Calculus -I-

Hind Y. Saleh
Areen A. Salih
2

Chapter One
Functions and Their
Graphs
Chemical Engineering

Lecture Hind Y. Saleh

  1.Functions Domain , Range and Their Graphs
3  2. Even and Odd Function,
 3. Inverse of a Function (Bijective function)
 4. Composite function
 5. .Shifting of the graph
 7. Types of Functions
1-Linear function. 2-Quadratic function.
3-Cubic function. 4- Power function. 5-Rational Function.
6- Square Root function. 7- Absolute value function.
8-Trigonometric Functions and their Inverse. 9-Exponential Functions and e
10- Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Functions
11- Hyperbolic Functions and their Inverse. 12- The greatest integer functions.

Lecture Hind Y. Saleh

 1. Functions
Let two sets 𝑋 and 𝑌 be given. If for every element 𝑥 in the set 𝑋 there is exactly one element
4 (an image) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) in the set Y, then it is said that the function f is defined on the set 𝑋.
The element 𝑥 is called the independent variable, and respectively, the output 𝑦 of the
function is called the dependent variable
Doman and Range of a function
The set D of all possible input values is called the domain of the function. The set of ul1 output
values of J(x) as x varies throughout D is called the range of the function' The range may not
include every element in the set Y.

2.Even and Odd Functions and Periodic function

A function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is an
Even function of 𝑥 if 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 ,
Odd function of 𝑥 if 𝑓 −𝑥 : −𝑓 𝑥
for every 𝑥 in the function's domain.
Periodic function if 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑘𝑇) = 𝑓(𝑥),
Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
where k is an integer, T is the period of the function.
 3. Inverse Function
5
Given a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). To find its inverse function of it,
it is necessary solve the equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) for 𝑥 and then
switch the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦. The inverse function is often
denoted as 𝑦 = 𝑓 ;1 (𝑥). The graphs of the original and inverse
functions are symmetric about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Definition. Suppose that 𝑓 is one-to-one function on a domain 𝐷𝑓 and a range

𝑅𝑓 , the inverse function 𝑓 ;1 is denoted by:
𝑓 ;1 𝑦 = 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑦
The domain of 𝑓 ;1 is 𝑅𝑓 and the range of 𝑓 ;1 is 𝐷𝑓 .

Lecture Hind Y. Saleh

 Steps to find the inverses
6
 Step1: if 𝑓 is (1-1) continuity if 𝑓 is not (1-1) stop.
 Step2: change 𝑓(𝑥) to 𝑦
 Step3: switch 𝑥 𝑡𝑜 𝑦
 Step4: solve 𝑦
 Step5: change 𝑦 back to 𝑓 ;1 𝑥 .
Example. If 𝑓 1 = 5, 𝑓 3 = 7, and 𝑓 8 = −10 find
𝑓
1). 𝑓 ;1 (7)
2). 𝑓 ;1 (5) 1 5
3). 𝑓 ;1 (−10) 3 7
8 -10
Solution: 𝑓 ;1 7 = 3 because 𝑓 3 = 7
𝑓 ;1 5 = 1 because 𝑓 1 = 5
𝑓 ;1
𝑓 ;1 −10 = 8 because 𝑓 8 = −10
Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 Remark.
7  𝑓 ;1 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 for every 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴
 𝑓(𝑓 ;1 𝑦 ) = 𝑦 for every 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵
 If the function 𝑓 is not (1-1), then𝑓 ;1 is not exists
Bijective function (Injective and Surjective)
A function 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is said to be bijective if 𝑓 is one to one and on to
𝑓 is one-to-one if ∀𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑋, if 𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2 ⟹ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
Or if ∀𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑋, if𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑓 𝑥2
𝑓 is on-to if ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑌, ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝑋; 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦

Example1. Find the inverse of a function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 2.

