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A mechanical explanation of the phenomenon of punching shear in Some codes also account for size effect, membrane effect, or
slabs without transverse reinforcement is presented on the basis of the ratio of column size to the depth of the slab. Equation (1)
the opening of a critical shear crack. It leads to the formulation of shows the ACI 318-056 expression for square or circular
a new failure criterion for punching shear based on the rotation of columns of moderate dimensions relative to the thickness of
a slab. This criterion correctly describes punching shear failures
the slab
observed in experimental testing, even in slabs with low reinforcement
ratios. Its application requires the knowledge of the load-rotation
relationship of the slab, for which a simple mechanical model is 1
proposed. The resulting approach is shown to give better results V R = --- b 0 d f c ′ (SI units: MPa, mm)
3 (1)
than current design codes, with a very low coefficient of variation
(COV). Parametric studies demonstrate that it correctly predicts V R = 4b 0 d f c ′ (U.S. customary units: psi, in.)
several aspects of punching shear previously observed in testing as
size effect (decreasing nominal shear strength with increasing size
of the member). Accounting for the proposed failure criterion and where d is the average flexural depth of the slab, b0 is the
load-rotation relationship of the slab, the punching shear strength perimeter of the critical section located d/2 from the face of the
of a flat slab is shown to depend on the span of the slab, rather column, and fc′ is the specified concrete compressive strength.
than on its thickness as often proposed. The current version of Eurocode 27 also includes a formu-
lation for estimating the punching shear strength of slabs
Keywords: critical shear crack; interior slab-column connection; punching
shear; two-way shear.
1
---
3
INTRODUCTION V R = 0.18b 0 dξ ( 100ρ l fc ′ ) (SI units: MPa, mm)
(2)
Reinforced concrete slabs on columns were initially --1-
3
developed in the U.S. and Europe at the beginning of the V R = 5.0b 0 dξ ( 100ρ l fc ′ ) (U.S. customary units: psi, in.)
20th century.1,2 Their designs typically included large
mushroom-shaped column capitals to facilitate the local
introduction of forces from the slab to the column. In the where b0 is the control perimeter located 2d from the face of
1950s, flat slabs without capitals started to become prevalent. the column, ρl accounts for the bending reinforcement ratio
Because of their simplicity, both for construction and for use (with a maximum value of 0.02) and ξ is a factor accounting
(simple formwork and reinforcement, flat soffit allowing an for size effect defined by the following expression
easy placement of equipment, and installation underneath
the slab), they have become very common for medium 200 mm 7.87 in.
height residential and office buildings as well as for parking ξ = 1 + -------------------- = 1 + ------------------ ≤ 2.0 (3)
d d
garages. The design of flat slabs is mostly governed by
serviceability conditions on the one side (with relatively
large deflections in service) and by the ultimate limit state of In the early 1960s, Kinnunen and Nylander8 tested a series
punching shear (also called two-way shear) on the other side. of slabs in punching, varying amongst other parameters the
These two criteria typically lead to the selection of the amount of flexural reinforcement in the slab (refer to Fig. 1).
appropriate slab thickness. The following observations can be made from the load-rotation
Punching shear has been the object of an intense experimental relationships of the tests:
effort since the 1950s. In most cases, the phenomenon is • For low reinforcement ratios (test with ρ = 0.5%), the
investigated by considering an isolated slab element. This observed behavior is ductile, with yielding of the entire
element typically represents the surface of the slab flexural reinforcement, as illustrated by the horizontal
surrounding a column and is delimited by the line of asymptote of the load-rotation curve. In this case, the
contraflexure for radial moments, which are zero at a strength of the slab is limited by its flexural capacity
distance rs ≈ 0.22L (according to a linear-elastic estimate), and punching occurs only after large plastic deformations.
where L is the axis-to-axis spacing of the columns. In recent The punching failure at the end of the plastic plateau
years, several state-of-the-art reports and synthesis papers remains brittle and leads to a sudden drop in strength;
have been published on this topic.3-5
Most design codes base their verifications on a critical ACI Structural Journal, V. 105, No. 4, July-August 2008.
