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HPO/, H2PO4'
ing awareness of health and The logic behind the mineral fertiliser
environmental issues in agriculture has use is: Potassium (K)~ K+
demanded production of organic food So, attempting to separate organic and
which is emerging as an attractive source i) Plants require 17 essential nutrients;
inorganic is difficult and fertilisers are
of rural income generation. While ii) Regardless of sources, including essential.
trends of rising consumer demand for organic, plant absorbs nutrient in an
organics are becoming discernible, inorganic form e.g. iii) There is scientific evidence that plant
sustainability in production of crops has
become the prime concern in agriculture Table 1 - Historical perspective of organic farming
development.
Ancient period
mSTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Oldest practice 10000 years old, dating back to'Neolithic age, practiced
ALTHOUGH THE TERM 'organic farming' is by ancient civilization like Mesopotamia, Hwang Ho basin
getting popularity in recent times, but it etc.
was initiated in 10000 years back when
ancient farmers started cultivation Ramayana (All dead things - rotting corpse or stinking garbage
returned to earth are transformed into wholesome things
depending on natural sources only. There that nourish life. Such is the alchemy of mother earth - as
is brief mention of several organic inputs interpreted by C. Rajagopalachari).
in our ancient literatures like Rigveda,
Mahabharata (5500 BC) Mention of Kamadhenu, the celestial cow and its role on
Ramayana, Mahabharata, Kautilya human life and soil fertility.
Arthasashthra etc. In fact, organic
agriculture has its roots in traditional Kautilya Arthashastra (300 BC) Mentioned several manures like oil cake, excreta of animals.
agricultural practices that evolved in
Brihad-Sanhita (by Varahmihir) Described how to choose manures for different
countless vilJages and farming crops and the methods of manuring.
communities over the millennium. Major
milestones in the area of organic farming Rig Veda (2500-1500 BC) Mention of organic manure in Ria Veda 1, 161, 10,2500-
are presented in Tables 1 and 2. 1500 BC, is Green Manure in Atharva Veda II 8.3, (1000
BC). In Sukra (IV, V, 94, 107-112) it is stated that to cause
a) Review of chemical use in agriculture healthy growth the plant should be nourished by dungs of
goat, sheep, cow, water as well as meat. A reference of
The world foodgrain production is to the manure is also made in Vrksayurveda by surpala
extent of 2100 million tonnes roughly (manuscript, oxford, No 324 B, Six, 107-164)
which is generally based on farming where
Holy u;-an (590 AD) At least one third of what you take out from soils must be
adequate use of fertilisers and pesticides returned to it implying recycling or post-harvest residue.
are in practice. The fertiliser use (kg/ha) in
Korea, Japan, Netherland, Bangaladesh,
are taking complex shape and posing Table 4 - Averagenutrientuptakeby crops per tonne of economicyield
serious challenges. So the use of
pesticides during last a few decades, has I Uotakeoer tonne of vieldoroduction
Nutrient I Unit I Paddv I Wheat I Groundnut I Tea I Tobacco
emerged as one of the essential agro-inputs
N kg 20.0 25.0 58.0 110.0 16.5
to increase and sustain crop yields.
PPs kg 11.0 9.0 20.0 37.8 4.4
b) Could we not avoid use of pesticides? KP kg 30.0 33.0 30.0 44.0 26.2
S kg 3.0 4.7 5.7 10.1' 2.8
Scientific surveys and evidences indicate
Ca kg 7.0 5.3 28.0 31.0 22.6
that particles of pesticides, sprayed or used
Mg kg 3.0 4.7 7.3 10.7 4.8
over crops leave undissolved and harmful
elements which are transferred to human B g 15 48 133 200 96
Cu g 18 24 15 240 11
and other living bodies through grains,
Fe g 153 624 1500 800 692
vegetables, fruits and grasses, causing a
Mn g 675 70 118 5900 132
number of diseases, ailments and harmful
Mo g 2 2 4 na 0.6
effects on our health (2). The
Zn g 40 56 28 240 21
indiscriminate use of pesticide concerns
the presence of pesticide residues in our Source: (21)
foods. According to WHO, 14000 people Table 5 - Total concentration of selected heavy metals in manures (ppm as dry wI. basis)
die every year in the third world countries
due to pesticide poisoning. Its immediate Source I Arsenic I Cadmium I ChromiumI Lead I Nickel I Copper
effect has appeared on environment and Cow manure - 08.0 58 16 29 62
ecosystem also. Large scale death ofbirds Poultrymanure 0.35-110.5 - 0.6-19.6 - - 3.5 to 13.5
is reported every year. According to study
Source: (5)
by CCS Haryana Agricultural University,
G INDIAN JOURNAL OF FERTILISERS DECEMBER 2005
the pesticide residue persistence in
Table 6 - Pesticide residue persistence in agricultural produce and food commodities
agricultural produce, food commodities
(Table 6), animal, feed, fodder, animal Commodity 2001 2002
products, irrigation water (Table 7) are
matter of serious concern as their presence Samples(no.)I Contamination Samples(no.)I Contamination
is more than maximum residue limit (MRL) Vegetables. (17 crops) 712 61 529 63.5
of PFA, 1954 (Table 8). . 12% above MRL 8.5% above MRL
NO3, NOz and it polluted environment Urea < 0.04 < 0.2 <0.4 <0.2
(Table 10) .
