14.

The Infinitive, The Gerund & the

Participial Constructions
Infinitivul
 

Formele Infinitivului sunt:

Diateza Activa:

Infinitiv: to ask (a intreba)

Infinitiv Continuu: to be asking (a intreba)

Infinitiv Perfect : to have asked (a fi intrebat)

Infinitiv Perfect Continuu: to have been asking (a fi intrebat)

Diateza Pasiva:

Infinitiv: to be asked (a fi intrebat)

Infinitiv Perfect: to have been asked (a fi fost intrebat)

Infinitivul este folosit:

- pentru a exprima un scop folosind: so as to/ in order to (ca sa), to Infinitiv: e.g. You are
studying to pass/ so as to pass/ in order to pass the exam. (Tu inveti ca sa treci examenul.)

- dupa: happy (fericit), glad (bucuros), sorry (scuze), good (bine), delighted (incantat), loath
(potrivnic), etc. e.g. I am glad to meet you. (Sunt bucuros sa te intalnesc.)

- dupa: would like (mi-ar placea)/ would love (as iubi)/ would prefer (as prefera) pentru a
arata o preferinta specifica: eg. I would prefer to watch TV tonight. (As prefera sa ma uit la
televizor diseara.)

- dupa constructii cu too/enough: e.g. I haven’t studied enough to pass this exam. (Nu am
invatat destul ca sa trec examenul.)/ This is too difficult to do. (Asta este prea dificil de facut.)
- in constructia: it+be+adjectiv (+ of + substantiv/ pronume): e.g. It was nice of you to help
me. (A fost dragut din partea ta sa ma ajuti.)

- cu so + adjectiv + as: e.g. Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? (Sunteti atat de amabil
sa imi spuneti cat este ceasul?)

- cu “only” pentru a arata un rezultat nesatisfacator: e.g. She worked hard only to realise her
life was passing by. (Ea a muncit din greu doar ca sa-si dea seama ca ii trecea viata.)

- dupa: be + the first/second/next/last/best (a fi primul/ al doilea/ urmatorul/ ultimul/ cel mai

bun): e.g. He was the last to leave. (El a fost ultimul plecat.)

- dupa: to be + superlativ si dupa can't bear (nu pot sa suport): e.g. He is the best man to ever
cross my path. (El este cel mai bun om pe care l-am intalnit. (lit. care mi-a trecut in cale)/ I can't
bear to live like that. (Nu pot sa suport sa traiesc asa.))

- in constructia: for + substantiv/pronume + to-Inf.: e.g. This is for you to say. (Asta este
pentru tine sa spui.)/It’s time for her to go to bed. (E timpul ca ea sa mearga la culcare.)

- in expresii ca: to be honest (sa fiu onest), to tell you the truth (sa-ti spun adevarul), to
begin with (sa incep cu), etc.: e.g. To be honest, I don’t like what’s happening here. (Sa fiu
honest, nu imi place ce se intampla aici.)

- dupa verbele: appear (a aparea), agree (a fi de acord), decide (a decide), expect (a se

astepta), hope (a spera), plan (a planui), promise (a promite), refuse (a refuza), prove (a
dovedi), seem (a parea), turn out (a se dovedi) etc. : She appears to be healthy. (Ea pare sa fie
sanatoasa)/ We were expected to have told a lie. (Se asteptau ca noi sa fi spus o minciuna.)

- dupa TO BE TO (trebuie): e.g. She is to arrive tomorrow. (Ea trebuie sa soseasca maine.)/ She
was to have been awarded a prize, but she refused it. (Urma sa i se fi acordat un premiu, dar l-a
refuzat.) !!! Atentie: was/ were to have + Vb. III/ -ed este o constructie care la fel ca Past
Continuous si Past Perfect Simple arata o actiune care nu s-a mai facut/ materializat: e.g. She
was to have phoned me, but she forgot.(Urma sa ma sune, dar a uitat.)/ She was phoning me,
but she forgot. (Voia sa ma sune, dar a uitat.)/ She had hoped to phone me, but she couldn't.
(Sperase sa ma sune, dar nu a putut.)

-in constructia numita Acuzativ + Infinitiv: S + P + Substantiv/pronume in Acuzativ (me/you/

him/her/ it/ us/ them) + vb. Infinitiv

e.g. I want her to tell a lie. (Vreau ca ea sa spuna o minciuna.)