3
Solution. 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 2 ⇒ 𝑥 3 = 𝑦 − 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3
𝑦−2⇒𝑦 = 𝑥−2
3
So the inverse function𝑦 𝑓 ;1 (𝑥) = 𝑥−2
Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 Example2. Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = −1 − 𝑥 and the inverse function
using the same coordinat axis.`
8
Solution. 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = −1 − 𝑥 (-1,0)
⇒ 𝑦 2 = −1 − 𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 = −𝑦 2 − 1
(0,-1)

Example3. Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 and the inverse function

using the same coordinat axis.
Solution:
2 ≠ −2 then
𝑓 2 = (2)3 −4 2 = 0
𝑓 −2 = (−2)3 −4 −2 = 0
⇒ 𝑓 2 = 𝑓(−2)
∴ the function is not (1-1)
So 𝑓 ;1 is not exist..
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 Example 4. Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5 and the inverse function
using the same coordinat axis.
9
Solution. 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5
⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 5
⇒ 𝑥 + 5 = 2𝑦
𝑥+5 1 5
⇒𝑦= = 𝑥+ -5
2 2 2

Example5. Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 4 and the inverse function

using the same coordinat axis.
(0,4
Solution. Let −2 ≠ 2 then )
2
𝑓 −2 = −(−2) + 5 = 0
𝑓 2 = −(2)2 + 5 = 0
⇒ 𝑓 −2 = 𝑓(2)
∴ the function is not (1-1)
So 𝑓 ;1 is not exist.

Lecture Hind Y. Saleh

 Example6. Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 2)3 and the inverse
10 function using the same coordinat axis.
Solution. Since f is 1-1
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)3
𝑥 = (𝑦 − 2)3
3
𝑥 =𝑦−2
3
𝑥+2=𝑦
𝑓 ;1 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 + 2

4.Composite function
Suppose that a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) depends on an intermediate variable u, which in turn is a
function of the independent variable 𝑥: 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥). In this case, the relationship
between y and x represents a “function of a function” or a composite function, which can be
written as 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 . Or 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔.
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 5. Shifting of the graph
11
1-if y = f x + c then c unit upward
2- if y = f x − c then c unit downward
3- if y = f(x + c) then c unit to the left
4- if y = f(x − c) then c unit to the right

Lecture Hind Y. Saleh

 6. Types of Functions
1-Linear function 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃, 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹.
12
Here the number 𝑎 is called the slope of the straight line.
It is equal to the tangent of the angle between the straight line
and the positive direction of the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠: 𝑎 = tan𝛼.
The number 𝑏 is the 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡.
Domain = Range = 𝑅
;𝑏
The intercepts of line (0, 𝑏) and ( , 0)
𝑎
Examples
;𝑏
1) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓 The intercepts of line (0, 𝑏) and ( , 0)
𝑎
5
(0, −5) and ( , 0)
2
Domain =Range=𝑅
2
2) 𝒇 𝒙 = −𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 The intercepts of line (0, −2) and ( , 0)
;3
Domain =Range=𝑅 Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 2-Quadratic function
The simplest quadratic function has the form
13
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹.
In general, a quadratic function is described by the formula

If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are real numbers

(in this case 𝑎 ≠ 0.) The graph of a quadratic function is called a parabola.
The direction of the branches of the parabola depends
On the sign of the coefficient 𝑎.

If 𝒂 > 𝟎, the parabola is concave upwards. Domain =𝑅 , Range=[0,∞)

If 𝒂 < 𝟎, the parabola is concave downwards Domain =𝑅 , Range=(-∞,0]
;𝑏 ;𝑏
If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 , the vertex 𝑥, 𝑦 = ,𝑓 .The y-intercepts is c
2𝑎 2𝑎

If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑕) 2 +𝑘. The vertex 𝑥, 𝑦 = (𝑕, 𝑘).

Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 1) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑
14 The vertex the vertex
−𝑏 −𝑏
𝑥, 𝑦 = ,𝑓 = 2, −7
2𝑎 2𝑎
The y-intercepts is y=-3
Domain = 𝑅 , Range=,−7, ∞)
2) 𝒇 𝒙 = −𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟒
The vertex the vertex 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑕, 𝑘 = 2,4
The y-intercepts is y=-8
Domain = 𝑅 , Range=(−∞, 4-
3) 𝒇 𝒙 = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟒(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟎
The vertex the vertex 𝑥, 𝑦 = −1,0
The y-intercepts is y=4
Domain = 𝑅 , Range=,0, ∞)

Lecture Hind Y. Saleh

 3-Cubic function
15 The simplest cubic function is given by
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅.

In general, a cubic function is described by the formula

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅,
where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are real numbers (𝑎 ≠ 0).
The graph of a cubic function is called a cubic parabola.

When 𝑎 > 0, the cubic function is increasing, Domain =𝑅=Range

and when 𝑎 < 0, the cubic function is, respectively, decreasing. Domain =𝑅=Range

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 4- Power function
16 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
𝑛 = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
If 𝑛 = 2,4,6, … , Domain = 𝑅, and Range = ,0, ∞-
If 𝑛 = 1,3,5, , … , Domain = 𝑅, and Range = 𝑅

Lecture Hind Y. Saleh

 5-Rational Function
𝑫
17 i) 𝒇 𝒙 = + c , 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 ≠ 𝟎, 𝐚, 𝐛 ∈ 𝑹
𝒂𝒙:𝒃
−𝒃
Domain = 𝑅/* +, and Range = R/*𝐜+
𝒂
Examples
𝟏 𝟏
1) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐 − = − + 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙
Domain = 𝑅/*0+, Range = R/*𝟐+
𝟓 𝟓
2) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟏 − =− +𝟏
𝒙:𝟑 𝒙:𝟑
Domain = 𝑅/*−𝟑+, Range = R/*𝟏+
𝑫
ii) 𝒇 𝒙 = , 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 ≠ 𝟎, 𝐚, 𝐛 ∈ 𝑹
𝒂𝒙𝟐 :𝒃𝒙:𝒄
A- 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 has no solution
B- 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 has one solution
C- 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 has two solution
𝒙𝟏 :𝒙𝟐
If has two solution , then 𝒙 = and 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝟐
Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 Examples
𝟑
1) 𝒇 𝒙 = , has no solution
18 𝒙𝟐 :𝟏
If 𝑥 = 0 then 𝑦 = 3
Domain = 𝑅, Range = (𝟎, 𝟑-

;𝟑
2) 𝒇 𝒙 = + 𝟑, has no solution
𝒙𝟐 :𝟐
3
If 𝑥 = 0 then 𝑦 =
2
3
Domain = 𝑅, Range = , , 𝟑)
2

;𝟓 ;𝟓
3) 𝒇 𝒙 = = , has no solution
𝒙𝟐 :𝟒𝒙:𝟔 (𝒙:𝟐)𝟐 :𝟐
;5
If 𝑥 = −2 then 𝑦 =
2
−5
Domain = 𝑅, Range = , , 𝟎)
2
Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 𝟏
4) 𝒇 𝒙 = has one solution 𝑥 = 0
19 𝒙𝟐
Domain = 𝑅/*𝟎+, Range = (𝟎, ∞)

𝟏
5) 𝒇 𝒙 = has one solution 𝑥 = −2
(𝒙:𝟐)𝟐
Domain = 𝑅/*−𝟐+, Range = (0, ∞)

;𝟑
6) 𝒇 𝒙 = + 𝟐 has one solution 𝑥 = 4
(𝒙;𝟒)𝟐
x= 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2
Domain = 𝑅/*𝟒+, Range = (−∞, 𝟐)

