NOŢIUNI DE TEORIE

ŞI

T E S T E

DE

LIMBA ROMÂNĂ

ŞI

LIMBA ENGLEZĂ
 CUPRINS

ARTICOLUL

SUBSTANTIVUL

ADJECTIVUL

PRONUMELE

NUMERALUL

VERBUL

GENERALITĂŢI

MODURI PERSONALE

MODURI NEPERSONALE

DIATEZA PASIVĂ

VORBIREA INDIRECTĂ

TESTE

REZULTATELE TESTELOR

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 CAPITOLUL I

GRAMATICA LIMBII ENGLEZE (ENGLISH GRAMMAR)

I.ARTICOLUL (THE ARTICLE)

Clasificare (Classification of Article):

1. Articolul hotărât (The definite article)

2. Articolul nehotărât (The indefinite article)
3. Articolul zero (Zero article)

1. ARTICOLUL HOTĂRÂT (THE DEFINITE ARTICLE)

THE -se pronunţă [ ðə ]

a) înaintea consoanelor: the teacher

b) înaintea semiconsoanelor (u,y,w): the university
the weak
the year
-se pronunţă [ ði ]

a) înaintea vocalelor: the eye

b) înaintea lui h mut: the hour
c) când accentuăm ceva în mod special: This is the man.

Folosirea articolului hotărât

1. înaintea unui substantiv deja menţionat sau cunoscut de vorbitor:
The cat near the window is my pet.

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2. înaintea adjectivelor la gradul superlativ:
She is the tallest girl in the class.
3. înaintea substantivelor nume proprii la plural ce denumesc familii:
The Whites are our neighbours.
4. înaintea substantivelor urmate de apoziţie:
Mr. Smith, the teacher, is an Englishman.
5. înaintea substantivelor la singular folosite in sens general:
The horse is a useful animal.
6. înaintea substantivelor considerate unice:
The earth moves round the sun.
7. înaintea substantivelor care denumesc munţii la plural sau lanţuri muntoase;grupuri
de insule;
întinderi de ape,deşerturi;canale,golfuri;capuri.
The Alps, the Bahamas, the Atlantic Ocean, the Sahara, the English Canal, the
Persian Golf, the Cape of Good Hope.
8. înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc instituţii:
-hoteluri şi restaurante:the Hilton, the Chinese Restaurant
-muzee,biblioteci,bănci: the British Museum, the Central University
Library,the Midland Bank.
-teatre,cinematografe:the National Theatre, the Capitol Cinema
9. înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc ziare:the Times, the Guardian, the Observer
10. înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc nume de vase,trenuri,avioane:the Titanic, the
Orient
Express.
11. înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc ţări (dacă sunt la plural sau reprezintă o uniune):
the Unitated States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland.
12. înaintea numeralelor ordinale:Henry the Eighth
13. înaintea substantivelor provenite din adjective ce denumesc clase,naţionalităţi sau o
idee abstractă:
The rich should help the poor.

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 The Romanians live in România.
14. înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc punctele cardinale:
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
15. înaintea lui same,only:
We live in the same building.
You are the only woman for this job.
16. înaintea numelor de instrumente muzicale în sens general:
She plays the piano.
17. ca echivalent al pronumelui this sau that:
I am busy at the moment.
I could not remember it at the time.
18. înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc o specie:
The trout lives in cold mountain rivers
19. înaintea substantivelor care arată o parte a corpului omenesc:
The head was on his shoulders.
20. înaintea substantivelor însoţite de prepoziţii:
at the beginning
by the way
for the time being
in the end
on the whole
to the right
to break the ice

2. ARTICOLUL NEHOTĂRÂT (THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE)

Articolul nehotărât are două forme: a şi an.

Articolul nehotărât este folosit numai înaintea substantivelor la singular.
a -se pronunţă [ə] când este neaccentuat.

-se pronunţă [ei] când este accentuat.

a man, a woman, a child

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 -se pune înaintea substantivelor care încep cu o consoană sau o semivocală (u,y,w) şi
one:
a table, a useful thing, a year, a window
a one-legged table
an -se pronunţă [ən] sau [æn]
-se pune înaintea substantivelor care încep cu o vocală sau h mut:
an apple, an hour
Folosirea articolului nehotărât
1. înaintea unui substantiv despre care nu ştim nimic:
There is a car near the house.
2. înaintea numeralului one:
There is a book on the table.
3. înaintea substantivelor are denumesc o profesie, meserie, naţionalitate:
Mary is a doctor.
Peter is an Englishman.
4. înaintea substantivelor la singular folosite în sens general:
A hen gives us eggs.
5. înaintea substantivelor care denumesc religia sau clasa:
Tom is a Christian.
He is a lord.
6. înaintea substantivelor proprii care denumesc o persoană necunoscută sau un membru al
unei familii:
The call was from a Mr. Brown.
7. în faţa lui little şi few pentru a evidenţia plusul de cantitate:
I have a few English books.
He has a little money.
8. pentru a arăta o singură parte dintr-o clasă:
I have a car.
9. după half, many, such, rather, as, quite, what, without:
He is such a handsome man.
What a day!

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 He is quite a man!
10. în expresii :
as a matter of fact
all of a sudden
at a time

3. ARTICOLUL ZERO (ZERO ARTICLE)

Articolul zero marchează absenţa articolului.

Folosirea articolului zero

1. înaintea substantivelor proprii ce denumesc persoane:
Susan,Peter,Sister Mary
2. înaintea substantivelor proprii ce denumesc continente, ţări, oraşe, formate dintr-un
singur cuvânt:
Romania is in Europe.
London is a very beautiful town.
3. înaintea substantivelor proprii care denumesc clădiri, străzi, poduri:
Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Sovereign.
Some of the best shops in London are in Oxford Street.
Tower Bridge is one of London's best landmarks.
4. înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc lacuri şi munţi:
Last week we was at Lake Erie.
Mount Everest is a best-known peak.
5. înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc anotimpurile, lunile anului, zilele săptămânii,
sărbătorile:
Spring is green.
I was at the seaside on August.
I'll come home at Easter.
Come back on Sunday.
6. înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc mesele zilei:
I have breakfast rather early.
7. înaintea substantivelor la plural folosite în sens general:

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 Babies like milk.
8. înaintea substantivelor nenumărabile folosite în sens general:
Oil is lighter than water.
9. înaintea substantivelor abstracte nedefinite:
Life is wonderful.
10. înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc limbile:
I speak French.
11. înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc obiecte de studiu, jocuri sau sporturi:
I like history.
John plays football.
12. înaintea unor substantive ca:bed, church, hospital,prison, school(când se referă la
scopul pentru care au fost făcute):
It's time to go to bed.
I go to school.
He is in prison.
I go to church on Sunday.
13. înaintea substantivelor man şi woman folosite în general:
Woman is a beautiful flower.
Man is unable to understand life.
14. înaintea unor expresii:
to be in trouble
day by day
at night
hand by hand

II.SUBSTANTIVUL ( THE NOUN)

A.Clasificare: (Classification.of Nouns )

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I 1.SUBSTANTIVE PROPRII (PROPER NOUNS)

Andrew, Romania, Bucharest, Monday, July.