Aceasta constructie este ceruta de urmatoarele grupe de verbe:

- verbe de perceptie: feel (a simti), hear (a auzi), notice (a observa), observe (a observa),
perceive (a percepe), see (a vedea), watch (a privi) + Vb. la Infinitiv Scurt

e.g. They watch us clean the room. (Ei ne-au privit cum curatam camera.)

- verbe cauzative: have (a avea), make (a face), set (a lasa/ a pune), force (a forta), put ( a
pune), let (a lasa) + Vb. la Infinitiv Scurt

e.g. They made him take the exam. (Ei au insistat ca el sa dea examenul.)

- verbe care exprima dorinta sau intentia: choose (a alege), desire (a dori), intend (a
intentiona), mean (a insemna), wish (a dori), want (a vrea) +Vb. Infinitiv Lung

e.g. They wanted me to be a teacher. (Ei doreau ca eu sa fiu profesor.)

- verbe de gandire: believe (a crede), consider (a considera), expect (a se astepta), imagine (a

imagina), know (a sti), suppose (a presupune), think (a gandi), understand (a intelege), trust
(a avea incredere) + Vb. Infinitiv Lung

e.g. They expect her to arrive soon. (Ei se asteapta ca ea sa soseasca in curand.)

- verbe care exprima sentimente: like (a placea), dislike (a displacea), love (a iubi), prefer (a
prefera), hate  (a urai) + Vb. Infinitiv Lung (aceasta constructie arata sentimente pentru
actiune particulara)

e.g. I dislike him to drive like this. (Imi displace ca el conduce asa.)

!!! Atentie: daca dupa aceste verbe care arata sentimente punem un verb- ing (Gerund) atunci
aratam un sentiment in general 

e.g. I dislke driving. (Imi displace sa conduc - in general)

- verbe care exprima ordine, permisiuni sau cereri: allow (a permite), ask (a intreba/ a
ruga), command (a comanda), demand (a pretinde), order (a ordona), require (a cere), beg (a
implora), propose (a propune), urge (a indemna), insist (a insista), request (a cere) + Vb.
Infinitiv Lung
e.g. She allowed him to go to the party. (Ea i-a permis lui sa mearga la petrecere.)

He demanded them ... the truth. (El a cerut ca ei sa spuna adevarul.)

a) to tell

b) should tell

c) tell

d) telling

!!! Atentie: verbele din ultima grupa pot fi folosite si ca verbe care cer Subjonctivul dupa
ele, dar atunci ele sunt urmate de THAT + S + Should + Vb. Inf. Scurt/ Verb Infinitiv Scurt
si nu de un pronume + Verb Infinitiv Lung. Comparati:

He demanded THAT she should arrive early. (El a cerut ca ea sa vine devreme.) -> Modul
Subjonctiv

He demanded HER to arrive early. (El a cerut ca ea sa vina devreme.) -> Acuzativ +
Infinitiv

Gerundul
 

Gerundul este un verb urmat de terminatia -ing. Formele gerundului sunt:

Diateza Activa:

Indefinite Gerund: Do you mind my smoking ? (Te deranjeaza fumatul meu?/ Te deranjeaza
daca fumez?)

Perfect Gerund: I regret having said that.  (Regret ca am spus asta.)

Diateza Pasiva:
Indefinite Gerund: I look forward to being given more money by my father. (Astept cu
nerabdare sa mi se dea mai muti bani de catre tatal meu.)

Perfect Gerund: He disliked having been helped by his parents. (I-a displacut faptul ca a fost
ajutat de parintii lui.)

!!! Atentie: Gerundul se poate traduce si ca substantiv si ca verb deoarece el poate sa fie
precedat de un adjectiv posesiv sau de un substantiv care arata posesia DAR in acelasi timp
un gerund este urmat de un adverb ca toate verbele.

e.g. I dislike Tom's driving. (Imi displace condusul lui Tom./ Imi displace cum conduce Tom.)

       I look forward to her coming back. (Astept cu nerabdare intoarcerea ei./ Astept cu
nerabdare ca ea sa se intoarca.)

       I regret shouting loudly. (Regret ca am strigat tare.)

