Limitele funcțiilor elementare

Limitele funcțiilor elementare Aplicații

1) Funcția constantă f : R→ R , f (x )=c , c ∈ R. lim f ( x )=lim 12=

x →2 x →2

lim f ( x )= lim f ( x )= lim 12=

x →a c, ∀a∈ R x →−∞ x →−∞
lim f ( x )= lim 12=
x→∞ x →∞

2) Funcția polinomială (an ≠0 , n ∈{1,2}); f : R→ R ,

+. . .+a1 x +a0 , ai ∈ R ,i=0 ,n ,
n n−1 2
f (x )=a n x +a n−1 x lim (3 x −4 x +1)=
x →2

lim f ( x )=f ( a) , a ∈ R ;
x →a

n lim (3 x 2 −4 x +1 )=
lim f (x)= lim x an=¿ {∞ ,dacă(an<0,n−impar)sau(a n>0,n−par); ¿ ¿¿¿¿ x →−∞

x→−∞ x→−∞
2
n lim (3 x −4 x+1 )=
lim f (x)=lim x an=¿ {∞ ,dacăa n>0; ¿ ¿¿¿¿ x→∞

x→∞ x→∞

3) Funcția rațională f : R {x|Q( x )=0 ¿→ R , ¿ x 2 −3 x+1

lim =
n n−1 x →2 x +4
P( x ) an x +an−1 x +. ..+ a1 x+ a0
f (x )= =
Q (x ) b m x m +bm−1 x m−1 +. ..+b 1 x+b 0
;
lim f ( x )=f (a) , a ∈ R , Q(a )≠0 ; 2
dacă x = a și Q(a) = 0 se calculează x −3 x +1
x →a lim 3
=
limitele laterale; x → ∞ 2 x −x +3

an
x→±∞ bm {
lim f(x)=¿ {0 ,dacă:n<m;¿ , dacă:n=m; ¿¿¿¿
lim
x 2−3 x +1
2
x →−∞ 5 x +2

lim
x 2−3 x +1
x →−∞ −5 x+4
=

4) Funcția radical

lim f ( x )=√ a , a≥0; lim √ x=∞ . lim √ 2 x−1=

f :[0 , ∞ )→ R , f (x )=√ x ; x →a x→∞ x →3

3 3 3
3 lim √ x =√ a ; lim √ x=−∞
f : R→ R , f (x )=√ x ; x →a x →−∞ ;
3 lim √3 x+1=
lim √ x=∞ . x→∞
x→∞
 α 3
Teoremă Fie șirul (x n ), cu x n=n , n≥1, α ∈ R . lim √−2 x3 +x−1=
x →−∞

α
lim n =¿ {0,dacă {α̇ ¿.<0,¿ {1,dacăα=0, ¿¿¿¿
Atunci n→∞
2 x
x
f : R→( 0 ,∞ ), f (x )=b , b>0 , b≠1 .
5) Funcția exponențială
x a x x
lim 5 =
x →3
x

;
lim
x→3 7
= ()
lim b =b ,a ∈ R ; lim b =∞ ; lim b =0 .
Dacă 0< b<1: x →a x →−∞ x→∞
3x
Dacă 1 < b:
x
lim b =b ,a ∈ R ;
x →a
a
lim b =0 ;
x →−∞
x
lim b =∞ .
x→ ∞
x lim 3 =
x →−∞
x

;
lim
x→−∞ 5
=()
n
Teoremă Fie șirul (a ), cu baza a.
2 x +3 x
lim
n
=

lima =¿{0,dacăb∈(−1,1),¿{1,dacăb=1,¿ {∞,dacăb>1,¿ ¿

x x
x → ∞ 3 +4

Atunci n→∞ lim

x2
=
x
x→∞ 2

6. Funcția logaritmică f: (0, ∞)→ R , f(x) = logb x , b>0 ,b≠1 .

lim ¿ x→0 ¿ ¿lg x=¿ lim¿ x→0 ¿ ¿log 1 x=¿
lim¿ x→0 ¿ ¿f (x)=∞,a=0;¿ lim f ( x )=f (a), a ∈(0 ,∞ ); x>0 ¿ ;
x>0 ¿ 3
Dacă 0< b<1: x>0 ¿ x →a

lim f ( x )=−∞ .
x→ ∞

lim¿ x→0 ¿ ¿f(x)=−∞;¿ lim f ( x )=f (a), a ∈(0 ,∞ );

Dacă 1 < b: x>0 ¿ x →a lim¿ x→∞ ¿ ¿log 1 x=¿ lim¿ x→0 ¿ ¿log5 x=¿
¿
lim f ( x )=∞ . 2 ; x>0 ¿
x→ ∞

7. Limitele funcțiilor trigonometrice

lim sin x=sin a lim sin x= lim sin x=

f : R→[−1,1 ], f (x )=sin x ; x →a ; x→
π
x→
π
2 ; 4

lim cos x=cos a

f : R→[−1,1 ], f (x )=cos x ; x →a ;

π lim cos x= lim cos x=

f : R {( 2 k +1 ) |k ∈ Z ¿→ R , ¿ lim tgx=tga x→
π
x→
π
2 f (x )=tgx ; x →a , 3 ; 4

