Structures & Materials 3

H23SM3

Concrete Laboratory Preparation 2010-11

Calculation of design and predicted
cracking and ultimate loads

Dr Iman Hajirasouliha
Outline:
Introduction to the laboratory exercise
Bending behaviour
Measurement of strains and deflections
Calculation of predicted loads
Jobs for you to do BEFORE the laboratory
Laboratory 2 - 4 pm on Tuesdays :
Group A 8 February 2011
Group B 15 February 2011
Group C 22 February 2011
Group D 1 March 2011

Others join group A

Report hand-in 2 weeks later.

Feedback Tuesday 3 May 2011
Location : ground floor L2
 P

Load spreader beam

a a
L

Four-point Bending Test

 P

a a
L

Nominal beam dimension 8” deep x 4” wide

(203 x 102 mm)
Effective span approx. L = 1.370 m
 P

2 no. H16
a a or H10 bars
L
25 mm
cover to
Nominal beam dimension 8” deep x 4” wide main bars
(203 x 102 mm) (not the
links!)
Effective span approx. L = 1.370 m
Structural response using 2 methods :

1. Mid-span deflection d
Structural response using 2 methods :

1. Mid-span deflection d

Plot P vs d

Dial Deflection Gauge

 R
(Radius of Curvature )

2. Curvature
M E s
= =
I R y

Divide through by E …
 Curvature = strain gradient

1/R = M / EI = strain gradient

M 1 e
= =
EI R y
Measurement of strains through the beam
using DEMEC gauge

Centre-line of beam

DEMEC pips (5 pairs will

be glued to your beams)
Measurement of strains through the beam
using DEMEC gauge

Will be demonstrated in the laboratory

Centre-line of beam

DEMEC pips (5 pairs will

be glued to your beams)
 DEMEC gauge

Centre-line of beam 0.0034

200 mm

DEMEC factor: 0.001 = 4 x 10-6 strain

Measure the change in the DEMEC
reading, converting this to strain

DEMEC pips move

closer = compression

DEMEC pips move

apart = tension
Measure the change in the DEMEC
reading, converting this to strain

DEMEC pips move

closer = compression

DEMEC pips move

apart = tension
Measure the change in the DEMEC
reading, converting this to strain
using the instrument’s factor

DEMEC pips move

closer = compression

DEMEC pips move

apart = tension
Plot strains e along y-axis of beam for all
5 pairs of DEMEC

e
y X
X
X
X
X
Draw best straight line through 5 values

e
y X
X
X
X
X
Draw best straight line through 5 values

e
y X
X
X
X
X
Slope = e /y = M / EI = Pa / 2EI

Plot P v e /y
 So now you have graphs of load vs
deflection and strain gradient …

d or e/y
Theoretical Predictions

1. “Design” using EC2 with nominal

values and safety factors

2. “Fundamental” using actual test data

 Basic load vs deformation behaviour for RC beam

Applied load P or Actual behaviour in a test

bending moment

Deflection or e/y
 Basic load vs deformation behaviour for RC beam

Applied load P or Actual behaviour in a test

bending moment

Theoretical
prediction

Deflection or e/y
Basic load vs deformation behaviour for RC beam

Why different ?

Deflection or e/y
 No cracking
Centroid
axis
Stiffness based on
uncracked cross section Iu
Moment

Centroid is
not the
same as
neutral axis
at ULS !

Deflection or e/y
 During cracking
Centroid
axis
Moment

Deflection or e/y
 Centroid
After cracking axis

Stiffness based on cracked

Moment

cross section Ic

Deflection or e/y
 Centroid
After cracking axis

MRd

Mc

Cracking moment of resistance

Mc = fctm Zbottom fctm = 2.90 N/mm2

Deflection or e/y
Now do the flexural stiffness and
strength calculations …
Young’s modulus of steel / concrete = m modular ratio

Today only m = 200 / 33.3 = 6.0

x x

As mAs
 Direct deflection calculation

Say 100
Uncracked 2nd MoA
xu
Say 170 Say
xu =
200

Today only b = 100 mm

h = 200 mm
 Direct deflection calculation

Say 100
Uncracked 2nd MoA
xu
Say 170 Say
xu =
200

Why ?