I. Gerundul este folosit dupa urmatoarele expresii si verbe:

-          to look forward to (a astepta cu nerabdare) + vb. –ing 

-          in addition to (pe langa asta/ in plus)

e.g. I look forward ... you. (Astept cu nerabdare sa te vad.)

a) to seeing

b) to see

c) seeing

d) to be seen

-          to get used to (a se obisnui cu)

-          to get accustomed to (a se obisnui cu)

-          to be used to (a fi obisnuit cu)

-          to be accustomed to (a fi obisnuit cu)   

e.g. They are accustomed ... early in the morning.   (Ei sunt obisnuiti sa se scoale devreme
dimineata.)

a) waking up

b) to waking up

c) to wake up

d) wake up

They used to ... to work by bus. (Ei obisnuiau sa mearga la lucru cu autobuzul.) => used
to + Vb. Inf. = obisnuia sa

a)      Go

b)     Going

c)      Having gone

d)     Being gone

They are used to ... to work by bus. (Ei sunt obisnuiti sa mearga la lucru cu autobuzul.)
=> be used to +Vb.-ing = a fi obisnuit cu

a)      Go

b)     Going

c)      Gone

d)     Being gone

-          to prevent from (a impiedica sa) e.g. He prevented her from killing herself. (El a
impiedicat-o sa se sinucida.)

-          to insist on (a insista)

 -          to go on (a continua)

-          to disapprove of (a dezaproba)

-          to approve of (a aproba)

-          to accuse of (a acuza de)

-          what’s the use of (ce rost are) e.g. What’s the use of studying so much? (Ce rost are
sa inveti atat de mult?)

-          to be afraid of (a-i fi teama de)

-     to be prone to (a avea tendinta sa)

-          to be mistaken in (a gresi)

-          to be wrong in (a nu avea dreptate)

-          to have difficulty (in) (a avea dificultati/ probleme sa) e.g. They have difficulty
(in) learning poems. (Ei au dificultate sa invete poezii.)

-          there is no point in (nu are rost sa)

-          to succeed in (a reusi)

-          to take pride in (a se mandri cu)

-          to be good at (a fi bun la ceva)

-          to be bad at ( a nu fi bun la ceva)

-          to be worth (a merita) e.g. This book is really worth reading. (Cartea chiar
merita sa fie citita.)

-          to be busy (a fi ocupat)

 
 -          can’t stand (nu pot sa suport) e.g. I can’t stand looking at you. (Nu pot sa
suport sa ma uit la tine.)

-          can’t help (nu pot sa ma abtin)

-          do you fancy (ai chef sa)

-          how about (ce-ar fi sa) e.g. How about going in the park tomorrow?
(Ce-ar fi sa mergem in parc maine?)

-          what about (ce-ar fi sa)  

-          it’s no use (nu are rost)

-          there is no (nu se poate ...) e.g. There is no telling what will happen. (Nu se poate
spune ce se va intampla.)

-          as well as (ca si)

-          feel like (a avea chef sa)

-          to object to (a obiecta)

-          to admit to (a recunoaste/ a admite) e.g. He admitted to stealing her bag. (El a
admis ca i-a furat geanta.)

-          to take to doing something (a se apuca de)

My sister has taken ... to the cinema every weekend. (Sora mea a inceput sa se duca la
cinema in fiecare weekend.)

a)      Going

b)     To go

c)      To going

d)     Go

 
 -          have trouble (a avea probleme)

-          have a hard time (a-i fi greu sa) e.g. She had a hard time learning at history.
(Ei i-a fost greu sa invete la istorie.)

-          have a difficult time (a-i fi greu)

-          anticipate (a anticipa)

-          appreciate (a aprecia)

-          avoid (a evita)

-          allow (in general - a permite) e.g. They don’t allow smoking in the public places.
(Ei nu permit sa se fumeze in locuri publice.)

-          consider (a considera) e.g. Would you consider coming for dinner? (Ai lua in
considerare sa vii la cina?)

-          continue (a continua)

-          delay (a intarzia)

-          deny (a nega) e.g. He denied seeing her in town. (El a negat ca a vazut-o in oras.)

-          discuss (a discuta)

-          detest (a detesta)

-          escape (a scapa)

-          excuse (a se scuza) e.g. Please excuse my being late. (Va rog sa ma scuzati ca am
intarziat.)