2.SUBSTANTIVE COMUNE (COMMON NOUNS)

a) substantive abstracte (Abstract Nouns): happiness, music, weather, autumn,

time ,luck, beauty, freedom, fun.
b) substantive concrete. (Concrete Nouns) : glass, concrete, cotton, silk, leather;
girl, table, tree, rain;
c) substantive numărabile. (Countable Nouns) :
-au formă şi de singular şi de plural ; pot fi folosite cu many, few, several;
cat - cats, pen - pens.
d) substantive nenumărabile (Uncontable Nouns) :
-se folosesc cu verbul la singular.
-au formă numai de singular;
-pot fi folosite cu munch , little;

coal, coffe, food, ice, iron, rice, sand, steel, cruelty,honesty, patience, anger, happiness, hope, joy,
pride, relief, respect, help, travel, sleep, work, freedom , baggage, business, equipment, furniture,
housework, homework, advice, music, noise, peace, news, youth, knowledge, measles, fun, courage,
despair, sugar, economics, beauty, information, scissors, tea, machinery, merchandise, money,
nonsense, progress, research, spaghetti, strength, aeronautics, astronautics, electronics,
mathematics, psysics,politics,aerobics, athletics, gymnastics, billiards, cards, checkers, darts,diabets,
mumps.

e)substantive colective. (Collective Nouns):

army, team, fleet, flock, audience, committee, community, council, crew, enemy, gang, government,
group, herd, jury, navy, press, public, staff.

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II 1. SUBSTANTIVE SIMPLE (SIMPLE NOUNS)

cat, boy, weather, idea, cloud, soldier.

2 . SUBSTANTIVE FORMATE PRIN DERIVARE (DERIVED NOUNS)

driver, childhood, writer, actress, pianist, imposibility.

3 . SUBSTANTIVE FORMATE PRIN COMPUNERE (COMPOUND NOUNS)

pencilbox, icecream, classroom, a merry-go-round, bypass

B. Genul substantivelor (Gender of Nouns)

a) masculin: man, boy, father, brother, son, uncle, wolf, lion

b) feminin: woman, girl, mother, sister, daunghter, aunt, she-wolf, lioness.
c) neutru: pen, bag, table, idea, cloud
d) comun: friend, cousin, doctor, engineer.

Formarea substantivului feminin din masculin:

1) prin cuvinte diferite:

boy - girl
son – daughter
father - mother
king - queen
nephew - niece
uncle – aunt
2) prin adăugarea unui sufix:

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 bride - bridegroom
actor - actress
3) cu ajutorul pronumelui:
wolf – she-wolf
4) folosind un cuvânt ajutător:
doctor – lady-doctor

C. Cazul substantivelor (Case of Nouns)

1. Nominativ.( The Nominative Case)- cazul subiectului:

The boy is singing a nice song.
2. Dativ. (The Dative Case)-cazul complementului indirect:
Mother told a beautiful story to her daughter.
3. Acuzativ. (The Accusative Case)-cazul complementului direct:
Tom bought a doll for my daughter.
4. Genitiv. (The Genitive Case)- cazul atributului:
a) genitivul sintetic : - `s se adaugă la substantivele la singular sau la
pluralele neregulate:
boy`s ball, man`s work, men`s works.
- ( ` )se adaugă la pluralele regulate sau la
substantivele proprii terminate în `s:
boys` balls, Whites` car.

Genitivul sintetic se foloseşte cu:

Substantive ce denumesc persoane sau fiinţe:

The bird`s wings the student`s papers
Susan`s bag the horses` food
The boy`s toy my parents` house
Mother`s blouse teachers` books
The cat`s tail children`s toys

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Substantive ce denumesc unităţi de timp, spaţiu, măsură:
A life`s work
A mile`s distance
Two weeks` work
A pound`s worth of apples
Yesterday`s newspaper
Substantive ce pot fi personificate:
Romania`s history
The sea`s voice.
Substantive ce denumesc o organizaţie:
The government`s decision
The army`s retreat
Substantive ce denumesc elemente geografice sau locuri:
England`s weather
The Danube`s waters
The world`s population
The city`s parks
Substantive din expresii legate de natură:
The ocean`s roar
The sun`s heat
The moon`s light
Substantive din expresii legate de distanţă:
At arm`s length
A ten yards` distance
Substantive din expresii legate de dimensiune şi valoare:
A pound`s weight
Three dollars` worth
Substantive ce urmează după sake:
For peace`s sake
For order`s sake
For pity`s sake

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 b) genitivul analitic :
Construcţia cu of se foloseşte:
Cu substantivele la genul neutru:
The leg of the table
The colour of the car
The window of the room
The back yard of the house
În expresii mai lungi:
The child of the woman you have talked.

D. Numărul substantivelor (Number of Nouns):

1. SUBSTANTIVE VARIABILE (VARIABLE NOUNS):

Regula generală de formare a pluralului substantivelor în limba engleză este de a

adăuga un -s la sfârşitul substantivului:
Boy – boys
Idea – ideas
Horse – horses
Cat - cats

Excepţii:
a) Atunci când substantivul se termină în x, s, z, ch şi sh acesta primeşte terminaţia – es
la plural:
box - boxes brush - brushes
fox - foxes finish - finishes

bus - buses buzz - buzzes

glass - glasses quiz - quizzes

church - churches
watch - watches

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dish - dishes

b) Atunci când substantivul se termină în o precedat de o consoană, acesta primeşte terminaţia --es la
plural:
tomato – tomatoes domino - dominoes
potato - potatoes echo - echoes
hero - heroes Negro - Negroes
dar: radio – radios
piano - pianos
photo – photos.

c) Atunci când substantivul se termină în y precedat de o consoană, acesta primeşte terminaţia –ies la
plural:
lady – ladies country - countries story - stories
baby – babies party - parties victory - victories

city – cities factory - factories

fly - flies

dar: toy – toys day - days

boy – boys key - keys

d) Atunci când substantivul se termină în –f(e) acesta primeşte la plural terminaţia –ves.
Knife - knives wolf - wolves calf - calves
Wife - wives loaf - loaves half - halves
Life - lives thief - thieves scarves - scarves
Leaf - leaves shelf - shelves wolf - wolves
Dar roof - roofs

e) Unele substantive schimbă la plural o vocală sau două:

Man - men
Woman - women
Louse - lice
Goose - geese
Foot - feet

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Tooth - teeth
Mouse - mice

f) Unele substantive primesc la plural terminaţia -en sau –ren:

Child - children
Ox - oxen

g) Unele substantive nu îşi schimbă forma la plural:

Carp - carp aircraft - aircraft
Deer - deer crossroads - crossroads
Sheep - sheep dice - dice
Pike - pike fish - fish
Trout - trout fruit - fruit
Series - series hovercraft - hovercraft
Species – species spacecraft - spacecraft

h) Unele substantive provenite dintr-o limbă străină îşi păstrează forma de plural ca în limba
de provenienţă.
Stimulus - stimuli
Larva - larvae
Alga - algae
Phenomenon - phenomena

i) Substantivele compuse primesc la plural un –s la cuvântul mai important:

Mother-in-law mothers-in-law
Sunflower sunflowers
Rain-coat rain-coats

2. SUBSTANTIVE INVARIABILE (INVARIABLE NOUNS)

a) care au numai formă de singular:

- meat, luggage, furniture, bread, money;
- music, information, knowledge, homework, luck;
- news, mathematics, economics, measles;

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 b) care au numai formă de plural şi au verbul la plural:
- trousers, pyjamas, jeans, shorts, knickers, slacks, tights, pants, spectacles;
- glasses, scissors, tongs, shears, scales, pliers, pincers, nutcrackers, compasses, binoculars;
- the rich, the poor, goods;
- police, people;
- the Carpathians, the Alps, the Highlands

III. ADJECTIVUL ( THE ADJECTIVE)

Observaţie:
- In limba engleză -adjectivul stă de obicei în faţa substantivului.
Ex.: beautiful woman
handsome man
Excepţii: Lieutenant- Colonel
court- martial
C flat
three feet long
-adjectivul stă după verbele BE, BECOME, SEEM, STAY:
The weather will stay dry.
She seems happy.
-adjectivul este invariabil
- Dacă avem mai multe adjective în faţa unui substantiv, ordinea acestora este următoarea:
QUALITY SIZE SHAPE AGE COLOUR ORIGIN/STYLE MATERIAL NOUN

Exemplu: a big old expensive book

A nice small red box
A splendid young white Arab horse
The beautiful little girl
Two fantastic tall middle-aged Canadian actors

Clasificare (Classification of Adjectives):

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 I.1. ADJECTIVE DETERMINATIVE (DETERMINATIVE ADJECTIVES):

a) Adjective demonstrative (Demonstrative Adjectives):

- de apropiere: this, these;
- de depărtare: that, those;
This cat is nicer than the other one.

b) Adjective posesive (Possessive Adjectives):

- my, your, his, her;
- our, your, their
Tom is my son and Susan is his daughter.

c) Adjective interogative (Interrogative Adjectives):

- which? what? whose? how much? how many?
What man asked you such a question?
How much sugar do you want?

d) Adjective relative (Relative Adjectives):

- which, whose, what.
The girl whose bag is red was near the window.

e) Adjective nehotărâte ( Indefinite Adjective):

- other, several, one, certain, another, such, much, many, (a) little, (a) few, enough, each, every,
all, any, no, both, either, neither.
Neither idea was good.
They are both my friends.
I have a few French books.

I. 2. ADJECTIVE CALIFICATIVE (QUALIFIER ADJECTIVES):

Observaţie. Numai adjectivele calificative au grade de comparaţie.

a) Adjective scurte. (Short Adjectives):

- monosilabice şi bisilabice

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 big, tall, small, thin, thick, happy, clean, dark;
Comparaţia adjectivelor scurte:
- gradul pozitiv: tall
- gradul comparativ:
- de inferioritate: not so/ as tall as
- de egalitate: as tall as
- de superioritate: taller than

- gradul superlativ:
- relativ: the tallest
- absolut: very tall

c) Adjective lungi.(Long Adjectives).

Exemplu: beautiful, handsome, interesting, difficult;
Comparaţia adjectivelor lungi
- gradul pozitiv: interesting
- gradul comparativ:
- de inferioritate: not so/as interesting as
- de egalitate: as interesting as
- de superioritate: more interesting than
- gradul superlativ:
- relativ: the most interesting
- absolut: very interesting

Observaţie. Unele adjevtive lungi pot primi –er,-est sau more, the most:
Able, clever, gentle, common, narrow, handsome, noble, simple, pleasant, simple, unkind,
polite.

d) Adjective neregulate (Irregular Adjectives):

good,well, bad, ill, little, few, much, many, old, far, near, fore, late.

Comparaţia adjectivelor neregulate.

POZITIV COMPARATIV SUPERLATIV
Good better the best
Well
Bad worse the worst
Ill

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 Much more the most
Many
Little less-lesser the least
Few less-fewer the fewest
Far farther the farthest/the farthermost
the furthest/the farthhermost
Near nearer the nearest/the next
Fore former the foremost/the first
Late later the latest/the last

II.1. ADJECTIVE SIMPLE (SIMPLE ADJECTIVES)

young, tall, cold, warm, thin, short, fat, thick, clean, happy

2. ADJECTIVE FORMATE PRIN DERIVARE (DERIVED ADJECTIVES)

sunny, useless, unhappy, handsome, hopeless

3. ADJECTIVE FORMATE PRIN COMPUNERE (COMPOUND ADJECTIVES)

long-distance, fair-haired, dark-haired, snow-white, one-eyed, well-meaning

Good-looking, long-lasting, open-minded, well-dressed

IV.PRONUMELE (THE PRONOUN)

IV A.Clasificare (Classification of Pronouns):

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1. PRONUMELE PERSONAL (PERSONAL PRONOUNS)

1. Nominativ: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they

2. Dativ: (to) me, you, him, her, us, you, them
3. Acuzativ: me, you, him, her, us, you, them

She is with me.

They are happy.

2. PRONUMELE POSESIV (POSSESSIV PRONOUNS)

(este pronumele personal în genitiv)

-mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs

The house is mine.

This is a bag.It is hers.

3. PRONUMELE REFLEXIV SAU DE ÎNTĂRIRE (REFLEXIVE OR INPHATIC

PRONOUNS)

-myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Behave yourself!
Tom prooved himself to be a very good student.

4. PRONUMELE DEMONSTRATIVE (DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS)

a) de apropiere: this, these

b) de depărtare: that, those

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 That is my daughter.
This are my pupils.

5. PRONUMELE INTEROGATIVE (INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS)

-who?, whose?, (to) whom?, whom?, what?, which?

Ex.: Who told my name?

What day is today?

6. PRONUMELE RELATIVE (RELATIVE PRONOUNS)

-who, whose, whom, to whom, which, that, but

The film which I saw was nice.

I can`t understand whose those things are.

7. PRONUMELE NEHOTĂRÂT (INDEFINITE PRONOUNS)

-each, every, either, weither, any, some, no, none, nothing, both, all, much,
many

Everybody should be happy.

She told me something about her.

V. NUMERALUL (THE NUMERAL)

V Clasificarea (Classification of Numeral):

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1. NUMERALUL CARDINAL (CARDINAL NUMERAL)

1-one 11-eleven
2-two 12-twelve
3-three 13-thirteen
4-four 14-fourteen
5-five 15-fifteen
6-six 16-sixteen
7-seven 17-seventeen
8-eight 18-eighteen
9-nine 19-nineteen
10-ten 20-twenty

30-thirty 21-twenty-one
40-forty 32-thirty-two
50-fifty 43-forty-three
60-sixty 54-fifty-four
70-seventy 65-sixty-five
80-eighty 76-seventy-six
90-ninety 87-eighty-seven
100 (a) one hundred

174 one hundred and seventy-four

800 eight hundred
1,000 (a) one thousand
6,247 six thousand two hundred and forty-seven
1,000,000 (a) one million

Utilizarea numeralului cardinal :

a) pentru a exprima un număr:
1,457 (a) one thousand four hundred and fifty-seven

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 b) pentru a exprima anii:
1457 fourteen fifty-seven
1012 ten twelve
c) pentru a indica un număr de telefon:
059123356
0 five nine one two double three four five six
d) pentru a exprima timpul cronologic:
1:00 It’s one o’clock
2:10 It’s ten past two
11:15 It’s quarter past eleven
4:30 It’s half past four
6:55 It’s five to seven
4:40 It’s twenty to five
7:45 It’s quarter to eight

Observatie.: În engleza americană se folsesc şi after şi before în loc de past şi to.