MS No. S-2006-478 received December 11, 2006, and reviewed under Institute
section, with the punching shear strength of slabs without publication policies. Copyright © 2008, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved,
shear reinforcement defined as a function of the concrete including the making of copies unless permission is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
Pertinent discussion including author’s closure, if any, will be published in the May-
compressive strength and often of the reinforcement ratio. June 2009 ACI Structural Journal if the discussion is received by January 1, 2009.
VE 1
- = -----------------------------2-
---------------- (SI units; N, mm)
b 0 d 3 f c 1 + ⎛ ----------- ψd ⎞
-
⎝ 4 mm⎠
(4)
VR 28
----------------- = ------------------------------------- U.S. customary units; psi, in.)
b 0 d 3 f c 1 + ⎛ ------------------- ψd -⎞ 2
⎝ 0.16 in. ⎠
VR 3⁄4
- = ----------------------------------- (SI units: N, mm)
----------------
Fig. 3—Tests by Bollinger14 with ring reinforcements, effect b 0 d f c 1 + 15 ------------------ ψd
-
of additional reinforcement in vicinity of critical shear d g0 + d g
crack on load-carrying capacity: (a) test results; and (b) (5)
VR 9
and (c) reinforcement layout of Specimens 11 and 12. ----------------- = ----------------------------------- (U.S. customary units: psi, in.)
b 0 d f c 1 + 15 ------------------ ψd
-
d g0 + d g
LOAD-ROTATION RELATIONSHIP
Comparing Fig. 1 and 5, it is clear that the punching failure where mr is the radial moment per unit length acting in the slab
occurs at the intersection of the load-rotation curve of the portion at r = r0 and the operator 〈x〉 is x for x ≥ 0 and 0 for x < 0.
slab with the failure criterion. To enable a calculation of the A simpler moment-curvature relationship can be adopted
punching shear strength according to Eq. (5), the relationship by neglecting the tensile strength of concrete fct and the
between the rotation ψ and the applied load V needs to be effect of tension stiffening, leading to a bilinear relationship
known. In the most general case, the load-rotation relationship similar to that of Kinnunen and Nylander,8 shown as a dotted
can be obtained by a nonlinear numerical simulation of the line in Fig. 7. The analytical expression describing the load-
flexural behavior of the slab, using, for example, a nonlinear rotation relationship is thus
finite element code. In axisymmetric cases, a numerical
integration of the moment-curvature relationship can be
performed directly.26 This allows to account for bending Table 1—Test series considered in present study
moment redistributions in flat slabs and to account for the and comparison with proposed failure criterion
increase on punching shear strength due to in-plane confinement Failure criterion
given by the flat slab in the portions of the slab near columns.26 Vtest/Vth
The axisymmetric case of an isolated slab element can also Reference (year) d, mm (in.) No. Average COV
be treated analytically after some simplifications. As already Tests with same bending reinforcement ratio along orthogonal directions
described, the tangential cracks and the radial curvature are Elstner and Hognestad18 (1956) 115 (4.52) 22 0.98 0.14
Kinnunen and Nylander8 (1960) 122 (4.80) 12 1.05 0.11
Moe19 (1961) 114 (4.48) 9 1.13 0.16
113 to 170
Schäfers20 (1984) (4.45 to 6.69)
4 1.03 0.20
98 to 200
Tolf21 (1988) (3.86 to 7.87)
8 1.06 0.15
Σ 87 1.05 0.16
Tests with different bending reinforcement ratio along orthogonal directions
95 to 202
Nylander and Sundquist24 (1972) (3.74 to 7.95) 11 1.04 0.09
r
V = --------------EI 1 ψ ⎛ 1 + ln ---s- ⎞ for r 0 ≤ r y ≤ r s (elasto-plastic regime)
2π
⎝
(7b)
rq – rc ry ⎠
rs
V flex = 2πm R --------------
- (plastic regime) (7c)
rq – rc Fig. 7—Moment-curvature relationships: bilinear and
quadrilinear laws.