DAP 9.9-16.2 4.6-35.5 2.1-3.7 7.4-222
Hi) The compound annual growth rate in
MJP 0.4 <0.2 <0.4-10 <0.2
yield of important crops in India is going
to decline gradually even after use of TSP 10.3 15.0 11 17
chemicals (Table 11)
Source: (5)
iv) The efficiency of fertiliser is not more
than 50% (Table 12) and the remaining is Table 10 - Adverse effects of nitrogenous fertilisers on human health and environment
huge loss. Effect Causative agents
I
P-mineralising
Organic P ~ H'pO., H2PO~-,HPO: Crops I 1980-81 to 1989-90 I 1990-91 to 1999-2000
Organisms Rice 3.19 1.27
(Bacillus, Pseudomonas etc.) Wheat 3.10 2.11
Maize 2.09 1.69
vii) Excess and indiscriminate use of Total Cereals 2.90 1.58
inorganic fertiliser has deteriorated soil
Total Pulses 1.61 0.96
badly with deficiency of macro and
micronutrient. Total Foodgrains 2.74 1.52
Total Oilseeds 2.43 1.25
viii) Organic produce contains more Sugarcane 1.27 0.95
vitamins, minerals, enzymes, trace Cotton 4.10 -0.61
elements and even cancer fighting anti- 2.31 1.04
Total Non-foodgrains
oxidants than conventionally grown food.
All Principal crops 2.56 1.31
In a two years study as made in western
suburbs of Chicago, it has been observed Source: (22)
that the average levels of minerals were Table 12 - Nutrient use efficiency in India
much higher in the organically grown than
in the conventionally grown food. Nutrient Efficiency (%)
I
S.No Name of certifying & Address S.No. Name of certifying & Address
inspection agencies inspection agencies
associated with the organic movement is Table 21 - India organic: An overview (2004-05)
monitoring the overall organic activities
under the National Programme for organic 1. Area under certified = 2.5 million ha
2. Total certified product = 115,238 metric tonne
production (NPOP). =
3. Total project certified 332
This year NPOP standard has got 4. Number of Drocessina units - 158
5. AccreditedInsnectionand certifvina aaencies - 11
equivalency with the standard of ED =
commission. Now Indian Standard is 6. Number of Droducts exDorted 35
7. States involved in organic export
acceptable in European Countries. Efforts (i) Kerala = 1232 metric tonne
for equivalency with NOP (USA) is under (ii) West Bengal = 937 metric tonne
(iii) Karnataka = 476 metric tonne
process. =
(iv) Tamil Nadu 471 metric tonne
Certification Bodies (v) Punjab = 541 metric tonne
(vi) Himachal Pradesh = 521 metric tonne
There are 12 accredited certifying (vii) Maharashtra = 375 metric tonne
agencies in the country and the list is 8. All India total or!:Janicexport = 6472 metric tonne
9. Premium collected against organic export = Rs. 80-90 crore
presented in Table 20. Tentative tariff
(tentative)
structure (8) for certification is as below:
Source :(1)
. Travel and Inspection: Rs.12000 - organic export was 6472 metric tonne with where more than 300 organic producers
Rs.19000 per day (depending on small approximate value ofRs. 80-90 crore where gave stall and 10000 farmers visited
farmers, cooperative, estate manufacturers, the maximum product came form Kerala everyday during the programme which
large and medium sized processors). (1232 metric tonne) (Table 21). Around indicates the existence of domestic organic
. Report preparation: Rs.5000/- 5500 metric tonne (86%) of the exported market in India.
. Certification:Rs.5000/- produce are exported to the country (Table
Government Policy on Promoting
Market 22). Some organisations have already come
Organic Farming
up for promoting domestic market (Table
As regards market, India is in a very 23). The International competence Centre, The policy of Ministry of Agriculture
nascent stage when it comes to exports of Bangalore organized National organic trade seeks to promote technically sound,
organic produce. During 2004-05, the total fair on 4th- 7thNovember, 2005 at Bangalore economically viable, environmentallynon-
INDIANJOURNALOF FERTILISERS DECEMBER2005 G
Table22 - Exportof organi'cproducefrom Indiato the EU (2003/2004) consumption below 25 kg/ha is given in
Table 24.