9:10 It’s ten after nine
7:45 It’s quarter before eight
e) în exprimarea vârstei:
I am seventeen (years old).

2.NUMERALUL ORDINAL (ORDINAL NUMERAL)

1st -the first 9th -ninth
2nd -the second 10th -tenth
3rd –the third 11th -eleventh
4th –the fourth 12th -twelfth
5th –the fifth 20th -twentieth
6th –the sixth 30th -thirtieth
7th –the seventh
8th –the eighth

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 642nd –six hundred and forty-second

Utilizarea numeralului ordinal:

a) în exprimarea datei:
August 27th, the 27th of August
I was born on the 1st of December 1966.
În engleza americană: December the 1st 1966
b) pentru a indica ordinea persoanelor, lucrurilor, acţiunilor în timp şi spaţiu
The Second World War
Henry IV (the Forth)
Susan plays only in the third act.

VI. V E R B U L ( THE VERB)

A. CATEGORIILE GRAMATICALE ( The Grammatical Categories)

I. PERSOANA ( THE PERSON )

sg. pl.
I I we
II You You
III He, she, it They

II. NUMĂRUL ( THE NUMBER)

Obs. La persoana a III-a sg. verbul primeşte la timpul prezent simplu,modul

indicativ,terminaţia –s sau –es.
Andrew plays football.
He does his homework.

III. DIATEZA ( VOICE )

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1. Diateza activă .( the Active Voice)- subiectul face acţiunea.
Andrew came home yesterday.
2. Diateza pasivă. ( the Passive Voice) -subiectul suferă acţiunea săvârşită de verb.
The letter is written by Andrew.
3. Diateza reflexivă – nu este marcată formal în limba engleză ( subiectul face
acţiunea şi el o şi suferă).
I wash myself every day.

IV. ASPECTUL ( THE ASPECT)

1. Aspectul simplu ne arată că acţiunea se repetă sau se face în mod general.

Andrew goes to school every day. t
2. Aspectul continuu ne arată că acţiunea se desfăşoară în mod continuu şi neîntrerupt
într-o perioadă de timp bine definită.
Andrew is going to school now.

Verbe care nu se folosesc la aspectul continuu:

- verbe care arată sentimente: to love, to hate, to like, to dislike, to detest, to please,
to refuse, to prefer, to want, to hope, to wish to satisfy, to regret.
- Verbe care arată activităţi mentale: to think, to suppose, to belive, to agree, to
know, to mean, to forget, to intend, to notice, to remember, to imagine, to
expect, to surprise, to need, to understand.
- Verbe care arată percepţii senzoriale:to see, to feel, to taste, to hear, to smell, to
sound, to look, to look like, to appear.
- Verbe care arată o acţiune de moment: to begin, to end, to start, to stop.
- Verbe modale: can, must, may ,shall, will, ought to, need, dare.
- Alte verbe ca: to appear, to be, to belong, to chance, to consist, to contain, to
comprise, to cost, to connect, to contribute, to date, to depend, to deserve, to
exist, to fail, to have, to hold, to include, to matter, to mean, to possess, to
resemble, to suffice, to weigh.

24
V.TIMPUL (THE TENSE)

1. Când acţiunea este bine definită în timp avem:

a) prezent
b) trecut
c) viitor
2. Când acţiunea s-a desfăşurat într-un moment anterior unui timp fix şi nu este definită
în timp:
a) prezent perfect
b) trecut perfect
c) viitor perfect

VI. MODUL ( THE MOOD)

1. Moduri personale:
a) Modul indicativ.( The Indicative Mood).
b) Modul subjonctiv. ( The Subjunctive).
c) Modul condiţional. ( The Conditional).
d) Modul imperativ. ( The Imperative).

2. Moduri impersonale:
a) Modul infinitiv. ( The Infinitive).
b) Modul participiu. ( The Participle).
c) Modul gerundiv. ( The Gerund).

B. VERBE TRANZITIVE SI VERBE INTRANZITIVE. (Transitive and Intransitive

Verbs)

Verbul tranzitiv este verbul după care urmează în mod obligatoriu un complement direct.

25
 Andrew read Shakespeare’s poems.
Verbul intranzitiv nu primeşte complement direct şi nici nu are diateză pasivă.
Andrew is reading for his exams.

C. VERBE AUXILIARE. ( AUXILIARY VERBS)

a) ajută la formarea unor construcţii verbale compuse:

I am singing a song.
b) nu au înţeles de sine stătător:
Does he finish his work?
c) se pun la modul, timpul, numărul şi persoana cerute de context:
I have my dress washed.

Verbele auxiliare sunt: TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO, TO LET, SHALL, WILL,

SHOULD, WOULD.

D. VERBE MODALE (MODAL VERBS)

a) sunt verbe speciale:

b) au echivalenţi modali, deoarece nu au toate timpurile şi modurile:
c) nu primesc desinenţa –s sau –es la persoana a III-a singular a modului indicativ.
d) formele interogativă şi negativă ale timpurilor prezent şi trecut nu sunt formate cu
ajutorul verbului auxiliar TO DO.
e) Nu au formă de infinitiv şi verbul care urmează după un verb modal se pune la
infinitivul scurt.( nu au particula TO nici înaintea lor şi nici după; excepţie făcând
verbul OUGHT TO).

Verbele modale şi echivalenţii lor sunt:

Verb past tense/conditional equivalent

26
Can could to be able to
Must - to have to
May might to be allowed to
to be permitted to
to be possible to
Shall should -
Will would -
Ought to - -
Need needed -
Dare dared -

Can you speak English?

Father could solve the exercise.
She is able to do that.
You must go now.
May I open the window?
She might go there.
Thomas might have had an accident.
They will do that.
Shall I help her?
The teacher should have corrected the English tests by now.
She would see him tomorrow.
I ought to visit my parents more often.
How dare you do that?
Need I come now?

E. FORMELE VERBULUI.( VERB FORMS)

1. VERBE REGULATE ( REGULAR VERBS)

- formează trecutul şi participiul trecut prin adăugarea sufixului –ed la infinitiv.