Table 2—Comparison of results of test series with predicted strength of proposed approaches and of
current design codes*; average, COV, and minimum value of ratio Vtest /Vth
Eq. (5) + Eq. (6) Eq. (5) + Eq. (8) ACI 318-056 EC 27
Reference (year) d, mm (in.) No. Average COV Minimum Average COV Minimum Average COV Minimum Average COV Minimum
Elstner and Hognestad18 (1956) 115 (4.52) 22 1.01 0.07 0.88 1.01 0.07 0.86 1.50 0.20 1.05 1.16 0.09 0.95
8 122 (4.80) 12 1.02 0.09 0.86 1.08 0.08 0.96 1.45 0.18 1.03 1.14 0.13 0.90
Kinnunen and Nylander (1960)
Moe19 (1961) 114 (4.48) 9 1.06 0.09 0.94 1.07 0.09 0.98 1.51 0.10 1.25 1.22 0.07 1.13
113 to 170 4
Schäfers20 (1984) (4.45 to 6.69)
1.02 0.08 0.93 1.06 0.10 0.94 1.41 0.14 1.16 1.25 0.05 1.19
98 to 200
Tolf21 (1988) (3.86 to 7.87) 8
0.98 0.10 0.87 1.06 0.10 0.92 1.33 0.21 0.98 1.11 0.14 0.94
Hassanzadeh22 (1996) 200 (7.87) 3 0.97 0.09 0.87 1.04 0.08 0.95 1.10 0.06 1.03 1.03 0.14 0.86
10 199 (7.83) 7 0.94 0.04 0.90 1.06 0.07 0.96 1.05 0.09 0.90 0.96 0.05 0.90
Hallgren (1996)
24 98 (3.86) 12 1.07 0.08 0.94 1.16 0.08 1.03 1.43 0.23 0.91 1.22 0.12 1.00
Ramdane (1996)
96 to 464
Guandalini and Muttoni13 (2004) (3.78 to 18.2) 10 1.07 0.08 0.95 1.14 0.08 1.02 1.16 0.24 0.82 1.04 0.09 0.90
Σ 87 1.02 0.08 0.86 1.07 0.09 0.86 1.37 0.22 0.82 1.14 0.12 0.86
*
Tests with different bending reinforcement ratios along orthogonal directions not included.
Note: COV = coefficient of variation.
of flat slabs without shear reinforcement and correctly account for the effects of the tensile strength of concrete and
accounting for size effect. A failure criterion is derived on its of tension stiffening;
basis, which suitably describes the role of the many 5. A simplified analytical formulation of the load-rotation
geometric and mechanical parameters involved in punching relationship, as it is used in the current Swiss design code
shear. The main conclusions of this paper are:
for concrete structures, also gives a good estimate of the
1. According to the proposed failure criterion, the punching
punching load;
strength is a function of the opening of a critical shear crack
in the slab. Its influence is assumed to be proportional to the 6. The article proposes a method to calculate the punching
product of the slab rotation times the slab thickness and strength as a function of the effective depth of the slab, the size
corrected by a factor to account for the maximum diameter of the column, the flexural reinforcement ratio, the yield
