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Name of the book

Manam Enke Pokirathu?

(A Collection of psychological essays)

by

P. Kanagasabapathy 225, John Tabortrial Scarborough

Ontario

M1 B2R5

Canada

Date of Publication January 2008

Publishers

Lyceum of Literary and Aesthetic Studies Tellippalai

Printers

EC Ways (Pvt) Ltd. 4-1/1, Vanderwert Place, Dehiwela.

Pages: 85+xii Price: Rs. 200/-

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01. Be Role Models:

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04. Be involved:

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Levels of Achievement

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1L[iJ[f)J8;(385LL6iJ .m6iJ6l)~ Gllf6ll1W@~tD6iJ (Listening) {brT6M@ 6JJ6lf>85UU@W 6T6MUrj. ~~6JJ ...

01. W8;85oir lfrTrjLJ Gllf6ll1W@~tD6iJ (People oriented listening)

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04. 85rT6l)W lfrTrjLJ Gllf6ll1W@~tD6iJ (Time oriented).

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(lfJ6If)fD GllfrT~W" 6T~fDrTlJrTili 85~6JJ6lir: .

@rfiJ(385 &® IL~~W~UJ uSl8;85 lfrfiJ85Lsb~L~ &sb~ei(385~a~ UJrT85 (36JJ6lfM@Lb.~om856IT 6T6M~6lff w6lirdilUUrTrj856'f1rr85(?) @~LqUJrT~rr

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