Lecture Hind Y. Saleh

 𝟏
7) 𝒇 𝒙 = has two solution 𝑥 = ±1
𝒙𝟐−𝟏
20 𝒙𝟏 :𝒙𝟐
𝒙= and 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) then
𝟐
;𝟏:𝟏
𝒙= =𝟎,𝒚=𝒇 𝟎 = −𝟏
𝟐
Domain = 𝑅/*𝟏, −𝟏+, Range = 𝐑/(−𝟏, 𝟎-

𝟏
8) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐 has two solution 𝑥 = −2, −3
𝒙 :𝟓𝒙:𝟔
;𝟐;𝟑 ;𝟓 ;𝟓
𝒙= = ,𝒚=𝒇 = −𝟒
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Domain = 𝑅/*−𝟐, −𝟑+, Range = 𝐑/ −4, 𝟎

;𝟐𝟒
9) 𝒇 𝒙 = has two solution 𝑥 = 3, −4
𝒙𝟐 :𝒙;𝟏𝟐
;𝟒:𝟑 ;𝟏 ;𝟏 𝟗𝟔
𝒙= = ,𝒚=𝒇 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒𝟗
𝟗𝟔
Domain = 𝑅/*−𝟒, 𝟑+, Range = 𝑹/ 𝟎,
𝟒𝟗 Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 6- Square Root function
if 𝑦 = 𝑥
21
Domain = Range = ,𝟎, ∞)
If 𝑦 = − 𝑥
Domain = ,𝟎, ∞) , Range = (−∞, 𝟎-
if 𝑦 = −𝑥
Domain =(−∞, 0] , Range = ,𝟎, ∞)
if 𝑦 = − −𝑥
Domain = Range=( − ∞, 0-

Examples 1) 𝑦 = 𝑥−2+3
𝑥−2≥0⟹𝑥 ≥2
Domain = ,𝟐, ∞) , Range = (𝟑, ∞)
2) 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 − 1
𝑥−1≥0⟹𝑥 ≥1
Domain = ,𝟏, ∞) , Range = −∞, 𝟐
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 7- Absolute value function
22 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
if 𝑦 = 𝑥 =
−𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
Domain = 𝐑, Range = ,𝟎, ∞)
If𝑦 = − 𝑥
Domain = 𝑹, Range = (−∞, 𝟎-

Examples
1) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 + 3
2) 𝑓 𝑥 = − 3𝑥 − 7 − 2

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 8. Trigonometric Functions
23 𝑦
sine: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 =
𝑟
𝑥
Cosine: cos𝜃 =
𝑟
𝑦 sin 𝜃
tangent: 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = =
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
cotangent: 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 = =
𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑟 1
secant: sec 𝜃 = =
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑟 1
cosecant: 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 = =
𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Special Angles ⟹

Lecture Hind Y. Saleh

24

Lecture Hind Y. Saleh

  Trigonometric Formulas
25 Formulas
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃
 Additions Formulas.
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 ∓ 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 cos(𝐵) ∓ cos 𝐴 sin(𝐵)
cos 𝐴 ∓ 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 cos(𝐵) ± sin 𝐴 sin(𝐵)
 Double-Angle Formulas.
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
s𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
 Half-Angle Formulas
2
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
2
2
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 =
2
Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
Graph of Trigonometric Functions
26

1) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
3) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
4) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
5) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
6) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥

Lecture Hind Y. Saleh

 8. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1- 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛;1 𝑥 = arcsin 𝑥
27 The function 𝑓 𝑥 = sin(𝑥) is not one to one,
so it has no inverse function
take a part of the domain of the function
𝑦 = sin(𝑥) to be one to one
;𝜋 𝜋
𝑆𝑖𝑛: , → −1,1
2 2
;𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛;1 : −1,1 → ,
2 2