-          explain (a explica)

 
-          fancy (a avea chef)

-          finish (a termina)

-          forgive (a ierta) e.g. If you’d forgive my interrupting you, I’d like to say a few
words. (Daca ma iertati ca va intrerup, as vrea sa spun cateva cuvinte.)

-          imagine (a-si imagina)

-          involve (a implica) e.g. She kept telling him what to do. (Ea a continuat sa ii spuna
ca sa faca.)

-          keep (a continua)

-          mean (a insemna)

-          mention (a mentiona)

-          mind (a deranja)

-          miss (a-i lipsi/ a-i fi dor)

-          need (a avea nevoie)   e.g. The roof needs mending. (Acoperisul are nevoie sa fie
reparat.)

!!! Atentie: need + verb-ing se poate reformula cu o constructie la Diateza Pasiva la

Infinitiv: to be + Vb. III/ -ed

      The roof needs mending. (Acoperisul are nevoie de reparatie.) => The roof needs to be
mended. (Acoperisul are nevoiesa fie reparat.)

-          pardon (a ierta)

-          postpone (a amana) e.g. They postponed paying us a visit last week. (Ei au amanat
sa ne faca o vizita saptamana trecuta.)

-          put off (a amana)

-          practise (a exersa)

 -          quit (a renunta)

-          recall (a-si aminti)

-          recollect (a-si aminti)

-          report (a raporta)

-          resent (a detesta)

-          resist (a rezista)

-          risk (a risca) e.g. I would never risk being killed. (Nu as risca niciodata sa fiu
ucis.)

-          save (a salva/ a economisi)

-          stand (a sta)

-          suggest (a sugera)

-          spend (a petrece) e.g. You spend too much time sleeping. (Petreci prea mult timp
dormind.)

-          understand (a intelege)

-          waste (a risipi)

-         like (a placea), detest (a detesta), enjoy (a se bucura), dislike (a displacea), hate (a
uri), love (a iubi), loathe (a dispretui), dread (a-i fi groaza): aceste verbe se folosesc
cu Gerund atunci cand vorbim in general.

e.g. I dislike her to take my clothes for this party. (referire in particular -> Imi
displace ca ea imi ia hainele pentru petrecerea asta.)

I dislike others/ people/ my sisters/ her taking my clothes. (referire in general ->
Imi displace ca altii/ oamenii/ surorile mele/ ea sa imi ia hainele.)
 

II. Gerundul se foloseste dupa prepozitii: after (dupa), without (fara), as (ca), since (din/
de), upon (cand), on (pe/ cand), before (inainte), by +vb. -ing (facand o actiune), etc.

After his leaving, I called my mother. -> After he left, I called my mother.   (Dupa ce a plecat,
am sunat-o pe mama.)

On seeing that, he laughed. -> When he saw that, he laughed. (Cand a vazut asta, el a ras.)

After meeting her, I decided to tell her the truth. (Dupa ce am intalnit-o, am decis sa ii spun
adevarul.)

By studying hard, you will pass the exam. (Studiind din greu, vei trece examenul.)

On hearing the news, she fainted. (Auzind stirile/ cand a auzit stirile, ea a lesinat)

I said that without realising he was present. (Am spus asta fara sa imi dau seama ca el era
prezent.)

Daca dupa verbele de perceptie (see, hear, watch, etc.) folosim constructia Acuzativ+Inf.,
atunci inseamna ca toata actiunea a fost vazuta/ auzita, etc.

I saw her cry. (Am vazut-o plangand. - de la inceput pana cand s-a oprit din plans)

Daca dupa verbele de perceptie (see, hear, watch, etc.) folosim un verb -ing, atunci inseamna ca
doar o parte din actiune a fost vazuta/ auzita, etc.

I saw her crying. (Am vazut-o plangand. - doar o parte din actiune)

I was there and I saw her ... the ring and put it in the bag. (Am fost acolo si am vazut-o cand a
furat inelul si l-a pus in geanta. - am vazut toata actiunea de a fura)

a) Stealing

b) Steal

c) To steal

d) Stolen

 
Exista o serie de verbe care sunt urmate si de Gerund si de Infinitiv dar cu schimbare de sens:

REMEMBER (a-si aminti)

Daca dupa remember se pune Gerund atunci inseamna ca iti aduci aminte de ceva din
trecut:

e.g. I remember seeing her yesterday. (Imi amintesc ca am vazut-o ieri.)