- prin adăugarea sufixului – ed unele verbe suferă modificări:
to try – tried
to bake – baked

27
 to travel – travelled

2.VERBE NEREGULATE (IRREGULAR VERBS)

a) care nu suferă nici o modificare în scriere:

to beset to hurt to set
to bet to knit to shed
to bid to let to shut
to broadcast to overcastto slit
to burst to overset to split
to cast to overspread to spread
to cost to put to sweat
to cut to read to thrust
to forecast to recast to upset
to hit to reset

b) care suferă o singură modificare în scriere:

– la past tense şi past participle sunt la fel:

abide- abode blend-blent clothe-clad
backbite-backbit bless-blest creep-crept
backslide-backslid breed-bred dare-dared
behold- beheld bring-brought deal-
dealt
bend-bent build-built dig-dug
bereave-bereft burn-burnt dream-
dreamt
beseech-besought buy-bought dwell-dwelt
bethink-bethought catch-caugth feed-fed
bind-bound cleave-clove feel-felt
bleed-bled cling-clung fight-fought

28
 find-found hamstring-hamstring lay-laid
flee-fled hang-hung lead-led
fling-flung have-had lean-leant
foretell-foretold hear-heard leap-leapt
gainsay-gainsaid heave-heaved learn-learnt
get-got hold-held leave-left
gild-gilt inlay-inlaid lend-lent
gird-girt keep-kept light-lit
grind-ground kneel-knelt lose-lost

make-made overlay-overlaid say-said

mean-meant overleap-overleapt seek-sought
meet-met overshoot-overshot sell-sold
misdeal-misdealt oversleep-overslept send-sent
mislead-misled pay-paid shine-shone
misunderstand-misunderstood rebuild-rebuilt shoe-shod
outshine-outshone relay-relaid shoot-shot
overfeed-overfed rend-rent sit-sat
overhang-overhung repay-repaid sleep-slept
overhear-overheard retell-retold slide-slid

sling-slung stave-stove think-thought

smell-smelt stick-stuck tread-trod
speed-sped sting-stung unbend-
unbent
spell-spelt strike-struck undersell-
undersold
spend-spent string-strung waylay-
waylaid
spell-spilt sunburn-sunburnt wed-wedded
spin-spun sweep-swept weep-wept

29
 spit-spat swing-swung win-won
spoil-spoilt teach-taught wind-wound
stand-stood tell-told withhold-
withheld

withstand-withstood
wring-wrung

c) verbe care suferă două modificări în scriere:

- au forme diferite la infinitive, past tense şi past participle
arise-arose-arisen
be-was-been
bear-bore-born
become-became-become
befall-befell-befallen
beget-begot-begotten
begin-began-begun
bespeak-bespoke-bespoken eat-ate-eaten
bestride-bestrode-bestrid
betake-betook-betaken
bid-bade-bidden
bide-bode-bided
bite-bit-bitten
blow-blew-blown
break-broke-broken
forgive-forgave-forgiven
forsake-forsook-forsaken
forswear-forswore-forsworn
freeze-froze-frozen
give-gave-given
go-went-gone
chide-chid
choose-chose-chosen
come-came-come
do-did-done
draw-drew-drawn
drink-drank-drunk
drive-drove-driven
fall-fell-fallen
fly-flew-flown
forbear-forbore-forborne
forbid-forbade-forbidden
forego-forewent-foregone
foreknow-foreknew-foreknown
foresee-foresaw-foreseen
lade-laded-laden
lie-lay-lain
misgive-misgave-misgiven
mistake-mistook-mistaken
mow-mowed-mown
ourbit-outbade-outbid

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grave-graved-graven outdo-outdid-outdone
grow-grew-grown outgo-outwent-outgone
hide-hid-hidden outgrow-outgrew-outgrown
know-knew-known outride-outrode-outridden

outrun-outran-outrun overrun-overran-overrun
outwear-outwore-outworn oversee-oversaw-overseen
overbear-overbore-overborne overtake-overtook-overtaken
overcome-overcame-overcome overthrow-overthrew-overthrown
overdo-overdid-overdone partake-partook-partaken
overdraw-overdrew-overdrawn rid-ridden-rid
overeat-overate-overeaten ride-rode-ridden
overgrow-overgrew-overgrown ring-rang-rung
overlie-overlay-overlain rise-rose-risen
override-overrode-overridden rive-rived-riven

run-ran-run sink-sank-sunk
saw-sawed-sawn slay-slew-slain
see-saw-seen smite-smote-smitten
sew-sewed-sewn sow-sowed-sown
shake-shook-shaken speak-spoke-spoken
shear-sheared-shorn spring-sprang-sprung
show-showed-shown steal-stole-stolen
shrink-shrank-shrunk stink-stank-stunk
shrive-shrove-shriven strew-strewed-strewn
sing-sang-sung stride-strode-stridden

strive-strove-striven undertake-undertook-undertaken
swear-swore-sworn underwrite-underwrote-underwritten
swell-swelled-swollen underdo-underdid-underdone
swim-swam-swum wake-woke-waked

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take-took-taken wear-wore-worn
rear-tore-torn weave-wove-woven
thrive-throve-thriven withdraw-withdrew-withdrawn
throw-threw-thrown write-wrote-written
tread-trod-trodden
undergo-underwent-undergone

A. MODURI PERSONALE

I.TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIV

I. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

-arată o acţiune prezentă, generală sau o stare permanentă, o idee de viitor
(EVERYDAY)
The building stands over 200 feet high.

SE FORMEAZĂ:
-afirmativ: S + V (-es persoana a III sg.)
(-s )
I go to school everyday.
He goes to school everyday.
-interogativ: DO (vb. auxiliar) / DOES (pers, III nr. Sg.) + S + V?
Do I go to school everyday?
Does he go to school everyday?
-negativ: S + DO / DOES + NOT + V
I don’t go to school everyday.
He doesn’t go to school everyday.

II.THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

- arată o acţiune care se desfăşoară acum, în momentul vorbirii.(NOW)

32
SE FORMEAZA:
-afirmativ: S +TO BE(la prezent)+V-ING
I am going to school now.
She is singing now
-interogativ: AM/IS/ARE+S+V-ING?
Am I going to school now?
Is she singing now?
-negativ: S+AM/IS/ARE+NOT+V-ING
I am not going to school now.
She is not singing now.

III. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

- arată o acţiune care s-a desfăşurat într-un moment bine definit din trecut şi s-a
incheiat.
(YESTERDAY).

SE FORMEAZĂ:

-afirmativ: S + V –ed / II
Cu forma a-II-a pt. Verbele neregulate.
Cu terminatia –ed pentru verbele regulate
I went to school yesterday.
He went to school yesterday.
I arrived home last week.
He arrived home last week.
-interogativ: DID + S + V ?
Did I go to school yesterday ?
Did he go to school yesterday?
Did I arrived home last week?
Did she arrived home last week?
-negativ: S + DID + NOT + V

33
 I didn’t go to school yesyterday.
She didn’t go to school yesterday.
I didn’t arrived home last week.
She didn’t arrived home last week.
OBS: Timpul; momentul de desfăşurare a acţiunii poate fi precizat printrun
adverb de timp.
Ex: yesterday, a day/ week/ month/ year ago, last week/ summer etc.

IV. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

- arată o acţiune care s-a desfăşurat în mod continuu şi neîntrerupt într-o perioada de
timp bine determinată din trecut (sau în acelaşi timp cu unul sau mai multe acţiuni tot
din trecut).

OBS: se traduce prin imperfect.

SE FORMEAZĂ:
-afirmativ: S + TO BE(la trecut) +V-ing
I was talking about you all morning yesterday.
You were shopping all afternoon last week.
-interogativ: WAS / WERE + S + V-ing?
Was I talking about you all morning yesterday ?
Were you shopping all afternoon last week?
-negativ: S +WAS / WERE + NOT + V-ing.
I wasn’t talking about you all morning.
You weren’t shopping all afternoon last week.

V. THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

-arată o acţiune care se va desfăşura într-un moment din viitor.

(TOMORROW)

34
SE FORMEAZĂ:
-afirmativ: S + SHALL (I sg,pl) / WILL(II,III,sg,pl.) + V
He will graduate in July.
I shall go to the seaside in August.
-interogativ: SHALL / WILL + S + V?
Shall I open the window?
Will you pass me the butter?
-negativ: S + SHALL / WILL + NOT + V
I shall not go to the seaside in August.
He will not go to the seaside in August.