2- 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ;1 𝑥 = arc𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
The function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) is not one to one,
so it has no inverse function.
Take a part of the domain of the function
𝑦 = cos(𝑥) to be one to one
𝑐𝑜𝑠: 0, 𝜋 → −1,1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ;1 : −1,1 → 0, 𝜋
Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 3- 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛;1 𝑥 = arctan 𝑥

28
The function 𝑓 𝑥 = tan(𝑥) is not one to one, so it has no inverse
function. If we take a part of the domain of the function
𝑦 = tan(𝑥) to be one to one
;𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛: ( , ) →𝑅
2 2
;𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛;1 : 𝑅 → ( , )
2 2
4- 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ;1
𝑥 = arccot 𝑥
The function 𝑓 𝑥 = cot(𝑥) is not one to one,
so it has no inverse function.
If we take a part of the domain of the function
𝑦 = cot(𝑥) to be one to one
𝑐𝑜𝑡: (0, 𝜋) → 𝑅
𝑐𝑜𝑡 ;1 : 𝑅 → (0, 𝜋)
Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 5- 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ;1 𝑥 = arcsec 𝑥
The function 𝑓 𝑥 = sec(𝑥) is not one to one, so it has no inverse
29
function. If we take a part of the domain of the function
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) to be one to one
𝜋
𝑠𝑒𝑐: 0, 𝜋 \ → 𝑅\(−1,1)
2
𝜋
𝑠𝑒𝑐 ;1 : 𝑅\(−1,1) → 0, 𝜋 \
2
6- 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 ;1 𝑥 = arc𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥
The function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝑥) is not one to one,
so it has no inverse function.
If we take a part of the domain of the function
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝑥) to be one to one
;𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑠𝑐: , \ 0 → 𝑅\(−1,1)
2 2
;1 ;𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑠𝑐 : 𝑅\(−1,1) → , \0
2 2
Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 Example.
1 𝜋
30 1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛;1 2
= 6
; 3 ;𝜋
2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛;1 =
2 3

3) 𝑠𝑖𝑛;1 𝑠𝑖𝑛1 = 1
𝜋
4) 𝑡𝑎𝑛;1 3 =
3
1 𝜋
5) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ;1 2
= 3
1 𝜋 2
6) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ;1 − 2 = 𝜋 − 3 = 3 𝜋
𝜋
7) 𝑡𝑎𝑛;1 2𝑥 − 3 = find 𝑥
4
Remarks.
 𝑠𝑖𝑛;1 −𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛;1 𝑥
 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ;1 −𝑥 = 𝜋 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 ;1 𝑥
 𝑡𝑎𝑛;1 −𝑥 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛;1 𝑥
𝜋
 𝑠𝑖𝑛;1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ;1 𝑥 = 2
Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 Examples.
5
31 1) If y = sec ;1 ( ), find tan y
2
5
Solution. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ;1
2
5 1
sec 𝑦 = =
2 cos(𝑦)
(𝐴𝐶)2 = (𝐴𝐵)2 + (𝐵𝐶)2 …….Phthagorean law
(𝐵𝐶)2 = 5 − 4 = 1 ⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = 1
𝐵𝐶 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = =
𝐴𝐵 2
3
2) Find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ;1
5
3 3
Solution. Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛;1 = 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 =
5 5
(𝐴𝐵)2 = 25 − 9 = 16 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 4
3
sin 2𝑠𝑖𝑛;1 = sin 2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃cos 𝜃
5
3 4 24
=2 =
5 5 25
Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 9. Exponential Functions and their Inverse
In general, an exponential Function is a function of the form 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑎 > 0
32 and 𝑎 ≠ 0
Remark.
 If 𝑎 = 1,
the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 1𝑥 = 1 is a constant function.
Examples.
1 𝑥
1. 𝑓 𝑥 =
4
1 𝑥
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 9
𝑥
3. 𝑓 𝑥 =4
4. 𝑓 𝑥 = 9𝑥
Examples.
find 𝐷𝑓 , 𝑅𝑓 and sketch the graph of
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 − 3𝑥
Solution.
If 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = 4 − 1 = 3
𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅
𝑅𝑓 = −∞, 4 Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 Examples.
find 𝐷𝑓 , 𝑅𝑓 and sketch the graph of
33
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 − 3𝑥
Solution.
If 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = 4 − 1 = 3
𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅
𝑅𝑓 = −∞, 4