Product I Quantity (tonnes) I Product I Quality (tonnes)
Tea Cashew nut 126
Apart from promoting organic farm
1,997
Pineapple 1,320 Walnut 89 low consumption area, rainfe,
Spices 625 Fruit 46 dryland, hill area etc., some efforts
Honey 526 Cotton 26 being made in high intensive cropp
Rice 432 Pulses 12 like Punjab, Haryana, etc. for,
Sesame seed 354 Sugarcane 8
farming. But it requires sufficient
Source: (1) assess its acceptabilityin these aJ
National Project on Organic Farm
degrading, and socially acceptable use of is already very low.
natural resources in favour of organic The Department of Agricultur
Category-II
agriculture. The policy seeks to actualize Cooperation (DAC), Minis!
the area and crop potential for The Category II areas are primarily under Agriculture, Government of Inj
strengthening rural economy, promoting rainfed farming with little irrigation support. launched a new Central Sector ~
value addition,acceleratinggrowth of agro- Category-III 'National Project on OrganicFarmil
business and securing a fair standard of an outlay ofRs. 57.05 crore for pro(
living for the farmers and agricultural The last priority areas are those with promotion and market developr
workers and their families. moderate to heavy use of fertililsers and organic farming in the country dUJ
pesticides, mostly multiple cropped area. 10thPlan on pilot basis with the fo
Area Approach and Crop Identification
The list of districts having fertiliser components:-
For promotion of organic farming,
identification of potential areas and crop is National Project on Organic Farming
(Rs.,In lakh)
crucial. The Government strategy to
promote organic farming for the crops S.No. Components Xth Plan
having market potential like fruits, spices, Physical target I Financia I outlay
oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, wheat, 829.0DO
cotton, basmatirice, etc. As far as potential 300 900.0DO
areas are concerned, three priority zones
have been identified. 35 1400.00
30 600.0 0
Category-I 2000 300.0 0
ut production. extension etc. 400 258.0 0
The top priority areas for promotion of 3920 896.0 0
organic farmingare the rainfed areas where romotion 522.0 0
5705. 0
fertililser and agro-chemical consumption
S.No. Address
Name of the organisation I Address lS.N_oj Name ofthe organisation
1. NAVDANYA Trust A-60, Hauz Khas, 8. FAB India Overseas Pvt. Ltd. B-26, Okhla Industries
New Delhi-110016 Area, Phase-I, New De li
2. Devine Agro Industries Ltd C-9, Anoop Nagar, 9. ECO-Nut Health Food Shop J's Heritage Complex, 01pp.
Uttam Nagar, Milk Union, P.T. Road,
New Delhi -59 Kodai Kanal- 624101
3. Devbhoomi Rajpur Road, Dehradun, 10. Sresta ByproduCfs PvCLtd. 203, Pavani Annexes,
Uttaranchal Road No.2, Banjara Hills
Hyderabad 500034, AP, India
4. Back to Nature' Near Kanak Cinema, 11. D.R. Agro organicAS 01, Sai Nagar, Ratnagiri,
Dehradun, Uttaranchal Kapadqani - 387620, Gu, arat
5. Mahrishi Ved Vigyan Vidyapeeth Dunda (Kunshi), 12. IOCCA 951C, 15th Cross, 8th Mai n,
Uttar Kashi Ideal Home Township
Raja Radeswari Nagar,
Banqalore-560 098
6. Institute of Rural 54 A, Kanchan Nagar, 13. Sunstar Overseas Ltd 40 K.M.Stone,
Development (IIRD) Nakshetrawadi, GT Kamal Road,
Aurangabad 413002 Bahalgarh, Sonepat, Har ana
7 ISCON Temple Bangalore 14 IITC Organic India Ltd. A-306, Indira Nagar,
Lucknow - 227 105
2030
2005 AD
1970 AD
1950 AD
1900 AD
1750 AD
Food Security 1650 AD
For Quality 1600 AD
1 AD
3000 BC
Figure 2
51, No.4, 365-377 (2003). of Soil Science. No.22 (K.P. Singh, G. Technical Bulletin No. 1/2000, CICR, Nagpur.
Narayanasamy, RK. Rattan and N.N.Goswami 37 (1999)
6. CCS Haryana Agricultural University.
ed.), 61-64 (2004)
Emerging challenge to Haryana's agricultural 18. Reganold J.P, Palmer, AS., Lockhart, J.C.
economy vis-a-visDiversification in agriculture 12. Hong Kong Organic Directory - 2004 and Macgregor, AN. Science, 260, 344-349
1-52 (2003). (1993)
13.IFOAM - The Worldof OrganicAgriculture
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estimations. 1-70 (2004) scientific and traditional knowledge in a long
14. Lampkin, N. Organic Farming, Farming
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Organic Products from India: Prospects and Abstract book), invited paper "International
15. Lampkin, Nicholas, C. Foster, S. Padel and Conference on Agricultural Heritage ofAsia, 6-
Challenges (Occasional Paper No.97), 1- 166
P.Midmore. The policy and Regulatory 8 Dec, 2004, Asian Agri-History Foundation,
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Farming as viewed by the Soil Scientists. and Policy. VoL2Dabbert, Haring, ZanoH eds).
London: Zed Book (1999) and Prospects of Organic Farming. Bulletin of
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organic production. Bulletin ofIndian Society Tarhalkar, P.P. Organic Cotton Farming. 448-465
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