VI. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

- arată o acţiune care va fi în curs de desfăşurare într-un moment bine definit din viitor
.

SE FORMEAZĂ:

-afirmativ: S + SHALL / WILL + BE + V-ing.

I shall be going to the seaside this time in August.
He will be going to the seaside this time in August.
-interogativ: SHALL / WILL + S + BE + V-ing.
Shall I be going to the seaside this time in August?
Will he be going to the seaside this time in August?
-negativ: S + SHALL / WILL + NOT + V-ing.
We shall not be flying to London this time next year.
He will not be flying to London this time next year.

VII.THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

35
- arată o acţiune care s-a desfăşurat într-un trecut apropiat, este nedefinită în timp şi are
legătură cu prezentul( sau se desfăşoară şi în prezent)
- se traduce prin perfectul compus dar şi prin prezent.

SE FORMEAZĂ:

-afirmativ: S + HAVE / HAS + V-ed/III

-interogativ: HAVE / HAS + S + V-ed/III
-negativ: S + HAVE / HAS + NOT + V-ed/III
They have just arrived.
Where have they been?
They haven`t arrive yet.
- datorita faptului că acţiunea exprimată de acest timp este nedefinită,el poate fi însoţit
şi de cele mai multe ori este, de unul din urmatoarele adverbe sau locuţiuni
adverbiale:
- care se pun în faţa verbului:
-JUST – tocmai, abia
-EVER - vreodată
-NEVER –niciodată
-OFTEN - adesea
-SELDON – rareori
-ALWAYS – întodeauna
-SOOMETIMES – cândva, uneori
-ALREADY – deja
-RARELY – rareori
-FREQUENTLY – frecvent
-GENERRALY – în general

- care se pun la sfârşitul propoziţiei:

-TODAY – astăzi

36
 -THIS WEEK / MONTH / SUMMER

-LATELY
-RECENTLY recent, de curând, în ultima vreme
- OF LATE

- yet – încă (în propoziţii negative)

The play has just begun.
We have not finished yet.
Have you finished your paper?

SINCE , FOR – cer timpul PREZENT PERFECT în propoziţiile din faţa lor (deci nu în cele introduse de
ele) atunci când acţiunea exprimată de verbul din propoziţia respectivă continuă până în prezent.
SINCE – de, din, de la, de când;(arată momentul începerii acţiunii.)
FOR – (arată durata acţiunii)
Susan hasn’t visited Oradea since she was a little girl.
Thomas has worked in this office since he gratuated.
3

VIII. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

- arată o acţiune care a început de curând şi se desfăşoară în mod continuu şi

neîntrerupt până în prezent.

SE FORMEAZĂ:

-afirmativ: S + HAVE / HAS + BEEN +V- ing

-interogativ: HAVE / HAS + S + BEEN + V-ing?
-negativ: S + HAVE / HAS + NOT + BEEN + V-ing.

We have been playing tennis for an hour now

We haven`t been playing tennis for an hour.

37
 Have we been playing tennis for an hour?

IX. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

- arată o acţiune trecută anterioară altei acţiuni tot din trecut.

- se traduce prin mai mult ca perfectul, perfectul compus sau imperfect.
- Acest timp poate fi folosit împreună cu aceleaşi adverbe (locuţiuni adverbiale) ca şi
timpul present perfect .

SE FORMEAZĂ:

-afirmativ: S+ HAD + V-ed / III

-interogativ: HAD + S + V-ed / III?
-negativ: S + HAD + NOT + V-ed / III

The teacher had not finished the lesson when the bell rang.
Had the teacher finished the lesson when the bell rang?
The teacher had not finished the lesson when the bell rang.

X. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

- arată o acţiune care a început într-un moment din trecut şi s-a desfăşurat în mod
continuu şi neîntrerupt până într-un alt moment din trecut.
- Se traduce prin mai mult ca perfectul sau imperfect.

SE FORMEAZĂ:

-afirmativ: HAD + BEEN + V-ing.

38
 -interogativ: HAD + S + BEEN + V-ing?
-negativ: S + HAD + NOT + BEEN + V-ing

Andrew had been waiting for an hour when the teacher arrived.
Had Andrew been waiting for an hour till the teacher arrived.
Andrew had not been waiting forn an hour when the teacher arrived.

XI. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

- arată o acţiune viitoare desfăşurată înaintea altei acţiuni tot din viitor.
- Se traduce prin viitor anterior şi prezent.

SE FORMEAZĂ:

-afirmativ: S + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + V-ed / III

-interogativ: SHALL / WILL + S + HAVE + V-ed / III?
-negativ: S + SHALL / WILL + NOT + HAVE + V-ed / III

I shall have finished cleaning the house by the time they arrive home.
Shall I have finished cleaning the house by the time they arrive home
I shall not have finished cleaning the house by the time they arrive
home.

XII. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

-arată o acţiune care va fi în curs de desfăşurare înaintea unui moment din viitor.
-Se traduce prin viitor sau prezent.

SE FORMEAZĂ:

39
 -afirmativ: S+SHALL / WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing.
-interogativ: SHALL / WILL + S + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing?
-negativ: S + SHALL / WILL + NOT + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing.

They will have been working till then.

Will they have been working till then?
They will not have been working till then.

XIII. FUTURE IN THE PAST

SE FORMEAZĂ:

-afirmativ: S + SHOULD / WOULD + V

-interogativ: SHOULD / WOULD + S + V
-negativ: S + SHOULD / WOULD + NOT + V

XIV. FUTURE PERFECT IN THE PAST

SE FORMEAZĂ:

-afirmativ: S +SHOULD / WOULD + HAVE + V –ed / III.

-interogativ: SHOULD / WOULD + S + HAVE + V –ed / III?
-negativ: S + SHOULD / WOULD + NOT + HAVE + V-ed / III.

Future in the past

I should go to the theatre.
He would finish the paper.
Ann told me that she would go shopping.
Future perfect in the past
The mechanic was sure that he would have finished fixing the car by the
time they came.

40
 CONCORDANŢA TIMPURILOR

Concordanta timpurilor este un set de reguli care reglementeză relaţia dintre predicatul din
propoziţia subordonată şi predicatul din propoziţia subordonată.

Principală Secundară
a) Prezent —————→ Orice timp
b) Viitor —————→ Viitor sau Prezent
c) Trecut —————→ una dintre formele de Trecut ( future in
the past)
(past perfect)
(past tense)
a) Când verbul din propozişia principală este la un timp prezent în propoziţia secundară
putem folosi orice timp:
I am sure that he will call me.
Susan is writing a book about what she saw during her travel through Europe.

b) Când verbul din propoziţia principală este la timpul viitor, verbul din secundară poate
fi la un timp viitor sau la un timp prezent.

Ann will give us everything we need when she comes

ATENTIE! În propoziţiile subordonate circumstanţiale de timp ca şi în

cele condiţionale, nu se foloseşte nici un fel de timp viitor format cu ajutorul
verbelor auxiliare: shall, will, should, would.
- Aceste propoziţii pot fi introduse prin when, before, after, while, till, until, as soon
as, by the time (that), as long as, if.
- Dacă propoziţia subordonată este introdusă prin if sau when, dar este propoziţie
completivă directă, se poate folosi timpul viitor.

