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The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir
University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), No 424, Hafez Ave., 15914
SF2 = B0+ ∑Bn =1
n sin(nωt ) (5)
Tehran, Iran (e-mail: h.aghdam@aut.ac.ir; grptian@aut.ac.ir).
2
1
Vno = (Vao + Vbo + Vco ) (8)
3
Now the phase voltages, i.e. the output of the converter block
in Fig. 3, (Van ,Vbn and Vcn), can be derived as follows:
Van=Vao-Vno
Vbn=Vbo-Vno
Van=Vco-Vno (9)
Assuming a balanced R-L load, the load currents (Ia, Ib and Ic)
are obtained.
V Van
I an = an =
Za R + jωL
Vbn Vbn
I bn = =
Zb R + jωL
Vcn Vcan
I cn = = (10)
Zc R + jωL
Then, the switch currents (IS1, IS3 and IS5) can be calculated.
IS1=Ia. SF2-a
IS3=Ib. SF2-b
Fig. 1. (a) Detailed and (b) Black box presentation of three-phase VSC IS5=Ic. SF2-c (11)
The switch current (IS1) can be determined as follows:
III. FUNCTIONAL MODEL IS1=IS1-S-IS1-D (12)
Fig. 3 shows the functional model of three-phase SPWM where IS1-S and IS1-D are the pure switch current and the pure
VSC. This model consists of nine functional blocks based on diode current the switch S1, respectively.
the switching functions SF1 and SF2. The system losses of this Now, the converter input current (Iin) can be obtained by
model can be calculated. following equation.
To generate the two switching function signals (SF1 and Iin=IS1+IS3 +IS5 (13)
SF2) for each phase, in the SPWM block, the carrier signal
(Vcarrier) is compared with three different reference signals
(Vref_a, b, c) and process in the switching function block.
Using the switching function SF1, the Vao, Vbo and Vco can be
obtained as follows:
Vd V ∞
V ao =
2
∑
.SF1− a = d . An sin( nωt )
2 n =1
Vd V ∞
Vbo =
2 2 n =1
∑
.SF1−b = d . An sin n(ωt − 120 ° )
Vd V ∞
Vco =
2
∑
.SF1−c = d . An sin n(ωt + 120 ° )
2 n =1
(6)
Then, the inverter line-to-line voltages (Vab Vbc and Vca) can be
derived.
∞
3
Vab = Vao − Vbo =
2
∑
Vd . An sin n(ωt + 30 ° )
n =1
∞
3
Vbc = Vbo − Vco = Vd .∑ An sin n(ωt − 90 ° )
2 n =1
∞
3
Vca = Vco − Vao = Vd .∑ An sin n(ωt + 150 ° ) (7)
2 n =1
Fig. 2. SPWM control strategy and switching functions, (a) Carrier (Vcarrier)
Also, in order to calculate the inverter phase voltages (Van, Vbn and reference (Vref_a) signals, switching functions (b) SF1 and (c) SF2
and Vcn), Vno must be calculated.
3
The most accurate method of switching losses Figures 8-10 show the converter current waveforms. Fig.
calculation is the current and voltage waveforms 8 (a) shows the three balanced load currents (Ia, Ib and Ic)
determination during transitions. The point by point under the balanced load condition. According to equation
multiplication of these curves results in the accurate data (11), the switch S1 current can be calculated as shown in
[1]. The area under the power waveform is the switching Fig. 8 (b). The pure switch current (IS1-S) and pure diode
energy at turn-on or turn-off transitions. Fig. 5 shows the current (IS1-D) are shown in Fig. 9 (a) and (b). Fig. 10
switching energy versus switch current for IGBT and diode shows the converter input current.
(SKM 400 GB 124D [10]). These curves are approximate Figures 11 and 12 present the VSC losses which are
by: calculated based on method (a). Fig. 11 (a) and (b) show
Erec-diode=0.0001I2D+0.073ID+0.2111 (21) the conduction losses and figures 12 (a), (b) and (c) show
Eon-switch=0.0002I2S+0.0497IS+6.4364 (22) the switching losses in IGBT and diode, respectively.
Eoff-switch=0.1309I2S+3.8182 (23) The results of the calculations based on method (b) are
given in figures 13 and 14. Fig. 13 (a) and (b) show the
conduction losses and figures 14 (a), (b) and (c) show the
switching losses in IGBT and diode, respectively.
As it can be seen from simulation results of the both
methods, i.e. figures 11-14, the method (a) presents the
same accuracy as the method (b) and also it is simple to
model, has a fast execution time with MATLAB and has
not any convergence problem.
(a)
Fig. 6. Switching functions SF1 and SF2 with the SPWM control.
(b)
Fig. 5. (a) IGBT turn-on/turn-off energy and (b) Diode turn-off energy.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
The model, shown in Fig. 1 is simulated with the
following parameters:
DC-link input voltage: Vd=300V,
Load: R=5 Ω and L=20mH,
Carrier and reference signals frequencies: 1 kHz and 50 Hz,
Modulation index=0.8 and
IGBT type: SKM 400 GB 124D [10].
As shown in Figures 6 and 7, using functional model
(Fig. 3) the switching functions SF1 and SF2 and then, the
converter phase voltage (Van) and line-to-line voltage (Vab) Fig. 7. Voltage waveforms of VSC with the SPWM control, (a) phase
can be successfully obtained. voltage (Van) and (b) Line-to-Line voltage (Vab).
5
Fig. 8. Current waveforms of VSC with the SPWM control, (a) load Fig. 11. Conduction losses of SPWM VSC; method (a), (a) switch (IGBT)
currents (Ia, Ib and Ic) and (b) switch current (Is). conduction losses [mJ] and (b) diode conduction losses [mJ].
Fig. 9. Current waveforms of VSC with the SPWM control, (a) pure Fig. 12. Switching losses of SPWM VSC; method (a), (a) switch (IGBT)
switch current (Is-S) and (b) pure diode current (Is-D). turn-on switching losses [mJ], (b) switch (IGBT) turn-off switching losses
[mJ] and (c) diode turn-off switching losses [mJ].
VIII. BIOGRAPHIES