RFID Slides (Compatibility Mode)

IEEE – New Jersey Coast Section Meeting
11/05/07
The Evolution of RFID

Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions
Gene Fedors
International RFID Business Association
The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

Copyright © 2007 RFID Technical Institute, Inc. All Right Reserved
RFID at 30,000 Feet
• Radio Frequency Identification

– A method of uniquely identifying items using radio waves
– A reader communicates with a tag
– Used to determine “Item-Location-Time”
• This Item was at This Location at This Time
Who Are You?

Reader
I am 35S4U96XE

RFID Tag
Microchip
Antenna
Inlay
RFID Tag
• RFID Tag:
– Consists of a silicon microchip (integrated circuit),
attached to an antenna that is packaged in a way that
it can be applied to an object
• Tag Inlay:
– Consists of a microchip attached to an antenna and
mounted on a plastic or other thin film substrate
(Note: inlays are usually purchased by Label Converters

who turn them into smart labels)

RFID Object Tagging
RFID Tag

Next Wave: Custom Tags & Enclosures
RFID Label Custom Tag
RFID tags may be embedded

in a traditional barcode label4
or
4 encapsulated in a custom
designed enclosure

Next Wave: Integrated Readers
An RFID Tag picks up signals from and sends signals to a Reader

Air Interface Protocol
Fixed & Mobile
Handheld
RFID Tag Antenna Reader
Next: Integrated
• Reader
– A device used to communicate with RFID tags
– Readers types: handheld, vehicle mounted, fixed, Source:
TAGSYS
etc.
– Attaches to an antenna on one side and to a
network/system on the other
Source: Alvin Systems

Next Wave: Reader Design & Cost
An RFID Tag picks up signals from and sends signals to a Reader

Air Interface Protocol
RFID Tag Antenna Reader
Reader Circuitry Evolution

– Intel R1000 Chip - recent announcement:
• A highly integrated, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
that combines 90 percent of the discrete components found in a
typical passive UHF RFID reader radio onto a single chip
• Use of the chip could eventually drive reader costs down to half
their present $1,000 range

Next Wave: Specialized Antennas
Tag Antenna
Reader Antenna
Alien
Intermec
RFID Tag Antenna Reader System
• Antenna Omron
– A Tag Antenna is the conductive element (usually copper metal) that enables
the tag to send and receive data
– A Reader Antenna is used to emit radio waves used to power up a tag
microchip so that it sends its stored data
– With certain type of tags data may also be transmitted to a tag and stored

Basic RFID System Functionality

RFID Versus Barcode – Know the Tradeoffs
RFID RFID Vs. Barcodes Barcode
Electronic Device Printed Symbol
Uses RF Waves Uses Light
Sensitive to EMI (noise) and metal, water Not sensitive to EMI, metal, water
Non Line-of-Sight Line-of-Sight Required
In most cases no labor required for read Reading requires labor, except on conveyor w/ reliable
label positioning
Can be hidden, protected Subject to dirt, abrasion, etc.
Simultaneous Read One-at-a-time
Range: Active – 300’+, Passive 30’ Range: 35’ if large, 2’ if small
Small to Large Data Size Small to Medium (2D barcode) Data Size
Read/Write Read-only
Always serialized Usually not serialized
Digital link to the world (sensors, wireless) Human link to world (manual intervention)
Strong Authentication possible (access control, non- No Authentication, except encryption
duplication)
$0.15 to $200+ tag, “expensive” reader Virtually Free label, inexpensive reader
Emerging for some uses, mature in other areas Mature – Ubiquitous

Next Wave: Multiple Types of Communications
Wired
Wireless & Wireless
Communications
Communications
RFID Tag Antenna Reader System
• Various forms of wired and wireless communication can link RFID

reader/systems components to allow information exchange
• 802.3, BlueTooth, Wi-Fi, 802.11, WiMax, Cellular, Satellite, etc.