(m-1)As = 5.0 x 157

= 785 mm2
 Direct deflection calculation

Say 100
Uncracked 2nd MoA
xu
Say 170 Say
xu =
200
(m-1) because the steel replaces
the area of concrete it occupies
(m-1)As = 5.0 x 157
= 785 mm2
 Direct deflection calculation
From the
Say 100 top

Uncracked 2nd MoA

xu
100 x 2002/2 + 785 x 170 Say 170 Say
xu =
100 x 200 + 785 200

xu = 102.6 mm

(m-1)As = 5.0 x 157

= 785 mm2
 Direct deflection calculation

Say 100
Uncracked 2nd MoA
102.6
Say 170 Say
xu = 102.6 mm
200

Iu = 100 x 2003/12
+ 100 x 200 x (102.6 – 200/2)2 (m-1)As = 5.0 x 157
= 785 mm2
+ 785 x (170 – 102.6)2
= 70.4 x 106 mm4
 Direct deflection calculation

Uncracked 2nd MoA

102.6
xu = 102.6 mm

97.4
Iu = 100 x 2003/12
+ 100 x 200 x (102.6 – 200/2)2
+ 785 x (170 – 102.6)2
= 70.4 x 106 mm4

and ZB = 70.4 / 97.4 = 0.722 x 106 mm3

ZB section modulus at the bottom of the beam
 Then, just before cracking occurs
Mc ≤ fctm ZB

Mc ≤ 0.722 x 106 x 2.90 x 10-6 = 2.09 kNm

From EC2: fctm= 0.3 fck2/3

fctm is flexural tensile cracking strength

 Find Pc

a a
L
 Load rig = 38 kg
Find Pc
Concrete = 25 kN/m3

a a
L
 Load rig = 38 kg
Pc
Concrete = 25 kN/m3

F = 0.38 kN

Self weight w = 0.2 x 0.1 x 25 = 0.5 kN/m

a a
L
P/2 P/2
2.09 kNm here
 Pc

F = 0.38 kN

Self weight w = 0.2 x 0.1 x 25 = 0.5 kN/m

a a
L
P/2 P/2

Mc = Pc a/2 + etc etc

 Pc

F = 0.38 kN

Self weight w = 0.2 x 0.1 x 25 = 0.5 kN/m

0.432 0.432
1.37 m
P/2 P/2

Prove yourself that

Pc = 8.75 kN
 First crack
Centroid
axis

Pc = 8.75 kN

Deflection or e/y
Anticipated cracking load

? kN
 Direct deflection calculation
From the
Say 100 top

Cracked 2nd MoA

xc
100 xc2/2 + 942 x 170 170
xc =
100 xc + 942

mAs = 6.0 x 157 =

942 mm2
 Direct deflection calculation
From the
Say 100 top

Cracked 2nd MoA

xc
100 xc2/2 + 942 x 170 170
xc =
100 xc + 942

Solving the quadratic

xc = 48 mm
mAs = 6.0 x 157 =
942 mm2
 Direct deflection calculation
From the
Say 100 top

Cracked 2nd MoA

xc
100 xc2/2 + 942 x 550 170
xc =
100 xc + 942

Solving the quadratic

xc = 48 mm
mAs = 6.0 x 157 =
942 mm2
Ic = 100 x 483/3
+ 942 x (170 – 48)2
= 17.7 x 106 mm4
 P

8.75

Deflection or e/y
 Fc

Ultimate moment of resistance :

z
Fs = 0.87 x 500 x 157 = 68295 N
Fs
Fc = 0.567 fck x 100 x 0.8X

fck = 30 N/mm2
 Fc
x
Ultimate moment of resistance :
z
Fs = 0.87 x 500 x 157 = 68295 N
Fs
Fc = 0.567 fck x 100 x 0.8X
X = 50.2 mm < 0.6d
(Note how close this is to xc = 48 mm)
z = 170 – 0.4 x 50.2 = 150 mm
MRd = 68295 x 150 x 10-6 = 10.24 kNm
Ultimate moment of resistance :
Fs = 0.87 x 500 x 157 = 68295 N
Fc = 0.567 fck x 100 x 0.8X
X = 50.2 mm < 0.6d
(Note how close this is to xc = 48 mm)
z = 170 – 0.4 x 50.2 = 150 mm
MRd = 68295 x 150 x 10-6 = 10.24 kNm

PRd = 46.5 kN
 P

46.5

8.75

Deflection or e/y
If mean partial safety factor for
dead and live load is about 1.4

Anticipated failure load

?
Mark crack patterns and loads like this -
 Before your lab class :

Repeat these exercises for the

dimensions given in the handout, for H10
and H16 bars

including the design gradients of the

load v deflection and e/y graphs
Bring your hard hats
Steel toe cap boots (we have extra pairs)
Wear grubby clothes
Bring calculations and graphs showing
anticipated design beam loads, etc.
Camera

Hand-in also includes your Mix Design Sheet

End