Evolution of Diplomacy

Monday, November 22, 2010

1:29 PM

Sacrosanct: inviolable -> Diplomats cannot be harmed, desecrated, or subject to violence.

First messenger: Ebla-Hamazi tablet

GREEK CITY STATES

Messenger, orator
Peloponnesian League: Athenians were allowed to plead for their cause. Delegation can still stay in Sparta unharmed.

ROMANS
Jus gentium, archivists

Quai d'Orsay: French

Wisma Putra: Malaysia
Padre Faura: Philippines
Foggy Bottom: US
Foreign and commonwealth office: UK

Importance of archives: conversation recorded, filed, sent -> EVIDENCE

BYZANTINE EMPIRE (Constantinople)

Diplomat: /orator; conversion of barbarians
Trained observers and reporters

ITALIAN CITY-STATES (14th Century)

Diplomats: reporters, envoys, /in the host country
Statesmen: Dante, Machiavelli, Boccaccio, Petrarch

15th CENTURY: 1455

First resident mission: predecessor of embassy
king
Genoa by duke of Milan

16th and 17th CENTURY

No established rules, e.g., rule of precedence
3 1 2 4
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
1815: ended Napoleonic wars
Century of Peace, concert of Europe, balance of power
England (balancer), Austria-Hungary, France, Prussia, Russia

PRECEDENCE: priority of place based on seniority of rank

Date of the presentation of credentials: letter of credence, lettre de Créance -> letter saying that one is the authorized
representative (AEP) to speak on behalf of the State

EXAMPLE
A: October 20, 2009 -> sit right
B: October 20, 2010 -> sit left

1818: Congress of Aix la Chapelle

Principle of alternat: 1. in a multilateral treaty, the hierarchy of signatures will be determined alphabetically (in French)
2. in the original text of agreement and in a bilateral treaty, home country's name is mentioned first
(for home country's archive)

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POST-WORLD WAR I
1. Open to public scrutiny and control
Diplomacy should not be indulged in secret agreements
2. Establishment of an international organization [League of Nations] -> birth of conference diplomacy

TRADITIONAL: Ancient to 1919

MODERN / NEW: 1919 - present

TRADITIONAL MODERN
Structure States were involved 1. States were no longer the only actors;
International organizations and non-
governmental organizations
2.
Process 1. Bilateral 1. Multilateralism
2. Secrecy 2. Open process, transparency
Agenda 1. Territorial conquest 1. War and peace [high politics]
2. War 2. Economic, social and welfare issues [low
3. Peace politics]
1. Environment
2. Terrorism
3. Money laundering
4. HIV/AIDS

G20: emerging economies (China, Brazil, India, South Africa, South Korea, etc.)

COLD WAR
Ideology, technological and nuclear superiority
1. Crisis diplomacy: Cuban missile crisis
2. Summit diplomacy: e.g., Reagan and Gorbachev
Nuclear and strategic arms
START: strategic arms reduction talk
SALT: strategic arms limitation talk
3. Nuclear diplomacy: deterrence and compellence

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