2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2;𝑥 − 3
Solution.
If 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = 4 = 1 − 3 = −2
𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅
𝑅𝑓 = −3, ∞

Lecture Hind Y. Saleh

 Law of exponentials.
34 If 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅, and 𝑎, 𝑏 > 0, then
1. 𝑎 𝑥:𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 . 𝑎 𝑦
𝑎𝑥
2. 𝑎 𝑥;𝑦 =
𝑎𝑦
3. (𝑎 𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥𝑦
4. (𝑎𝑏)𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑒 ;𝑥
𝑎𝑛
5. 𝑎0 =1 𝑎0 = 𝑎𝑛;𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑎;𝑛 = =1
𝑎𝑛

The number 𝒆
When 𝑎 = 𝑒, then the function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 is called the natural exponential function.
𝑒 = 2.7182818285
𝐷𝑓 = R
𝑅𝑓 = 0, ∞

𝑒0 = 1
Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 10- Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Functions
The logarithmic function with base 𝑎 defined by:
35
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 where 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0
Note: 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 is the inverse of 𝑎 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥, 0 < 𝑎 < 1 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥, 𝑎 > 1

𝐷𝑓 = 0, ∞ 𝐷𝑓 = 0, ∞
𝑅𝑓 = R 𝑅𝑓 = R

Laws of logarithmic. if 𝒙, 𝒚 > 𝟎 then

1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
2. 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦
𝑥
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎
𝑦
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦
5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥, 𝑟 ∈ 𝑅
Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 Natural logarithms

36 The logarithms with base 𝑒 is called natural logarithms

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ⟺ 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑥 is the inverse of 𝑒 𝑥

Laws of 𝒍𝒏
1. 𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑥∈𝑅
2. 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑥∈𝑅

𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 ⟺ 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⟺ 𝑙𝑛𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥
3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = , Proof. 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑎 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑎 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ⟺ 𝑦 ⟺ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 =
𝑙𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑙𝑛𝑒 1
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑒 =
𝑙𝑛𝑎
=
𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑙𝑛𝑥
5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 =
𝑙𝑛𝑒
= 𝑙𝑛𝑥
Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 Examples.
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 52 = 2
37
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 2 = 1
3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 64 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 26 = 6
4. 3𝑙𝑜𝑔32 = 2
5. 2𝑙𝑜𝑔21 = 1
6. 7𝑙𝑜𝑔75 = 5

Examples. Find the value of 𝑥 if:

1. 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 7
⟹ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒 7 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑒 7 .
2. 𝑒 6;5𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 4
⟹ 𝑙𝑛𝑒 6;5𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛4
⟹ 6 − 5𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛4 ⟹ 5𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 6 − 𝑙𝑛4
6 − 𝑙𝑛4 6;𝑙𝑛4
⟹ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = ⟹𝑥=𝑒 5
5
Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 Exercises.
38 1. ln 𝑥 2 − 1 = 2
2. ln 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 1
3. 𝑒 2𝑥 − 3𝑒 𝑥 + 2 = 0
4. 4𝑥;3 = 2
5. 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + ln 𝑥 − 1 = 1
6. 3 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 8

