Radha Labmanual

Narasaraopeta Engineering College, Narasaraopet Electrical Machines-1 Lab
Exp-1
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM:
To obtain the no load characteristics of a DC shunt generator and to determine the critical
field resistance.
NAME PLATE DETAILS
S.NO Characteristic D.C Motor D.C Generator
1 Voltage 220V 220V

2 Current 19. A 13.6 A
3 Speed 1500 R.P.M 1500 R.P.M
4 Power 5 HP 3 KW
5 Field current 1A 1A
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.NO Description Type Range Quantity
1 Volt meter M.C 0-300v 1
2 Ammeter M.C 0-2A 1
3 Tacho meter Digital 0-10,000 R.P.M 1

300Ω /2A
4 Rheostat Wire wound 2
Connecting
5 ------ ------- As required
wires
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C SHUNT

GENERATOR
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THEORY:
Magnetization curve is relation between the magnetizing forces and the

flux density B. this is also expressed as a relation between the field current and the induced
emf, in a D.C machine. Varying the field current and noting correspondingvalues of
induded emf can determine this.
For a self-excited machine the theoretical shape of the magnetization curve
is as shown in the figure. The induced emf corresponding to residual magnetism exists
when the field current is zero. Hence the curve starts, a little above the origin on y-axis. The
field resistance line Rsh is a straight-line passing through the origin.
PROCEDURE:
1) All the connections are as per the circuit diagram.

2) 220V, DC supply is given to the motor by closing DPST switch.
3) Move the 3-point starter handle form ‘OFF’ to ‘ON’ position slowly and motor starts
running.
4) Adjust the speed of the motor to rated value by the adjusting the field rheostat of
motor.
5) By using field rheostat vary the field current of generator.
6) By varying the filed current in steps note down all the readings of generated voltages
at constant speed.
TO FIND CRITICAL FIELD RESISTANCE:
1) Draw the shunt field resistance line

2) Draw tangent to the OCC
3) The slope of this tangent gives the Rfc
Critical field resistance, Rc=∇ Eg/ ∇ IF =
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TABULAR COLUMN:
Residual Voltage = Speed=

SNO Eg in Volts If in Amps
GRAPH:
Draw the graph between generated voltage at no load and field current. By taking
generated voltage Eg in volts on Y axis and field current If in amps on X-axis.
MODEL GRAPH:
TO FIND FIELD RESISTANCE:
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S.NO Voltage Field current Field resistance
PRECAUTIONS:-
1) The rheostat is connected such that minimum resistance is included in field circuit of
motor
2) The rheostat is connected such that maximum resistance is included in field circuit of
generator.
3)Starter handle is moved slow
RESULT:
.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1.What is meant by critical field resistance?

2.What is meant by critical speed?
3.Residual magnetism is necessary for self excited generators or not.
4.Why this test is conducted at constant speed?
Exp-2
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LOAD TEST ON D.C SHUNT GENERATORS
AIM:
To conduct the load test on DC Shunt generator and to draw its internal & external
characteristics.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

1 Voltage 220V 220V
2 Current 19 A 13.6 A
3 Speed 1500 R.P.M 1500 R.P.M
4 Power 5 HP 3 KW
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1 Volt meter M.C 0-300V 1
0-1A 1
2 Ammeter M.C
0-20 A 1
3 Tacho meter Digital 0-10,000 R.P.M 1
4 Rheostat Wire wound 300Ω /2A 2
5 Resistive loads - 0-230V / 0-10 A 2
Connecting
6 - ---- As required
wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: LOAD TEST ON D.C SHUNT GENERATORS
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THEORY:
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Load Characteristics can be determined in the same manner as for the separately
excited generator. Actually the load characteristics are obtained for separately and shunt
excitation are same. This characteristic gives the relation between the terminal voltage V and
field current If for constant Ia and Speed.
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2) Keep the rheostat in motor field circuit in minimum resistance position and the rheostat in
generator field circuit in maximum resistance position.
3) Excite the motor with 220V. DC supply by closing the DPST switch and start the motor
by moving the handle of 3 point starter from ‘OFF’ to ‘ON’ position.
4) By adjusting the rheostat in motor field rheostat bring the speed of the motor to generators
rated speed.
5) Now decrease the rheostat in the generator field till the voltmeter reads the rated voltage.
6) Now under no load condition note down all the readings.
7) Load is applied in regular steps and the readings of voltmeter and ammeter are noted.
8) Every time as the load is increased the speed will increased but the speed must be
maintained constant so by adjusting the rheostat in motor field keep the speed constant for
every change in load.
9) The load should be increased till the ammeter in the load circuit shows the rated current of
generator.
10) Now the load is removed slowly by adjusting the speed and the power is switched OFF.
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No Terminal Field current Line current Ia=IL+If(A) Generated

