Shear stress as a function of shear

GIVEN: rate (velocity gradient)

DiscreteNumericalData 7
Shear Stress ShearRate 6
(N/m2) (s1)

ShearStress(N/m2)
5

3.57 1 4

3
3.89 2
2
4.96 3 1
5.62 4 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
6.13 5 ShearRate(s1)

Whichanalyticalrelationshipbestfitsthedata?
CURVEFITTING DiscreteNumericalDataÆ Analytic(Continuous)Function

Shear stress as a function of shear rate (velocity gradient)

ANALYTIC RELATIONSHIPS
§ dv x ·
W yx P ¨¨  ¸¸ NewtonianFluid
LEASTSQUARES REGRESSION
© dy ¹

§ dv x ·
Derive the curve that
W yx W 0  P ¨¨  ¸¸
© dy ¹ BinghamPlastic minimizes the sum of the
n
squares of the discrepancy
§ dv x ·
W yx P ¨¨  ¸¸ between the data points and
© dy ¹ Pseudoplastic
the curve.
CURVEFITTING
Æ findingthebestfunctionthatdescribestherelationship

LINEAR LEASTSQUARES REGRESSION

GIVEN: y vs xdata
REQUIRED: Fitdatatoastraightline

y a0  a1 x  e e y  a0  a1 x 
intercept slope error(residual) truevalue approximatevalue
CURVEFITTING:FittingaStraightLine
a0 ? Find a0 and a1 by minimizing the
sum of the squares of the residuals
a1 ? n n

¦e ¦ y  a0  a1 x i 
2 2
Sr i i
i 1 i 1
LINEAR LEASTSQUARES REGRESSION
8

y a0  a1 x 7
y=0.685x+2.779
R²=0.9771
6

n ¦ xi y i  ¦ xi ¦ y i

ShearStress(N/m2)
Residualaroundthemean
5
a1
n ¦ x i  ¦ x i 
2 2 4 Residualaroundthebestfitline

a0 y  a1 x
¦y i
 a1
¦x i 2

n n 1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
ShearRate(s1)

LINEAR LEASTSQUARES REGRESSION LINEAR LEASTSQUARES REGRESSION

QUANTIFICATIONOFERROR LinearizationofNonlinearRelationships
Sumofsquaresofresidualsaround Coefficientofdetermination
theregressionline
St  Sr
ExponentialModel
r2
n

¦ y  a0  a1xi 
2
Sr i St y D1e E x 1 ln y lnD1  E1x
i 1
Sumofsquaresofresidualsaround
CorrelationCoefficient PowerEquation
themean

¦ y 
n
2
r r 2 y D2x E 2
ln y lnD 2  E 2 ln x
St i y
i 1 n ¦ x i y i   ¦ x i ¦ y i 
r Saturationgrowthrateequation
n ¦ x i  ¦ x i  n ¦ y i  ¦ y i 
2 2
Spreadaroundtheregressionline 2 2

x 1 1 E3 1
Sr y D3 
Sy / x E3  x y D3 D3 x
n2

MUTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION

y a0  a1 x1  a2 x 2  e y a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  e

¦ y 
n
n 2 2
¦ y  a0  a1 x1,i  a2 x 2,i   a0  a1 x i  a2 x i
2 Sr
Sr i i
i 1 i 1

ª n
«
¦x 1,i ¦x 2,i º ­a0 ½
»° °
­ ¦ yi ½
° °
ª n
«
¦x ¦x i i
º ­a0 ½
2

»° °
­ ¦ yi ½
° °
« ¦ x1,i ¦x ¦x x ® ¦ x1,i y i ¾ « ¦ xi ¦x ¦x ® ¦ xi y i ¾
2 2 3
1,i 1,i 2,i » ® a1 ¾ i i » ® a1 ¾
«¦ x 2,i ¦x x ¦x »° ° ° x y °
¯¦ 2,i i ¿
« x2 4 »° ° ° x y °
¬¦ i ¦x ¦x ¯¦ i i ¿
2 3 2
¬ 1,i 2,i 2,i ¼ ¯a2 ¿ i i ¼ ¯a2 ¿
NONLINEAR REGRESSION
e.g. y a0 1  e a x   e 1

¦ y  
n
2
Sr i  a0 1  e a1x
i 1

Solvingfortheconstantsisdonebyiteration.