RFID & Wireless Communications
Fork Lift
Mounted
Reader/Antenna
RFID Tag

Next Wave: RFID Enabled Enterprise Applications
Enterprise
Applications
ERP
WMS
TMS
etc.
RFID Tag Antenna Reader Middleware System
• Readers are usually linked to systems running enterprise applications

• The data collected from a tag is sent to an enterprise application for
processing; data may also be sent back to tag to be written to its microchip
• Data collected from a tag can also be stored in a portable reader and up-
loaded later for processing

RFID Middleware – Why We Need It
Business Analysis and Decisions
Inter-enterprise Integration
Software
Business Transaction Management
Integration between Devices and execution applications

and/or the network
Device Layer
Hardware
Device Layer
Device Layer

Next Wave: Addressing The “Whole Solution”
– Organizational Change
– Business Process
• Solution Component Layers:
– Tag
– Label
– Reader
– Antenna
– Printer/Encoder
– Label Applicator
– Communications
– Middleware
– Enterprise Applications
– Systems Integration
– Network Infrastructure
– Network Applications
– Various Sensors
– Enhanced Packaging
– Standards – Data Management, Security & Privacy

If you don’t understand the
science (physics) behind RFID4
you are not adequately equipped
to undertake an RFID program4

EM Transmission – Frequency Characteristics
433 MHz
125 KHz 13.56 MHz 915 MHz 2.4 GHz
RFID Suitable Frequencies Source: IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 1998 May-Jun;17(3):111-4.

Read Characteristics & Frequencies
Passive RFID Examples
125 kHz

Next Wave: Tag Types & Design Enhancement
Aprox. • Active
$5 - $200 – Battery powered
– Limited life span
– Most costly
– Most functionality/performance
– Optional (Sensor)
• Semi-Passive
Cost $$$
– Battery assisted (limited)

– Better read range than passive
– Hybrid functionality
– Mid range price
• Passive
– No battery - powered by RF field
– Longer life span
Aprox. – Least functionality
$.25 - $1.00
– Least expensive

Frequency, Read Range & Tag Type
Passive Tag
125-134 kHz
RFID Wristband
Passive Tag
Passive Tags
Meds - Bottle
13.56 MHz Pump
Meds - Case
902-928 MHz
2.45 GHz Active Tag

20’ – 300’
Active Tags 433 MHz

(Wi-Fi) 2.4 GHz
(UWB) 6.1 GHz
etc. 2’ 4’ 6’ 8’ 10’ 20’
Next Wave: Multiple Tag Types
Different Capabilities for Different Processes

“Technology Maturity Tipping Points”
Different components of an RFID solution

mature at different times.
The maturity of the subset of technology

components for a particular solution
determines its viability and adoption timing.

Technology Maturity Tipping Points
Which solutions sets are mature, which need time?
– Tag
– Label
– Reader
Open Versus Closed Loop
– Antenna Yes
– Printer
– Wireless Communications Emerging
– Business Applications
Leading
– Middleware Edge
– Enterprise Applications
– Systems Integration Varies By
– Sensors Application
– Packaging
– Network Infrastructure
– Network Applications/Security/Data Sharing
RFID Strengths for Business Advantage
• Automatically Links the Digital (Systems) to the Physical

(Objects)
– Package is at this location… it contains… but contents is spoiled
• Item Level Visibility
– Unique ID per object if needed
• Dynamic Identity
– Read/write data update, not static
• Locating
– Finding people and things
• Tracking Objects in Motion
– Goods, people, etc.
• Handling Choke Point Issues
– ‘Things Go Wrong Here”
• Automatic Routing and Management (Audit Trail)
– Chain of custody tracking, e-Pedigree, etc.
• Monitor Environmental Conditions (With Sensor Added)
– Temperature, light, vibration, moisture, etc.

RFID Business Drivers
• Mandates
• Mitigate Risks/Errors
• Safety
• Increase Revenue/Reduce Costs
• Maintain Competitiveness
• Comply with Regulations

Barriers to RFID Adoption
• Implementation cost/complexity
• ISO vs. EPC vs. Industry vs. Global Standards
• Compliance Mandates vs. ROI
• Technology Maturity Tipping Points
• Global interoperability and integration
• Data management, synchronization and sharing
• Pilot to production scaling
• Packaging revisions for production performance consistency
• Some legacy apps not RFID ready- can they scale?
• Understanding/achieving the needed changes to business process
• Privacy concerns - item-level tagging