voltage (V) (If) (IL) Voltage
EG=VL+IaRa
TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE:-
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S.No V I Ra
GRAPH:
By taking load voltage ‘VL’ in volts on Y axis and load current ‘IL’ on X-axis plot the
graph.
MODEL GRAPH:
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PRECAUTIONS:
1) Keep the rheostat in minimum position in field circuit of motor.

2) Keep the rheostat in maximum position in field current of generator.
3) Starter handle is moved slowly.
4) The motor should started under no load conditions.
5) The load must be increased and also removed in steps.
6) If you increase or decrease the load the speed should be constant i.e. rated speed.
7) While switching ‘OFF’ the motor the load should be completely removed.
APPLICATIONS:
• This type of generators with field regulators are used for light and power supply purposes.
• These are also used for charging of batteries because they can be made to give constant
output voltage.
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Is the field of D.C shunt generator of comparatively low resistance or high resistance?
2. What prevents a generator from “un building “as soon as any load is applied?
3 . What is the external characteristics of D.C shunt generator?
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Exp-3
LOAD TEST ON D.C SERIES GENERATORS
AIM:
To conduct the load test on DC series generator and to draw its internal & external
characteristics.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

1 Voltage 220V 220V
2 Current 19 A 13.6 A
3 Speed 1500 R.P.M 1500 R.P.M
4 Power 5 HP 3 Kw
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

3 Tacho meter Digital 0-10000 R.P.M 1
300Ω /2A
Connecting
5 ---- ----- As required
wires
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: LOAD TEST ON D.C SERIES GENERATORS
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THEORY:
In this generator because field windings are in series with the armature, they
carry full armature current Ia . as IA is increased, flux and hence generated e.m.f is also
increased as. As we know that a series generator has rising voltage characteristics i.e with
increased load, it’s voltage also increased. But it is seen that at high loads the voltage
starts decreased due to excessive demagnetizing effects of armature reaction. In fact
terminal voltage starts decreasing as load current is increased. For a load current the
terminal voltage reduced to zero.
PROCEDURE:

2) Keep the rheostat in motor field circuit in minimum resistance position.
3) Excite the motor with 220V. DC supply by closing the DPST switch and start the
motor by moving the handle of 3 point starter from ‘OFF’ to ‘ON’ position.
4) By adjusting the rheostat in motor armature and field bring the speed of the motor to
generators rated speed.
5) Load is applied in regular steps and the readings of voltmeter and ammeter are noted.
6) Every time as the load is increased. The speed will increased but the speed must be
maintained constant so by adjusting the rheostat in motor field keep the speed constant
for every change in load.
7) The load should be increased till the ammeter in the load circuit shows the rated
current of generator.
8) Now the load is removed slowly by adjusting the speed and the power is switched
OFF.
PRECAUTIONS:

5) If you increase or decrease the load the speed should be constant i.e. rated speed.
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TABULAR COLUMN
S.No Terminal Line current Generated

voltage (V) (IL) Voltage
EG=VL+IaRa
TO FIND RA+RSE :-
S.No V I RA+RSE
GRAPH:
graph.
MODEL GRAPH:
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APPLICATIONS:
• For supplying field current for regenerative braking in DC locomotives.

• In series arc lighting
• In series boosters
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1.How data for internal characteristics could be obtained?