I am sure she doesn't know when Mary will go there.

Father wonders if John will go there.

41
c) Când în propoziţia principală predicatul este la un timp trecut în propoziţiile
secundare predicatele trebuie să fie tot la un timp trecut (PAST TENSE, PAST
PERFECT TENSE, FUTURE IN THE PAST).

Tom waited in the library as teacher was writting .

My parents were sure they had never gone there before that day.
Susan promised him she would be there at 8 o`clock.

EXCEPŢII:
1) Când în propoziţia subordonată este prezentat un adevăr general valabil:
She knew very well that the Earth is round.

2) În propoziţiile atributive timpul este cel cerut de context:

The girl who is near the window was my girlfriend.

3) Fraza condiţională are propriile ei reguli de concordanţă

4) În prezentul istoric timpul trecut poate fi folosit pentru a da culoare stilului;

II. MODUL SUBJONCTIV

SE FORMEAZĂ:

1. forma veche este identică cu indicativ prezent fără TO

-aceeaşi pentru toate persoanele atât la plural cât şi la singular:

Long live the king !

German be hanged !

2. SUBJONCTIVUL PREZENT are forma de PAST TENSE excepţie verbul TO BE

este
WERE la toate persoanele.

42
 I wish you understood me.
If I were you I wouldn’t do that .

3. SUBJONCTIVUL PERFECT
- Are forma de PAST PERFECT
- acesta exprimă o acţiune anterioară celei exprimate de verbul din propoziţia principală
sau o situaţie ireală imposibilă.
- Se traduce prin: conjunctiv perfect sau condiţional perfect.

If Tom had been there he would have finished the work.

4. SUBJONCTIVUL ANALITIC
SE FORMEAZĂ:
A. SHOULD / WOULD + V
MAY / MIGHT +V
WOULD +V
COULD +V
B. -când se foloseşte ideea de anterior + HAVE
SHALL / SHOULD + HAVE + V –ed / III
MAY / MIGHT + HAVE + V –ed / III
WOULD + HAVE + V –ed / III
COULD + HAVE + V –ed / III
↓
*Se foloseşte după verbele:
-TO DEMAND
-TO INSIST
-TO ORDER
-TO REQUEST
-TO PROPOSE
-TO DECIDE + THAT

43
 -TO ADVICE
-TO EXPECT
-TO RECOMAND
-TO SUGEST
-TO HURRY
Ex.We advice that everybody shall be graduated the highschool.
We expect that you should have finished the book.
*în construcţiile:
IT + TO BE + ADJECTIV + VERB
Ex.: It is necessary It is faire
It is advisable It is natural
It is better It is strange
It is vital It is odd
It is important It is amazing
It is right It is ridiculos
It is desirable It is impossible
It is wonderful It is essential

It is essential for me that he should come in time.

*după cuvintele: -desire -request

-idea -agreement
-intention -domand
-proposal -arangement
-wish -in case
-sugestion -however
-as if

III.MODUL CONDIŢIONAL

-exprimă o acţiune dorită sau o condiţie.

44
1. condiţionalul prezent:

SE FORMEAZĂ:
SHOULD / WOULD + V
2. condiţionalul perfect:
SE FORMEAZĂ:
SHOULD / WOULD + HAVE + V-ed / III

- se traduce prin modul condiţional prezent sau perfect.

Conditional prezent:
I would eat a cake .
I should write my homework .
Conditional perfect:
He would have written you soon.
He should have written you as soon as possible.

FRAZA CONDIŢIONALĂ (Adverbial Clauses of Condition)

1. Propoziţia principală arată o acţiune condiţionată sau dorită

2. Propoziţia subordonată arată condiţia cu care se realizează acţiunea din propoziţia
principală.

OBSERVATIE.Nu există o regulă care să arate ordinea celor două propoziţii dar între
predicatele lor există concordanţă:
a). Verbul la modul condiţional apare numai în propoziţia principală când condiţia
exprimată de propoziţia subordonată este IREALĂ.
If he were here he would helped you.

b). În propoziţia subordonată nu apare verb la modul condiţional.

45
 I’ll go with you if I can.

c). Propoziţia subordonată care conţine condiţia poate fi introdusă prin:

1. IF
2. IF CASE
3. ON CONDITION
4. SUPOSSE
5. UNLESS etc.

d). Condiţia exprimată de propoziţia subordonată poate fi de trei feluri şi în funcţie de

acest lucru apare şi concordanţa predicatelor din cele două propoziţii:
A. CONDIŢIE REALĂ (POSIBILĂ).
- timpul din propoziţia principală este prezent sau viitor
Obs.: în propoziţia secundară nu se foloseşte viitorul.

If you help me, I can go with you.

John comes home now, he will have enough time to call you.
If I am a king you will be my queen

B. CONDIŢIE IREALĂ (POSIBILĂ)

Obs. Condiţia nu se realizează în prezent dar e posibil să se realizeze în viitor.
- în propoziţia SECUNDARĂ verbul este la SUBJONCTIV PREZENT.
- în propoziţia PRINCIPALĂ verbul este CONDITIONAL PREZENT.

If I were a king you would been my queen.

If John were here he would solved the problem.

C. CONDIŢIE IREALĂ (IMPOSIBILĂ)

- Arată o condiţie nerealizată şi nerealizabilă;
- Verbul în propoziţia SECUNDARĂ este la SUBJONCTIV PERFECT
- Verbul în propoziţia PRINCIPALĂ este la CONDIŢIONAL PERFECT

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 If only Andrew had been here he would have been helped you.
If I had been a king you would have been my queen.

IV. MODUL IMPERATIV

Exprimă un ordin, un îndemn, o chemare, etc.

SE FORMEAZĂ:
LET + COMPLEMENT în ACUZATIV + V
pentru peroanele I şi III sg. şi plural.

Let me go!
Let the boy play!
pentru a doua : Vocativul:
Read louder, please!
Obs.: Forma negativă se formează cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar DO:
Don’t do that!
Don’t let me wait for you!

B. MODURI NEPERSONALE

I. MODUL INFINITIV
- Este modul care denumeşte acţiunea sau starea exprimată de verb.
TO + VERB = INFINITIV LUNG
VERB = INFINITIV SCURT

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1. Infinitivul prezent:
I try to get to the school in time .
2. Infinitvul perfect:
Alice pretended to have been watching TV when I rang her up
3. Infinitivul scurt:
Obs.: Infinitivul scurt se foloseşte după:

a). Verbe modale;

My mother can make a very good cake.
b). Verbul TO HAVE şi TO MAKE.
He makes me cry.
c). După verbele:
TO SEE,
TO HEAR,
TO FELL,
TO WACH,
TO OBSERVE,
TO LET,
TO HELP,
Când sunt la diateza activă:
Did you hear her sing last evening?
d). După construcţiile:
HAD BETTER
HAD RATHER
WOULD RATHER
WOULD SOONER
RATHER THAN
BETTER THAN
SOONER THAN
MORE THAN
CAN BUT
NOTHING BUT

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 I had better go now.
I cannot but go away.