Daca dupa remember se pune Infinitiv atunci inseamna ca trebuie sa iti amintesti sa faci
ceva in viitor:

e.g. I have to remember to buy her flowers tomorrow. (Trebuie sa imi amintesc sa ii cumpar
flori maine.)

e.g. I must remember ... some cake next week. (Trebuie sa imi amintesc ca aduc niste
prajitura saptamana viitoare.)

a) bringing

b) to bringing

c) to bring

d) having brought

FORGET (a uita)

Daca dupa forget se pune Gerund atunci inseamna ca ai uitat de ceva din trecut:

e.g. I won't forget talking to him for the first time. (Nu voi uita ca i-am vorbit pentru prima
oara.)

Daca dupa forget se pune Infinitiv atunci inseamna ca uiti ceva ce urmeaza in viitor:

e.g. I forgot to talk to him the next day. (Am uitat sa vorbesc cu el ziua urmatoare.)

e.g. Oh, I forgot ... bread, now I have to go out again. (Oh, am uitat sa cumpar paine,
acum trebuie sa ies iar.)

a) to buy
 b) buying

c) having bought

d) to buying

GO ON (a continua)

Daca dupa go on se pune Gerund atunci inseamna ca actiunea continua fara intrerupere:

e.g. She went on talking for hours on end. (Ea a continuat sa vorbeasca ore in sir.)

Daca dupa go on se pune Infinitiv atunci inseamna ca actiunea continua dupa o intrerupere
sau ca ceva s-a terminat si se continua cu altceva:

e.g. First she talked about America and then she went on to talk about England. (La inceput a
vorbit despre America si apoi a continuat sa vorbeasca despre Anglia.)

      I finished writing one letter and then I went on to write another. (Am terminat de scris o
scrisoare si apoi am continuat sa scriu alta.)

e.g. After a 10-minute break the committee went on ... the day’s agenda. (Dup o pauza de
zece minute comitetul a continuat sa discute agenda zilei.)

a) discussing

b) to discuss

c) being discussed

d) to have discussed

REGRET (a regreta)

Daca dupa regret se pune Gerund atunci inseamna ca regreti ceva facut in trecut:

e.g. I regret talking like that to you yesterday. (Regret ca ti-am vorbit asa ieri.)

Daca dupa regret se pune Infinitiv atunci inseamna ca dai o veste proasta:

e.g. I regret to tell you that you have failed the exam. (Regret sa iti spun ca ai picat
examenul.)
 e.g. Now I regret ... her all my secrets. (Acum regret ca i-am spus toate secretele mele.)

a) to tell

b) to have told

c) being told

d) telling

STOP (a se opri)

Daca dupa stop se pune Gerund atunci inseamna ca actiunea a incetat sa mai fie facuta total:

e.g. I stopped smoking 5 years ago. (M-am lasat de fumat acum cinci ani.)

Daca dupa stop se pune Infinitiv atunci inseamna ca te opresti cu scopul de a face ceva:

e.g. I stopped to smoke and then I continued my work. (M-am oprit ca sa fumez si pe urma
mi-am continuat munca.)

e.g. We stopped ... food on the way home and then we called you. (Ne-am oprit ca sa
cumparam maincare in drum spre casa si pe urma te-am sunat.)

a) buying

b) to buy (cu scopul sa cumparam)

c) having bought

d) to buying

TRY (a incerca)

Daca dupa try se pune Gerund atunci inseamna ca faci o incercare sau un experiment:

e.g. I tried taking an aspirin for the headache to see if it would pass. (Am incercat sa iau o
aspirina pentru durerea de cap sa vad daca o sa treaca.)

Daca dupa try se pune Infinitiv atunci inseamna ca faci un efort:

e.g. I tried to talk to her but in vain. (I made an effort) (Am incercat sa vorbesc cu ea/ Am
facut un efort sa vorbesc cu ea, dar in zadar.)

e.g. The flashlight won’t work anymore. Try ... new batteries, maybe it will work then.
(Lanterna nu mai merge. Incearca sa pui baterii noi, poate o sa mearga iar.)

a) putting in

b) to put in

c) to putting in

d) having to putting in

MEAN (a insemna)

Daca dupa mean se pune Gerund arati ce implica/ presupune situatia:

e.g. Being accepted at the Police Academy means studying a lot. (Sa fi acceptat la Academia
de Politie inseamna/ presupune sa inveti mult.)