2.How may the speed of a prime mover affect the generator characteristics?
3.In what way does the series generator differ fundamentally from the shunt generator in
construction? In the type of load that is supplied.:
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Exp-4
LOAD TEST ON D.C COMPOUND GENERATORS
AIM:
To conduct the load test on DC Compound generator and to draw its internal & external
characteristics.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

1 Voltage 220V 220V
2 Current 19A 13.6 A
3 Speed 1500 R.P.M 1500 R.P.M
4 Power 5 HP 3 Kw
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

0-1A 1
2 Ammeter M.C
0-20 A 1
300Ω /2A 2
4 Rheostat Wire wound
Connecting
5 ---- ----- As required
wires
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THEORY:
There is mainly two types of compound generators are differential and cumulative
generator in differential compound generator the series field opposes the shunt field flux
while in cumulative compound generator .it aids the shunt field flux in cumulative
compound depends on number of series field turns it may be under compound voltage
falls with increase in load level or flat compound terminal voltage remains practically
constant with increases in load .
In a differential compound generator with increase in load the terminal voltage falls
rapidly increase for cumulatively are compound generator no load voltage is less then
rated terminal voltage for level compound generator the no load and full load voltage are
equal however terminal voltage at light load is more than voltage at out load it falls below
for cumulative under compound generator .the differential compound generator no load
voltage much higher than terminal voltage.
PROCEDURE:
2) Keep the rheostat in motor field circuit in minimum resistance position and the rheostat in
generator field circuit in maximum resistance position.
4) By adjusting the rheostat in motor armature and field bring the speed of the motor to
generators rated speed. Load is applied in regular steps and the readings of voltmeter
and ammeter are noted.
For Differential
5) Now decrease the rheostat in the generator field till the voltmeter reads the rated voltage.
For Cumulative
6) Now decrease the rheostat in the generator field till the voltmeter reads the 180 voltage.
7) Every time as the load is increased. The speed will increased but the speed must be
maintained constant so by adjusting the rheostat in motor field keep the speed constant for
every change in load.
8) The load should be increased till the ammeter in the load circuit shows the rated current of
generator.
9) Now the load is removed slowly by adjusting the speed and the power is switched OFF.
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For cumulative:-
S.N Terminal Field Line Ia=IL+If(A) Generated Voltage Speed
o voltage current current EG=VL+IaRa+ILRSE (RPM)
(V) (If) (IL)
For differential:-
S.No Terminal Field Line Ia=IL+If(A) Generated Voltage Speed

voltage current current EG=VL+IaRa+ILRSE (RPM)
(V) (If) (IL)
GRAPH:
graph.
MODELGRAPH
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PRECAUTIONS:

5) If you increase or decrease the load the speed should be constant i.e. rated s
APPLICATIONS:
• For supplying field current for regenerative braking in DC locomotives.

• In series arc lighting
• In series boosters
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What are the differences between cumulative & Differential compound generator connection?
2. What is under compounded ,flat compounded and over –compounded generator?
3. How is the degree of compounding in a d.c generator adjusted?
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Exp-5
HOPKINSON’S TEST ON D.C SHUNT MACHINES
AIM:
To conduct the field test on two identical series machines and to find the efficiency at
full load.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

1 Voltage 220V 220V
2 Current 19A 13.6A
3 Speed 1500 R.P.M 1500 R.P.M
4 Power 5 HP 3 Kw
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

0-20A 3
2 Ammeter M.C
0-2 A 2
300Ω /2A
5 SPST switch --- ---- 1

Connecting
6 - - As Required
wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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THEORY:
By this method, full load test can be carried out on two shunt machine preferably
identical one’s without wasting their outputs. The machines are mechanically coupled and are
so adjusted electrically that one of them runs as a motor and other as a generator. The
mechanical output of the motor drives the generator and electrical output of the generator is
used in supplying the greater part of input to the motor. If there were no losses in the
machines they would have run without any external power supply. But due to these losses
generator output is not sufficient to drive the motor and vice versa.
.
PROCEDURE:

2) Before giving the supply check the positions of 3-point starter, motor field
regulator, generator field regulator and SPST switch.
3) After that excite the circuit with 220V, DC supply by closing DPST switch.
4) Start the motor by moving 3 point starter handle slowly and gradually form OFF
position to ON position.
5) Check the speed of the motor by using Tachometer if it is less than rated speed, set
it to rated value by varying the motor armature rheostat and then motor field
regulator.
6) Increase the excitation to the generator until voltmeter across SPST switch shows
null value.
7) Whenever the voltmeter across SPST switch shows null value (this condition is
called floating, that means generator neither take power nor deliver power) then
close the SPST switch.
8) Record the ammeters and voltmeter readings at floating conditions.
9) Load the generator by increasing its field excitation by watching ammeter
connected in the line then record the ammeters readings by keeping speed
constant.
10) Repeat the above step until full load occurs on the generator.
11) After taking all the readings first unload the generator by decreasing its field
excitation simultaneously reduce the speed of motor (if the motor excitation is not
decreased its speed will rise above rated value).
12) After bringing the generator to no load (floating) condition open the SPST switch.
13) Then bring the field regulator of generator to maximum resistance position and
regulator of the motor to minimum resistance positio
14) Switch ‘OFF’ the supply by opening the DPST switch.
15) After completing the experiment make the calculations and plot the graph
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TABULAR COLUMN:
Ammeter Efficiency Efficiency

Voltmeter Ammeter
Reading VG in ILG in of motor Of
SNO Reading Reading
ILM amps Volts Amps ℑ M% generator
VM volts IFM amps
ℑ G%
GRAPH:
By taking IL in Amps on X-axis and output in Watts on Y-axis plot the graph
CALCULATIONS:
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Stray losses of both the machines(Ws)=
Stray loss of each machine:Ws/2=
AS A MOTOR:
Power Input to the motor:
Armature copper loss of Motor=
Field copper loss of Motor=
Total loss of Motor=
Power out put of Motor=Power Input-Total loss=
Efficiency of Motor=Power output/Power Input
AS A GENERATOR:
Power output of the Generator:
Armature copper loss of Generator=
Field copper loss of Generators=
Total loss of Generator=
Power input of Generator=Power output + Total loss=
Efficiency of Generator=Power output/Power Input
PRECAUTIONS:
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1) Before giving the supply check the positions of 3 point starter, motor field regulator,
generator field regulator and SPST switch.
2) Move the 3 point starter handle from ‘OFF’ to ‘ON’ position slowly.
3) After taking all the reading first unload the generator by decreasing its filed excitation
simultaneously reduce the speed of motor (if the excitation is not decreased its speed
will rise above rated value).
ADVANTAGES:
1) It is economical since power required is small as compared to the full load power o
the two machines.
2) Source the machines can be tested under full load conditions for long duration,
therefore the performance of the machines regarding commutation and temperature
rise etc can be conveniently studied.
3) The efficiency is being determined under load conditions so that the stray load loss is
being taken into account.
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1.Is it load test or no load test?

2.Comment on the efficiency determined by this test.
3.Comment on the losses of D.C machines.
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Exp-6
FIELD TEST ON TWO IDENTICAL SERIES MACHINES
AIM:
To conduct the field test on two identical series machines and to find the efficiency at full
load.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

1 Voltage 220V 220V
2 Current 19 A 13.6A
3 Speed 1500 R.P.M 1500 R.P.M
4 Power 5HP 3 Kw
5 Type Series Series
6 Insulation Class B Class B
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

3 Resistive load Carbon Type 230V/1A 2
5 Connecting wires ---- ------ As required
6 RPS Digital 0-30V/2A 1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: FIELD TEST ON TWO IDENTICAL SERIES MACHINES
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THEORY:-
This test is applicable to two series motors. Series motors which are mainly used for
fraction work are easily available in pairs two machines are coupled mechanically. One machine
runs normally as a motor and drives generator whose output is wasted in a variable load R Iron
and friction losses of two machines are made equal
i) by joining the series field winding of the generator in the motor armature circuit so that both
machines are equally excited and
ii) By running them at equal speed. Load resistance R is varied till the motor current reaches its
full-load value indicated by ammeter A1. After this adjustment for full load current different
ammeter and voltmeter readings are noted.
Let V = supply voltage; I1 = motor current; V2 = terminal P.D of generator; I2 = load current
Intake of the whole set = VI1 ; output = V2 I2 total losses in the set, wt = VI1 – V2 I2
Armature and field cu losses wcu = (Ra + 2Rse) I12 + I22 Ra
Stray losses for the set = Wt - Wcu
Stray losses per machine Ws = Wt – Wcu/2
PROCEDURE:
1.Connect the circuit as per the circuit Diagram