π lim¿ x→π/2 ¿ ¿tgx=−∞¿ lim¿ x→π/2 ¿ ¿tgx=∞¿

a ∈ R {( 2 k +1 ) ¿ ¿
2 ; x>π/2 ¿ ; x<π/2 ¿
lim tgx= lim tgx=
π π
x→ x→
3 ; 4

lim ctgx=ctga
f : R {kπ|k ∈ Z ¿→ R , ¿ f (x )=ctgx ; x →a ,
lim¿ x→0 ¿ ¿ctgx=∞¿ lim¿ x→0 ¿ ¿ctgx=−∞¿ lim ctgx= lim ctgx=
π π
a ∈ R {kπ|k ∈ R ¿ ¿ ; x>0 ¿ ; x<0 ¿ .
x→
3 ;
x→
4
 π π
[
f :[−1,1 ]→ − , ,
2 2 ] f (x )=arcsin x ;
lim arcsin x=arcsin a
x →a ; lim arcsin x=
lim arcsin x= x→ √
2
lim arccos x =arccos a x →−1 ; 2
f :[−1,1 ]→ [ 0, π ] , f (x )=arccos x ; x →a ;

π π
(
f : R→ − , ,
2 2 )
f (x )=arctgx ;
lim arctgx=arctga
x →a , a∈R ;
lim arccos x =
x→
1
lim arccos x=
x→ √
2
2 ; 2
π π
lim arctgx= lim arctgx =−
x→∞ 2 ; x →−∞ 2 .
lim arctgx = lim arctgx=
x → √3 ; x →1

lim arcctgx=arcctga
f : R→( 0 , π ), f (x )=arcctgx ; x →a , a∈R ;
lim arcctgx =π lim arcctgx=0
x →−∞ ; x→∞ . lim arcctgx = lim arcctgx=
x → √3 ; x →1

LIMITE REMARCABILE 1 x
lim 1+
x→∞
( )
2x
=

1
lim ( 1+ sin x ) x =
x →0
1
1 x 1 x
lim 1+
x→∞
( )
x
= lim 1+
x →−∞ x t→ 0
( )
=lim ( 1+t ) t =e
; lim
ln ( 1+5 x )
=
x →0 x

e6 x−1
x lim =
ln ( 1+x ) a −1 x →0 3 x
lim =1 lim =lna , ( a> 0 , a≠1 )
x →0 x ; x →0 x ;
(1+4 x )2 −1
lim =
x →0 x

( 1+ x )r −1 sin 4 x
lim =r , r ∈ R¿ . lim =
x →0 x x →0 x

tg 3 x
lim =
x →0 2 x

arcsin 5 x
sin x tgx arcsin x arctgx lim =
lim =1 lim =1 lim =1 lim =1 x→0 x
x →0 x ; x →0 x ; x →0 x ; x →0 x .
arctg 3 x
lim =
x →0 2x
 Operații cu limite de funcții

lim f ( x )=l 1 lim g ( x )=l 2

Teoremă Fie f , g : E→ R , a ∈ E ’ și c ∈ R , iar x →a , x →a . Atunci:

lim ( f +g )( x )= lim f ( x )+ lim g ( x )=l 1 +l 2

1) x →a x →a x →a ; Caz exceptat: ∞−∞ ;

lim cf ( x )=c lim f ( x )= cl1 ;

2) x →a x →a

lim ( f⋅g)( x )= lim f ( x )⋅¿ ¿ lim g ( x )=l 1⋅l 2

3) x →a x→a x →a ; Caz exceptat: 0⋅(±∞ ) ;

lim f ( x )
f ( x) x →a
= l1 0 ±∞
lim = lim g ( x ) ; ±∞
4) x →a g( x ) x →a l2 ; Cazuri exceptate: 0 ;

lim |f ( x )|= lim f ( x )

5) x →a | x →a | = | l1 |;
lim g( x )
l lim ( f ( x )) g( x )= lim f ( x ) x→ a
=l
6) dacă f (x )> 0 , ∀ x ∈ E și dacă
l
l 2
12 are sens, atunci: x →a x →a 1 ;
n lim g( x )
lim √ f ( x )=n lim f ( x )= n√ l 1
√ lim b g( x ) =b x→ a =b 2
l

Cazuri particulare: x →a x→a ; x →a , b > 0;

0 0 ∞
Cazuri exceptate: 0 ;±∞ ;1 .

Aplicații:

−2 x2 +6 x 2 −4 3x
x
lim (3 x+ 5 + ln x ) 2
lim lim limx
1) x →1 ; 2) x → ∞ 5 x −x ; 3) x →2 x −2 ; 4) x →−∞ 1+4 ;

lim (sin x )(cos x ) 1+2+22 +. . .+ 2x x √x

π lim lim 2
lim
5)
x→
3 ; 6)
2
x → ∞ 1+3+3 + .. .+3
x
; 7) x→∞ √ x +1+ x ; 8) x → ∞ √ x+1+ √ x +2 ;

3x x+1
x x 2 +1
9)
lim ( )
x→ ∞ x+1
2 x+1
; 10)
lim
x→ ∞ (√ ) 4 x 2 +x .