Daca dupa mean se pune Infinitiv arati o intentie sa faci ceva:

e.g. I meant to call you. (Am intentionat sa te sun.)

e.g. We need more money which means ... extra hours. (Avem nevoie de mai multi bani
ceea ce inseamna/ presupune sa muncim mai multe ore.)

a) to work

b) having worked

c) working

d) to have been working

HATE (a uri)

Daca dupa hate se pune Gerund arati ca iti pare rau pentru ceea ce faci pe moment:

e.g. I hate causing you so much trouble. (Urasc ca iti cauzez atatea probleme.)
 Daca dupa hate se pune Infinitiv arati ca urasti ceea ce urmeaza sa faci:

e.g. I hate to interrupt you, but could you give me a hand with this? (Urasc ca trebuie sa te
intrerup, dar ai putea sa ma ajuti cu asta?)

e.g. I hate ... you this, but you are bad at math. (Urasc sa iti spun asta, dar nu esti bun la
matematica.)

a) telling

b) having told

c) to be told

d) to tell

WANT (a vrea)          

Daca dupa want se pune Gerund arati ce este nevoie sa fie facut(are nuanta de Diateza
Pasiva):

e.g. This house wants painting. (Casa aceasta are nevoie sa fie vopsita.)

Daca dupa want se pune Infinitiv arati ce vrei sa faci:                 

e.g. I want to stop playing computer games. (Vreau sa ma opresc sa mai joc jocuri pe
calculator.)  

       e.g. Your room wants ... . (Camera ta are nevoie sa fie ordonata.)

       a) tidying up

       b) to tidy up

       c) tidy up

       d) to be tidying up

BE SORRY (a-i parea rau)     

Daca dupa be sorry se pune Gerund inseamna ca iti ceri scuze pentru ceva sau iti pare rau
de ceva ce ai facut:
 e.g. She was sorry for being so mean to you. (Ea s-a scuzat/ Ei i-a parut rau pentru ca a fost
asa de rea cu tine.)

Daca dupa be sorry se pune Infinitiv exprimi regret pentru ceva rau care s-a intamplat:

e.g. I am sorry to tell you that your request has been declined. (Regret sa va spun ca cererea
dumneavoastra a fost respinsa.)

      e.g. We are sorry ... you that your flight has been cancelled. (Ne pare rau sa va anuntam
ca zborul dumneavoastra a fost anulat.)

      a) for announce

      b) to announce

      c) announcing

      d) to be announced

Urnatoarele verbe pot fi urmate si de to-infinitive si de gerund fara schimbare de sens:

-Begin (a incepe), continue (a continua), intend (a intentiona), start (a incepe):

e.g. He began speaking/ to speak. (El a inceput sa vorbeasca.)

!!! Atentie: nu folositi doua forme cu -ing impreuna: He is beginning speaking beginning to
speak. (El incepe sa vorbeasca.)

-Advise (a sfatui), allow (a permite), encourage (a incuraja), permit (a permite), require (a

cere):

e.g. She doesn’t allow them to talk during the exam. (Ea nu le permite sa vorbeasca in timpul
examenului.)

       She doesn’t allow talking during the exam. (Ea nu permite sa se vorbeasca in timpul
examenului.)

Constructii cu Infinitivul si Gerundul:

 I prefer sleeping to studying in general.  (Vb.-ING + TO + Vb. -ING) (aceasta

structura se foloseste atunci cand ne referim in general)
               (Prefer sa dorm decat sa invat./ Prefer dormitul invatatului.)

 I’d prefer to sleep rather than study today. (Vb. Long Inf. + RATHER THAN + Vb.
Short Inf.) (aceasta structura se foloseste atunci cand ne referim in particular)

               (As prefera sa dorm decat sa invat azi.)

 I’d rather sleep than study. (referire la prezent) (Vb. Short Inf. + THAN + Vb. Short
Inf.)

               (As prefera sa dorm decat sa invat.)

 I would rather have slept than (have) studied yesterday. (referire la trecut) (Vb. Perfect
Short Inf. + THAN + Vb. Perfect Short Inf.)

               (As prefera sa fi dormit decat sa fi invatat ieri.)