II. MODUL PARTICIPIU

- participiul are trei forme:
1. Participiul prezent
V + ing = diateza activă
BEING + V –ed/III = diateza pasivă

2. Participiul perfect
- arată o acţiune anterioară celei exprimate de predicatul propoziţiei.
HAVING + V – ed/III = diateza activă
HAVING + BEEN + V – ed/III = diateza pasivă

3. Participiul trecut
- este folosit ca adjectiv, intră în compunerea timpurilor perfecte şi a diatezei
pasive.
V (regulat): V – ed
V (neregulat): forma a III – a
EXEMPLE:
Participiu prezent
We are playing now
While shopping I met my English teacher.
The film is even more interesting than I thought.
Participiu perfect
Having forgotten his keys at home, Jonh left the classroom in a hurry.
Having sent the letter, Mary left the office in a hurry.
Participiu trecut
The aged man could not ride the horse.
The pupil was called at the blackboard.

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III. MODUL GERUNDIV
Gerund nedefinit
- are aceeaşi formă ca şi participiul prezent
- este format din tema verbului+ing
DIATEZA ACTIVA
-Gerund nedefinit: telling
DIATEZA PASIVA
-Gerund nedefinit: being told

Gerund perfect
- are aceeaşi formă ca şi participiul perfect.
DIATEZA ACTIVA:
-Gerund perfect: having told
DIATEZA PASIVA
-Gerund perfect: having been told
Obs.1: Gerundul poate fi tradus în limba română prin:
- gerunziu
- substantiv
- timp personal
- infinitiv sau subjonctiv
- adjectiv

Obs.2: De cele mai multe ori gerundul urmează.

- după o prepoziţie: TO, AT, FOR, IN
- după anumite verbe: TO ADMIT
TO AVOID
TO CONSIDER
TO LIKE
TO DENY
TO EXCUSE
TO ENJOY

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 TO DOUBT
TO FINISH
TO FORGET
TO HATE etc
- după cuvinte şi expresii ca: TO BE BUSY
TO BE USELESS
TO FEEL LIKE
THAT IS
THERE IS etc

- după TO HAVE şi TO BE
- după substantive ca: CHANCE OF
EXPERIENCE IN
INTEREST IN
RIGHT OF
USE OF etc
- după adjective predicative ca: CAPABLE OF
ALERT IN
CONSCIOUS OF

DIATEZA PASIVĂ (Passive voice)

Modurile şi timpurile diatezei pasive

1. ASPECTUL SIMPLU
A). MODUL INDICATIV (INDICATIVE MOOD)
Simple Present Tense:
I am asked a difficult question.
I am blest for this.
She is accept there
She is caught by the police

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Simple Past Tense:
I was asked a difficult question
I was blest for this
He was accepted there
H e was caught by the police
Simple Future Tense:
I shall be asked a difficult question
I shall be blest for this
She will be accepted there
She will be caught by the police.
Present Perfect Tense:
I have been asked a difficult question.
I have blest for this.
He has been accepted there.
He has been caught by the police.
Past Perfect Tense:
I had been asked a difficult quuestion.
I had been blest for this.
She had been accepted there.
He had caught by the police.
Future Perfect in the Past
I shall have asked a difficult question.
I shall have been blest for this .
He will have been accepted there.
He will have been caught by the police.
Future in the Past:
I sholud be asked a difficult wuestion,.
I should be blest for this.
He would be accepted there.
He would be caught by the police.

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 B). MODUL SUBJONCTIV (SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD):
Present Subjunctive:
I be asked a difficult question.
I be blest for this.
Past Subjunctive:
I were asked a difficult question.
I were blest for this.

C). MODUL CONDIŢIONAL (CONDITIONAL MOOD).

Present Conditional:
I should be asked a difficult question.
I should be blest for this.
Past Conditional
I should have been asked a difficult question
I should have been blest for this

2. ASPECTUL CONTINUU
A). MODUL INDICATIV (INDICATIVE MOOD)
Simple Present Tense:
I am being asked a difficult question.
I am being blest for this.
Simple Past Tense:
I was being asked a difficult question.
I was being blest for this.

B). MODUL SUBJONCTIV (SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD):

Past Subjunctive:
I were being asked a difficult question.
I were being blest for this.

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VORBIREA INDIRECTĂ (Indirect Speech)

I. PROPOZIŢIILE ENUNŢIATIVE (Declarative Sentences)

1. Dacă verbul din propoziţia principală este la trecut se va respecta corespondenţa
timpurilor
He said “I`ll be there in time”
He said that he would be there in time.

2. TO SAY din principală se înlocuieşte cu TO TELL (se păstrează numai când nu e

însoţit de un CD)
“I don’t go there” he said to me
He told me that he wouldn’t go there

3. THIS devine THAT

THESE devine THOSE
TODAY devine THAT DAY
YESTERDAY devine THE DAY BEFORE
TOMORROW devine THE NEXT DAY
AGO devine BEFORE
NEXT WEEK, MONTH devine THE NEXT WEEK…….
HERE devine THERE

He said “Mary is here”

He said that Mary was there

II. PROPOZIŢIILE INTEROGATIVE (Interrogative Sentences)

1. Dacă verbul din propoziţia principală este la trecut se va respecta corespondenţa
timpurilor

He asked him “Do you know her?”

He asked him whether/if he knew her

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 2. Propoziţia interogativă indirectă e introdusă prin IF sau WHETHER
He asked him “Will you go there or not?”
He asked him whether he would go there or not.

3. Se respectă regula 3 de la propoziţiile enunţiative

III. PROPOZIŢIILE IMPERATIVE (Imperative Sentences)

1. Aceste propoziţii se redau în vorbirea indirectă cu ajutorul infinitivelor
- Un ordin
- Un sfat
“Come here” the colonel ordered his soldier
The colonel ordered his soldier to come there.

“Don’t fail again” she said to him

She told him not to fail again.

2. Adjectivele, pronumele şi adverbele determinative se înlocuiesc după înţeles:

Tom suggested “Tell her to be here at seven”
Tom suggested that he should be there at seven.

ÎNTREBĂRI DISJUNCTIVE (Tag questions)

Reguli:
1. Atunci când în propoziţia “stimul” se află un VERB AUXILIAR sau MODAL,
acesta se repetă în întrebarea disjunctivă la semn invers.
Mary is at home, isn’t she?
My parents aren’t at home, are they?

2. Atunci când în propoziţia “stimul” se află un VERB OBIŞNUIT, în întrebarea

disjunctivă se foloseşte verbul auxiliar TO DO la acelaşi timp şi la aceeaşi persoană.

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 Lucy has finished here paper, hasn’t she?
They haven’t went there, have they?

3. Forma negativă a VERBULUI AUXILIAR sau MODAL din întrebarea disjunctivă

este în totdeauna contrară (am) not?, isn’t, didn’t, can’t, etc.
I am here, am I not?

4. Subiectul întrebării disjunctive este întotdeauna pronumele corespunzător subiectului

propoziţiei stimul
He will graduate, will he?

5. Atunci când întrebarea disjunctivă este doar o exclamaţie VERBUL AUXILIAR sau
MODAL este folosit la acelaşi semn cu predicatul propoziţiei stimul.
You will tell me the truth, will you?

6. Întrebarea disjunctivă este despărţită de propoziţia stimul prin VIRGULĂ

Susan is here, isn’t she?

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