Sample Solutions In Operation Today
• Asset Tracking (Containers, Pallets, Equipment, Tools, Parts,
Rental Garments, Live Stock, etc…)
• Cold Chain (Perishable Goods Monitoring, Tracking, Spoilage
Prevention)
• CPG (Supply Chain Management, Product/Stock Visibility)
• Defense (Asset Visibility & Management)
• Financial (Smart Cards)
• Healthcare (Patient Safety/Management, Staff Productivity,
Mobile Asset Tracking)
• Library (Inventory Management/Check-in, Check-out)
• MRO (Parts Replacement)
• Manufacturing (Parts Tracking, Routing, Control, Quality)
• Maritime (Port Security – Container Tracking, Contents Status)
• Pharmaceutical (Consumer Safety, Brand Protection, Anti-
counterfeiting, Track &Trace, Drug e-Pedigree)
• Retail (Stocking, Promotion Execution)
• Security (Building Access, Asset Protection)
• Warehouse (Inventory/Logistics Management)
Getting Started with RFID
Level 200 Discipline
Incorporating Industry Standards
into RFID Solution Planning
Standards
Advanced training to
Managing Security and Privacy
develop mastery of various Issues Underlying RFID Deployment
Security
RFID disciplines needed to
Wireless Communications Infrastructure
participate in or conduct an for an RFID Enabled Environment
Connectivity
RFID initiative
RFID Middleware Selection, Design and
Implementation
Middleware
Advanced Methods for RFID Data Data

Management and Synchronization Management
RFID Technology &
Business Fundamentals Advanced RFID Systems Performance
Design
and Design Practices
Integrating RFID Functionality

into an Existing IT Infrastructure
Integration
Business Process Driven Business

RFID Solution Planning Transformation
RFID Implementation Methods,

Challenges and Best Practices
Deployment
Preparing the RFID Enabled Change

Organization for Change Management

International RFID Business Association (RFIDba)
TM
RFID Educational Reference Model
Best Best
Master Practices RFID Certification Program Practices
Level Forum Forum
Industry/Process x
Manufacturing
Life Science
Automotive
Strategy
Maritime
Logistics
Strategy
Industry
Military
Industry
Retail
Level
400
Level RFID Systems RFID Business
Business
Strategy
Strategy
300 Deployment Management Program Management

IT
Level Advanced RFID Principles Advanced RFID Principles

200 For Implementers for Solution Planners
Brief - CxO
Brief - CIO
Executive
Executive
Level RFID Fundamentals RFID Fundamentals
100 for IT Professionals for Business Professionals
IT IT Business Business
Executive Operations & Management Operations & Management Executive
Track Track Track Track

For more information:
Harry Pappas
Founder & CEO
International RFID Business Association
hpappas@rfidba.org
www.rfidbusiness.org
(M) 610.357.0990
Gene Fedors
(O) 610.251.0464
(M) 484.802.4521
gfedors@rfidba.org
RTI RFID Education White Paper:

“Maintaining Quality, Relevance and Proficiency in RFID Education”
See www.rfidtech.com under “News”


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IEEE – New Jersey Coast Section Meeting

The Evolution of RFID

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

• Radio Frequency Identification

Who Are You?

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

(Note: inlays are usually purchased by Label Converters

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

RFID Label Custom Tag

RFID tags may be embedded

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

An RFID Tag picks up signals from and sends signals to a Reader

Fixed & Mobile

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

An RFID Tag picks up signals from and sends signals to a Reader

RFID Tag Antenna Reader

Reader Circuitry Evolution

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

RFID Tag Antenna Reader System

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

Emerging for some uses, mature in other areas Mature – Ubiquitous

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

RFID Tag Antenna Reader System

• Various forms of wired and wireless communication can link RFID

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

RFID Tag Antenna Reader Middleware System

• Readers are usually linked to systems running enterprise applications

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

Business Analysis and Decisions

Business Transaction Management

Integration between Devices and execution applications

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

– Standards – Data Management, Security & Privacy

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

Passive RFID Examples

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

– Battery assisted (limited)

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

2.45 GHz Active Tag

Active Tags 433 MHz

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

Different components of an RFID solution

The maturity of the subset of technology

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

• Automatically Links the Digital (Systems) to the Physical

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

• Increase Revenue/Reduce Costs

• Comply with Regulations

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

Advanced Methods for RFID Data Data

Integrating RFID Functionality

Business Process Driven Business

RFID Implementation Methods,

Preparing the RFID Enabled Change

The Evolution of RFID – Next Wave Principles, Challenges & Solutions

Level RFID Systems RFID Business

300 Deployment Management Program Management