely to be interesied and what produilts
can save companies immense amounls and marketing expendilures.

Trends analysis: Understanding tends in the ma.ketplace is a srategic advartage because it is

useful in reducing costs and timçliness to miuket.

Fraud detection: data mining techniques cau help discover whiqh insurauce clains cellulâr
phone calls or credit çard pr,uchases arc likely to be i'raudulent.

h llnanoial matkcls: llata rnining techniques are cxtensively used to help model
/- _,-!g!giÊfing
financial markets,
arl.1,,"
Mining odiner web sites today find themselves compeling fol customer loyalty.
-
Comparirg data rnining lvith some other t€chniques

Query tools versus data mining tools: with a query tool a user cal1 ask a questioD. Howevq, a
dara mining process racLles a broadcr unclerlying goal ofa u.er'.
:J.-.i . \,
Data mining tasks: The most commoû types of data mining tasks classified' based on the
kind ofknowledge they are looking 1br are lisled as fbllowsr

Classification: data records arg grouped into some meaningfui subclasses

Sequence detection: by observing pattems ifl the data, sequcnces are detemined

Data dependency analysis: potentially intetesting dependencies, relatioiships. or associations

betweer data items a-re detecled.

Deviation analysis: for example Johl went to the bank on Satûday bùl he did not go to the
grocery store after that, instead he went to a football ganle. With this task anomalous

instances and discrepancies are found.

Techniques for data miningr Data mining is an jniegration of multiple technologies These
include:

. Data management such as database nlanagement

r Data qarehousing statistics, machine learning, decision suppon

. Others such as r i.ualizalion and parallei ,:ornputing.

Data mining directions and trends: It is desirable to have data lnining tools th{t can switch
to multiple rechniqucs and suppons mulriple oulcomcs.

Data mining processl The process overview: in geneml whçn people ralk about data mining
th€y focus primarily on the aclual mining and discovery aspeçts. The idea sounds intuitive and
altractive. However, mining data is only one step in the overall process. The latter js indeed a
multistep. iteralive process.

Data mining algorithms: Popular data mining techniques are:

o Decision trees: decision tecs or a serirs of thc or thcn rules as a colrlmoDly uscd
machine leaming algorithm are poqerlul and popular tools fbr classification and
p(cdiction
. Neural networks (NN-): Neural networks constilute another popular data mining
technique. It is a systcm of soffware programs and data structures that approximates
the operation ofthe brain
Mark lhe following ls truc or fal\€:
\e;
3!
1- Targeting potcntial clieDts and produçts is onç ofthe lasks ofdala miDing. '.;'',."-
D) Data mlÛing Jbrecast conccrning trends in thç marketplacc is not essential, but is
useful in reducinc cosrs. \ " (
( r-)
Conceming insurancc claims and unlike cellular phonc calls, credit oard purchascs are
fraudulent. T i.' .,

.-4:, Nowada),s. cusromer loyaltl,is essential to websilcs. ' I ..

.$) Query tools and clala mjning techniques sha|e the rask ofans\'vering users' questions.
(q--, Data miniog is useful in designing pattems but not sbquences. , ' .: r
(7) Discrepancies are detected through dçviarion anallsls.
-\,r'r-r

Data mining tools shoulcl be charactcr.ise<! by ,

QJ flexibility anil compatibiliry.

B- Fird terms in thc tcxt with the follorying meanings:

(l- The làct of huppcning ar rhc mosr suirable riure: ..........r.,..,1;,...:,.................
2- ImportantinasituationbutnotalwâysdirecljystalCd:...\jo..i....,',...1r.,-............,...
3- Differences bctween two or more things that shouldlbe the sâm", * rr,-.,ef..*rl*.
4- A way of setting up operations agein and agaiu. eàch time starting wilh thc rcsult of
!
the prcvlous staAct .... )-. :rô $l S.............

3 Report writi[g