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Moreover, the availability of construction materials (stone, cement and sand) at local level coupled
with easily available appropriate skilled labor supported masonry lining. Consequently, this type of
masonry lining was preferred even over other low cost lining alternatives. However, under
continuous rise in demand for stone, no price control, and day by day dwindling quality of bricks and
stone, there is dire need to adopt an innovative approach in selecting alternate techniques for lining to
overcome the multifarious problems being faced in the field. Following are the main factors to be
kept in view while making choice for a specific lining technology among available alternatives:
Technical suitability
Economic feasibility
Acceptability by the farming community
Before the decision is made to line a canal, the costs and benefits of lining have to be compared.
Possible benefits of lining a canal include: • water conservation; • no seepage of water into adjacent
land or roads; • reduced canal dimensions; and • reduced maintenance
It reduces the loss of water due to seepage and hence the duty is enhanced.
It controls the water logging and hence the bad effects of water-logging are eliminated.
It provides smooth surface and hence the velocity of flow can be increased.
Due to the increased velocity the discharge capacity of a canal is also increased.
Due to the increased velocity, the evaporation loss also can be reduced.
It eliminates the effect of scouring in the canal bed
The increased velocity eliminates the possibility of silting in the canal bed.
It controls the growth of weeds along the canal sides and bed.
It provides the stable section of the canal.
It reduces the requirements of land width for the canal, because smaller section of the canal can be
used to produce greater discharge.
It prevents the sub-soil salt to come in contact with the canal water. 12. It reduces the maintenance
cost for the canals.
Time consuming (less time required to complete construction)
For sustainable, the PCPL has installed in a cut not in a filling section
It involves many difficulties for repairing the damaged section of lining
Cost Comparison
1. Stone Masonry
Concrete Specifications
Suggested mix ratio of 1:1:2
28 days curing with cylinder compressive strength of 4500 psi
70 percent of specified strength after 07 days and 85 to 90 percent after 14 days curing
Maximum 01inch slump
Pre-casting under approved conditions only, with compaction by vibrating table, to be
casted in only approved steel moulds
Recommended water cement ratio of 0.36
Minimum 5 days curing (water) or fully covered by steam.
Aggregate sizes vary from minimum 3/8” to maximum of 3/4”. Manufacturer will adjust
proportions of aggregate size to achieve the specified strength. For Segment No. 1, 2 and
3, maximum recommended aggregate size is 1/2”.
The sand shall be obtained from an approved source. It shall be well graded. The whole
sand should be passed through a No. 4 sieve (4.75 mm) and 2 to 10 percent shall pass
through a No. 100 sieve (0.15mm)
Sand and gravel bay be washed before use
SR cement is recommended for PCP segments to be installed in saline areas particularly
in southern Punjab
Mortar of 1:3 cement sand ratio shall be applied in the joints
Compulsory Tests:
Segment Size Material Required Per Joint With Sand Required Per
Cement Sand Ratio of 1:3 Segment for Bed
Preparation
Cement Sand
Hydraulic Design:
Segment Size Available
Segment Top Width Total Depth Free Board Max. Flow Flow Area Eq.
Coefficient
No. Size (T) (D) (FB) Depth (d) (A)
(a)
(mm x (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (sq.m)
mm)
1 360 X 225 360 225 70 155 0.054 0.006944
2 457 X 305 457 305 70 235 0.093 0.005842
3 600 X 360 600 360 70 290 0.144 0.004000
4 640 X 460 640 460 70 390 0.196 0.004492
5 675 X 480 675 480 70 410 0.216 0.004214
6 760 X 530 760 530 70 460 0.269 0.003670
7 920 X 610 920 610 70 540 0.374 0.002883
8 1144 X 1144 686 70 616 0.523 0.002097
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