Lecture Hind Y. Saleh

 11. Hyperbolic Functions and their Inverse.
𝒆𝒙 ;𝒆−𝒙
𝟏) 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒙 =
39 𝟐
 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅
 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅
𝒆𝒙 :𝒆−𝒙
2) 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙 =
𝟐
 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅
 𝑅𝑓 = ,1, ∞)
𝒆𝒙 ;𝒆−𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒙 𝒆𝟐𝒙 ;𝟏
3) 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉𝒙 = = =
𝒆𝒙 :𝒆−𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙 𝒆𝟐𝒙 :𝟏
 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅
 𝑅𝑓 = (−1,1)
𝒆𝒙 :𝒆−𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙 𝒆𝟐𝒙 :𝟏
4) 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒙 = = =
𝒆𝒙 ;𝒆−𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒙 𝒆𝟐𝒙 ;𝟏
 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅\*0+
 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅\,−1,1- Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 𝟐 𝟏
5) 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒙 = =
𝒆𝒙 :𝒆−𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙
40  𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅
 𝑅𝑓 = (0,1-
𝟐 𝟏
6) 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒙 = =
𝒆𝒙 ;𝒆−𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒙
 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅\*0+
 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅\*0+

Examples. 1. Find the value of 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝐥𝐧𝟒)

𝑒 𝑥 :𝑒 −𝑥
Solution. Since 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑥 =
2
−1 1
𝑒 𝑙𝑛4 :𝑒 −𝑙𝑛4 𝑒 𝑙𝑛4 :𝑒 𝑙𝑛4 4:4 17
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 𝑙𝑛4 = = = =
2 2 2 8
2. Find the value of csch(ln2)
Solution: Try it Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 Remark
 Odd function
41
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕 −𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕(𝑥)
2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕 −𝑥 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕(𝑥)
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑕 −𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑕(𝑥)
4. 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑕 −𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑕(𝑥)
 Even function
1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 −𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕(𝑥)
2. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑕 −𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑕 𝑥
Law of Hyperbolic Functions
1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕2 𝑥 = 1
2. 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑕2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑕2 (𝑥)
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑕2 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑕2 (𝑥)
4. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕(𝐵) ∓ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕(𝐵)
5. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕(𝐵) ± 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕(𝐵)
6. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 Examples.
1 2 1
42 1. cos 𝑕2 𝜋 − sin 𝑕2 𝜋 = 𝑒𝜋 + 𝑒 ;𝜋 − (𝑒 𝜋 − 𝑒 ;𝜋 ) 2
4 4
1 2𝜋 ;2𝜋 2𝜋
; 1
= 𝑒 +2+𝑒 − 𝑒 − 2 + 𝑒 2𝜋 = 4 =1
4 4

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
−2 − 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝑒2 : 𝑒 𝑒2 ; 𝑒 2 1
2. cos 𝑕 − sin 𝑕 = − = 2𝑒 2 =𝑒 2
2 2 2 2 2

Lecture Hind Y. Saleh

 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
1). 𝒇(𝒙)= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉;𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒙
43 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕;1 𝑥=ln(x∓ 𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕;1 𝑥: 𝑅 → 𝑅
𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅𝑓 =𝑅
2). 𝒇(𝒙)= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉;𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒙
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕;1 𝑥=ln(x+ 𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕;1 𝑥: 1, ∞ → 0, ∞
𝐷𝑓 = 1, ∞
𝑅𝑓 = 0, ∞
3). 𝒇(𝒙)= 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉;𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒙
;1
1 1+𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕 𝑥 = ln
2 1−𝑥
tanh 𝑥 : 𝑅 → (−1,1)
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕;1 𝑥: −1,1 → 𝑅
𝐷𝑓 = −1,1
𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅 Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 4). 𝒇(𝒙)= 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉;𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒙
1 𝑥:1
44 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑕;1 𝑥= ln
2 𝑥;1
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑕 𝑥: 𝑅\*0+ → 𝑅\,−1,1-
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑕;1 𝑥: 𝑅\,−1,1- → 𝑅\*0+
𝐷𝑓 = R\ −1,1 , 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅\*0+
5). 𝒇(𝒙)= 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉;𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉 𝒙
1+ 1 − 𝑥 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑕;1 𝑥 = ln( )
𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑕 𝑥 : ,0, ∞) → (0,1-
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑕;1 𝑥: 0,1 → 0, ∞
𝐷𝑓 = 0,1 , 𝑅𝑓 = ,0, ∞)
6) 𝒇(𝒙)= 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉;𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉 𝒙
1+ 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑕;1 𝑥 = ln( )
𝑥
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑕 𝑥: 𝑅\*0+ → 𝑅\*0+
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑕;1 𝑥: 𝑅\*0+ → 𝑅\*0+
𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅\*0+ Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 Prove that
45 1.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕;1 0 = 0 (try it)
2. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕;1 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 ∓ 𝑥 2 + 1)
Proof. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕;1 𝑥 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑒 𝑦 ;𝑒 −𝑦
= 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 ;𝑦 = 2𝑥 ∗ 𝑒𝑦
2
𝑒 − 1 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦
2𝑦

𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 1 = 0 … … … … 1
Let 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑒 2𝑦 = 𝑧 2 and equation (1) because 𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑧 − 1 = 0
−(−2𝑥) ∓ (−2𝑥)2 −4(1)(−1) 2𝑥 ∓ 4𝑥 2 + 4 2𝑥 ∓ 4(𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑧= = =
2 1 2 2
2𝑥 ∓ 2 𝑥 2 + 1
= = 𝑥 ∓ 𝑥2 + 1
2
𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 ∓ 𝑥 2 + 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 ∓ 𝑥 2 + 1)
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕;1 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 ∓ 𝑥 2 + 1) Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 Exercise. Prove that
46 1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕;1 𝑥=ln(x+ 𝑥 2 − 1)
1 1:𝑥
2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕 ;1
𝑥= ln
2 1;𝑥
1 𝑥:1
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑕;1 𝑥= ln
2 𝑥;1
1+ 1;𝑥 2
4. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑕 ;1
𝑥 = ln( )
𝑥
1+ 1:𝑥 2
5. 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑕;1 𝑥 = ln( )
𝑥

Lecture Hind Y. Saleh

 12- The greatest integer functions
47 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
x is denoted as the greatest integer which is less than or equal to 𝑥.
𝑥 = 𝑛 iff 𝑛 ≤ 𝑥 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 and there is no 𝑚 ∈ 𝑍
such as m > n and m ≤ x.
For example 4.3 = 4, −0.2 = −1, 4 = 4, 0.6 = 0
Examples.
0, 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
1, 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
2, 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 3
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 = ⋮
−1, −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
−2, −2 ≤ 𝑥 < −1
⋮
𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 and 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑍

Lecture Hind Y. Saleh

 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
𝑥 − 1, 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
𝑥 − 2, 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 3
48 2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 = ⋮
𝑥 + 1, −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
𝑥 + 2, −2 ≤ 𝑥 < −1
⋮

𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 and 𝑅𝑓 = ,0,1)

𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
𝑥 − 1, 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
𝑥−2, 2≤𝑥 <3
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥− 𝑥 = ⋮
𝑥 + 1, −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
𝑥 + 2, −2 ≤ 𝑥 < −1
⋮

𝑥 − 𝑥 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑥 > 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑅\Z ∪ 𝑍
𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 and 𝑅𝑓 = ,0,1)
Lecture Hind Y. Saleh
 𝑥, 1≤𝑥<2
𝑥
, 2≤𝑥<3
2
49 𝑥
, 3≤𝑥<4
𝑥 3
4. 𝑓 𝑥 = = ⋮
𝑥
−𝑥, −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
;𝑥
, −2 ≤ 𝑥 < −1
2
⋮
𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ ,0,1)
𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅\,0,1) and 𝑅𝑓 = 0,2
Exercise.
 Find 𝐷𝑓 , 𝑅𝑓 and sketch the graph of the following functions:
 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+ 𝑥
 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑥
 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥
Lecture Hind Y. Saleh