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1. Introduction.
2. The Basic FVF.
3. FVF Structures.
4. Applications.
5. Conclusions.
• Downscaling of
technology forces VDD
to decrease but VT does
not scale in the same
way.
a) Conventional b) Flipped-Voltage
Voltage Follower Follower (FVF)
Dominant Pole
At Y: wpY = 1 / CY ROLY
Non-Dominant Pole
At X: wpX = 1 / CX ROLX
Gain-Bandwidth Product
GB = gm2 / CY
CX parasitics at node X (incl. LOAD)
CY parasitics at node Y (incl. Cc if any)
Antonio Torralba, Texas A&M, College Station, June 2004 6
2. The Basic FVF
Stability Analysis Stability Criterion: wpX > 2 GB
ACL ˜ 1 and RCLX is only a few Ohms (20 – 100) in all cases
Antonio Torralba, Texas A&M, College Station, June 2004 8
2. The Basic FVF
DC considerations
, RXW X$
M2 ohmic
M5 saturation
Non-Symmetrical
Class-AB
Differential Pair
(FVF-NDP)
Other applications
Non-Symmetrical
Non-Symmetrical
Class-AB
Differential
Class-ABPair
(FVF-NDP)
Differential Pair
(FVF-NDP)
Ib
V V
i o
Ib
M 1N M
3N
B
M 2N
(V)
A
M M
1P 3P
Ib
current (A)
V V
i o
Ib
M1N M
3N
B time (s)
[Carrillo’04] J.M.Carrilo R.G.Carvajal,, A. Torralba, J.Duque-
M
2N Carrillo, “Rail-to-rail, low-power high slew-rate CMOS analog
buffer,” Electron. Lett., vol.40, no. 14, July 2004.
More than 100uA max. output current with 30uA total quiescent current !
Antonio Torralba, Texas A&M, College Station, June 2004 22
4.FVF-NPD Applications
Biasing STAGE
CLASS-AB OUTPUT STAGE
1 : α
M3p M outp
50/1 500/1
25/1 25/1
Io
3,75 uA
VAB + + VAB
- - Vout
I dp = 100 uA
3,75 uA V-
Rc Cc
Io
V+ M in1 M in2
Vout
500/1 500/1
Y M1n M2n Z I M outn Output Stage
X (figure 13a)
8/1 8/1
M3n M outn
16.5/1 165/1
1 : α a)
[Torralba’00] A. Torralba, R.G.Carvajal, J. Martínez-Heredia, J.Ramírez-Angulo, “Class-AB output stage for low
voltage CMOS op-amps with accurate quiescent current control,” Electron. Lett., vol.36, no. 21, pp. 1753-1754, Oct.
2000.
Antonio Torralba, Texas A&M, College Station, June 2004 23
4.FVF Applications
CLASS-AB OUTPUT STAGE in a 2-STAGE OP-AMP
DC Gain dB 65
Phase Margin deg (o) 75º
Non-Symmetrical
0
Class-AB
; Differential Pair
(FVF-NDP)
0 9 0 9
9 0
,E
,' 0 ,' 0
Symmetrical
Symmetrical Class-AB
Class-AB Pseudo Symmetrical
Pseudo Differential Class-AB
Pair (FVF-PDP)
Differential Pair (FVF-PDP) Differential Pair (FVF-SDP)
Antonio Torralba, Texas A&M, College Station, June 2004 25
4.FVF-PDP Applications
Symmetrical Class-AB Pesudo-Differential Pair (FVF-PDP)
CLASS-AB LINEAR MULTIPLIERS
30 30 30 30 30
1 1 30 1 1 1
1
V CM MCM M op - M op+ MCM VCM
30
30 1
1 45 Vcasp
M cas Vcasp Vcasp M cas
1
30 Vcasp
M4 30
1 1
45 45 45
1 1 1
Vi - M V M2 V i+
M1 3 b
Vo - Vo+
10 10 10 10
I b =1u
1 1
1 1
V casn
M cas V casn Vcasn V casn M cas
10 10 10 10
1 10 1 10 10 1 10 1
1 1 1 1
VCMc MCMc M on - M on+ MCMc V
CMc
V SS
• [Carvajal’02] R.G.Carvajal, J.Galán, J.Ramírez-Angulo, A. Torralba, “Low-power, low voltage differential class-AB
OTAs for SC circuits,” Electron. Lett., vol.38, no. 22, pp. 1304-1305, Oct. 2002.
• [Galan’02] J.Galán, A.P. VegaLeal, F. Muñoz, R.G.Carvajal, A.Torralba, J.Tombs, J. Ramírez-Angulo, “A 1.1V very
low-power SD modulator for 14-b 16 KHz A/D conversion using a novel class AB transconductance amplifier,” Proc.
ISCAS, vol. 2, pp. 616-619, 2002.
Antonio Torralba, Texas A&M, College Station, June 2004 27
4. FVF-PDP Applications
1.1 V, SC Integrator. 1pF capacitor load, 2MHz switching frequency
Output transistor
Current ( A )
Differential Voltage
(V)
time (s)
10 V/usec SR with only 11 uA total quiescent current !
(0.35 µm CMOS)
Antonio Torralba, Texas A&M, College Station, June 2004 28
4.FVF-PDP Applications
(Va - Vb) fo
C1 C2
Vin+ + + _ + _ + Vo+
+ +
gm1 gm2 gm3 gm4
_ _ _ _
gm-C
Vin- + _ _ + Vo -
C1 C2
CMFB1 CMFB2
Filter
+ +
gm5
_ _
(Va - Vb) Q
Power supply 2V
750
650
Amplitude (mVpp)
550
450
350
250
150
250 260 270 280 290 300 310
V tuning (Gm3) (mV)
Technology 0.8 µm
Non-Symmetrical
Class-AB
Differential Pair
(FVF-NDP)
[Baswa’04] S. Baswa, A. López-Martín, R.G.Carvajal, J.Ramírez-Angulo, “Low voltage micro-power super class-
AB CMOS OTA,” Electron. Lett., vol.40, no. 4, Feb. 2004.