Participiul si Constructiile Participiale

 

Participiul Prezent (verb -ing) arata o actiune sau stare continua si are urmatoarele forme:

 Diateza Active:

Participliul Indefinit: asking (intreband)

Participiul Perfect: having asked (intreband)

 Diateza Pasiva:

Participliul Indefinit: being asked (fiind intrebat)

Participiul Perfect: having been asked (fiind intrebat)

Participiul Trecut arata actiunea ca rezultat si are formele:

Verb la forma a III-a pentru verbele neregulate:

To eat – ate – eaten (mancat)

Verb cu terminatia -ed pentru verbe regulate:

To work – worked - worked (muncit)

Participiul se foloseste in constructia Acuzativ + Participiu:

S + P + substantiv/ pronume in Acuzativ + vb. Participiu Prezent/ Participiu Trecut

e.g. I can see him coming on the alley. (Pot sa il vad pe el venind pe alee.) (Acuzativ +
Participiu Prezent)

       I can see him hidden behind the door. (Pot sa il vad pe el ascuns dupa usa.) (Acuzativ +
Participiu Trecut)

 Aceasta constructie se foloseste dupa: 

1. verbele de perceptie: feel (a simti), look at (a privi la), notice (a observa),

observe (a observa), perceive (a percepe), see (a vedea), smell (a mirosi)

e.g. I saw smoke coming through the windows. (Am vazut fum iesind pe ferestre. -> actiune in
progres - am vazut parte din actiune)

      She felt her secret revealed to everybody. (Ea a simtit secretul dezvalui la toata lumea.)

2. verbele: find (a gasi), keep (a tine), leave (a pleca), catch (a prinde), send (a
trimite), spot (a repera), discover (a descoperi):

e.g. They caught me eating their ice cream. (Ei m-au prins mancandu-le inghetata.)

       He found his clothes worn by his brother. (El a gasit hainele purtate de fratele lui.)

 
 3. verbele cauzative: have, get, set, start

e.g. She will get things going eventually. (Ea va face lucrurile sa mearga in cele din urma.)

      I will have her calling you. (Am sa o rog sa te sune.)

      You should have your car repaired. ( Ar trebui sa ai masina reparata. - constructie
cauzativa)

       I got my finger caught in the door. (Mi-am prins degetul in usa.)

4. verbe care exprima dorinta: wish (a dori), want (a vrea), prefer (a prefera),
like (a placea)

e.g. They wanted her killed. (Ei o voiau pe ea ucisa.)

       He prefers her dressed in red. (El o prefera pe ea imbracata in rosu.)

Daca pasivizam aceste forme obtinem constructia numita Nominativ + Participiu:

Pronume/ Substantiv in Nominativ + Verb Diateza pasiva + Participiu Prezent/ Participiu

Trecut

They saw him running down the street. (Ei l-au vazut alergand de-a lungul strazii.) -> He was
seen running down the street. (El a fost vazut alergand de-a lungul strazii.)

They kept the girls hidden in the basement. (Ei au tinut fetele ascunse la subsol.) -> The girls
were kept hidden in the basement. (Fetele au fost tinute ascunse la subsol.)

They have caught Tom drinking beer.  (Ei l-au prins pe Tom band bere.) -> Tom has been
caught drinking beer. (Tom a fost prins band bere.)

Expresii Participiale:
Subiectul nu este mentionat, dar este acelasi ca cel din propozitia principala:

e.g. Singing loudly, Ramona entered the room . (Cantand tare, Ramona a intrat in amera.)
       Being popular, he will win the election for sure. (Fiind popular, el va castiga alegerile.)
       Tired from work, Mary went to bed very early. (Obosita de la munca, Mary s-a dus la
culcare devreme.)
       Having read the book, she returned it to the library the next day. (Citind cartea/ Pentru ca
citise cartea, ea a returnat-o la biblioteca ziua urmatoare.)
       Disappointed in love, he decided to kill himself. (Dezamagit in dragoste, el a decis sa se
sinucida.)

Constructia Participiala Absoluta:

Aceasta constructie are doua subiecte diferite, unul pentru constructia participiala si unul
pentru propozitia principala:

e.g. Everybody having arrived, they started the meeting. (Toata lumea sosind, ei au inceput
intalnirea.)

It being too late, they stopped watching films. (Fiind prea tarziu, ei nu au mai privit filme.)

The party being over, the guests started leaving. (Petrecerea fiind terminata, oaspetii au
inceput sa plece.)