of the aggregate; strength of the reinforcing steel, the concrete strength, the
2. This failure criterion simultaneously determines the maximum aggregate size, and the span-depth ratio of the slab.
punching load and the rotation capacity of the slab, and thus This method gives very good results when compared with a
of its ductility; series of 87 test results, with a COV of the ratio Vtest/Vth of 8%;
3. The punching load can be determined by applying the 7. Size effect on the punching shear strength is accounted
failure criterion and a load-rotation relationship obtained in the failure criterion of the critical shear crack theory. This
from a nonlinear analysis of the slab in bending. For axisym- effect, in combination with the slenderness effect on the
metric cases, an analytical formulation derived on the basis
load-rotation relationship proposed in this paper, can be
of a nonlinear moment-curvature diagram is given;
formulated as a function of the span of the slab;
4. A simplified bilinear (elasto-plastic) moment-curvature
relationship can also be applied to accurately estimate the 8. ACI 318-056 does not only exhibit a very large COV when
punching load. The use of a more sophisticated moment- compared with test results (22%), but it does not include
curvature relationship is only required for thick slabs with important effects, which leads to unsafe designs in particular
low reinforcement ratios, in which it is necessary to precisely for thick and/or slender slabs with low reinforcement ratios;
2 In this appendix, a load-rotation relationship for an isolated slab element is derived based on the
3 assumption that the deflected shape of the isolated slab element is conical outside the critical shear
ψ
5 χt = − for r > r0 (11)
r
6 Inside the critical shear crack, it may be assumed that the curvatures in both directions are constant
ψ
8 χr = χt = − for r < r0 (12)
r0
9 With these curvatures, the internal forces described in Figs 6b,c can be calculated according to the
11 the stiffnesses EI0 before and EI1 after cracking, the cracking moment mcr , the moment capacity mR
12 and the tension stiffening effect χTS. Neglecting the effect of reinforcement before cracking, these
f ct ⋅ h 2
14 mcr = (13)
6
Ec ⋅ h 3
15 EI 0 = (14)
12
mcr 2 ⋅ f ct
16 − χ cr = = (15)
EI 0 h ⋅ E c
⎛ c⎞ ⎛ c ⎞
18 EI 1 = ρ ⋅ β ⋅ E s ⋅ d 3 ⋅ ⎜1 − ⎟ ⋅ ⎜1 − ⎟ (16)
⎝ d ⎠ ⎝ 3d ⎠
Es ⎛ 2 ⋅ Ec ⎞
20 c = ρ ⋅β ⋅ ⋅ d ⋅ ⎜⎜ 1 + − 1⎟⎟ (17)
Ec ⎝ ρ ⋅ β ⋅ Es ⎠
18
1 and β is an efficiency factor that accounts for the orthogonal layout of the reinforcement and the
2 reduction in the ratio between the torsion and bending stiffness of the slab after cracking. It should
3 be noted that this factor affects the stiffness of the member but not the flexural strength of the
4 member. While the developments above were made for a layout with a polar symmetry
6 orthogonally in the slab. For these cases, a good agreement to test data is obtained assuming
7 β = 0.6.
8 Assuming a perfectly plastic behaviour of the reinforcement after yielding, a rectangular stress
9 block for concrete in the compression zone and neglecting compression reinforcement, the moment
⎛ ρ ⋅ fy ⎞
11 m R = ρ ⋅ f y ⋅ d 2 ⋅ ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ (18)
⎝ 2 ⋅ fc ⎠
12 The decrease in curvature caused by tension stiffening can be approximated by the constant
13 contribution χTS :
f ct 1
14 χ TS = ⋅ (19)
ρ ⋅ β ⋅ Es 6 ⋅ h
16 The curvatures χ1 at the beginning of the stabilized cracked regime and χy at yielding are thus:
mcr
17 − χ1 = − χ TS (20)
EI 1
18 and
mR
19 − χy = − χ TS (21)
EI 1
20 The four segments of the assumed moment-curvature relationship correspond to the four regions of
21 the slab shown in Figs 6f,g. The radii delimiting these zones may be determined by substituting
19
ψ ψ
ry = − = ≤ rs
1 χy m R
− χTS
(22)
EI1
ψ ψ
3 r1 = − = ≤ rs (23)
χ1 mcr − χ
TS
EI1
ψ ψ ⋅ EI 0
5 rcr = − = ≤ rs (24)
χ cr mcr
7 V⋅ (25)
2π r0
8 where mr is the radial moment at r = r0 calculated according to Fig. 7 with the curvature given by
12
13 APPENDIX 2
1
15 Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete (assumed E c = 10'000 ⋅ f c 3
[MPa],
1
16 Ec = 276'000 ⋅ f c 3
[psi])
20
1 V = shear force
13 tensile reinforcement
2 2
19 fct = tensile strength of concrete (assumed f ct = 0.3 ⋅ f c 3
[MPa], f ct = 1.6 ⋅ f c 3
[psi])
21 h = slab thickness
21
1 r = radius
12 ρ = reinforcement ratio
18 χy = yielding curvature
21 ψd = rotation of slab outside the column region due to factored shear force Vd
22