2.Initially the machine is loaded with half load and the 3 –point starter must be at ‘OFF’ position
3.Excite the circuit to D.C 220V supply by closing DPST switch
4.Start the motor by moving the 3-point starter handled gradually from ‘OFF” to “ON” position
5.Load the machine to full load by observing the Ammeter on the load side and record the
Ammeter, Voltmeter readings
6.After recording values bring the machines to half load by opening the load resistance and then
switch of the machine by opening the DPST switch.
TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE(RA):

2.Keep the rheostat connected in circuit is in maximum position
3.Excite the armature by 30V by closing the DPST switch
4.By varying the rheostat ,note down the Ammeter and voltmeter readings
5.The ratio of average voltmeter and ammeter readings gives the value of Ra
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CIRCUIT DIGRAM:
Sl.No Voltage Current
ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra)=
CIRCUIT DIGRAM :
SERIES FIELD RESISTANCE (RSE)=
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TO FIND SERIES FIELD RESISTANCE(RSE):

2.Keep the rheostat connected in circuit is in maximum position
3.Excite the field by 30V by closing the DPST switch
4.By varying the rheostat ,note down the Ammeter and voltmeter readings
5.The ratio of average voltmeter and ammeter readings gives the value of RSe
TABULAR COLUMN:
SNO Ammeter Voltmeter reading Ammeter Voltmeter Input Output
Reading V1 Volts V2 Volts reading reading Power in Power in
(Ia)Amps IIAmps Vg Volts watts watts
CALCULATIONS:
Power Input to whole set=
Power Output of whole set=
Total losses=Power Input-Power Power Output
Total Armature copper losses=
Total field copper losses=
Stray losses for the set (Ws)=
Stray losses of each machine=(Ws)/2=
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AS A MOTOR:
Motor Input=
Motor losses=
Motor output= Motor Input-Motor losses
% efficiency=(Motor output/Motor Input )*100
AS A GENERATOR:
Generator Output=
Generator losses=
Generator Input=Generator output Generator losses
% efficiency=(Generator output/generator Input )*100
MODEL GRAPHS:
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PRECAUTIONS:
1.Initially 3-point starter is kept in ‘OFF’ position

2.Starter handle is moved slowly
3.Motor Must be switched ‘off with load
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1.Why the field windings of two machines are connected in series in field test?
2.Is it load test?
3.Why the series motor is not operated on no load?
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Exp-7
SWINBURNS’S TEST ON D.C SHUNT MACHINE
AIM:
load.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
S.NO Characteristic D.C Motor

1 Voltage 220V
2 Current 19A
3 Speed 1500 R.P.M
4 Power 5 HP
5 Field Current 0.6 A
6 Insulation Class B
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1 Volt meter M.C 0-300V 01
0-5 A 01
0-1A 01
5 Connecting ---- ---- As required

Wires
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SWINBURNS’S TEST ON D.C SHUNT MACHINE
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THEORY:
It is a simple indirect method in which losses are determined separately and

from their knowledge, efficiency at any desired load can be predetermined. the only test
needed is no-load test. However, this test is applicable to those machines in which flux is
practically constant.
The constant losses in a dc shunt machine= Wc = stray losses(magnetic & mechanical
losses) + shunt field copper losses
Wc = No load input – No load armature copper losses

= VIL0 - Iao2 where Ra is the armature resistance
and Iao=IL0-Ish
PROCEDURE
1) Make all the connections are as per the circuit diagram.

2) Keep the field rheostat in minimum resistance position and armature rheostat in
maximum position.
3) Excite the motor with 220V, DC supply by closing the DPST switch and start the
motor by moving the handle of 3-point starter from OFF to ON position.
4) By adjusting the rheostats in motor armature and field bring the speed of the motor to
its rated value. Note down the readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter at no load
condition
5) The necessary calculations to find efficiency of machine as motor & generator at any
given value of armature current is done.
TO FINDARMATURE RESISTANCE(RA):
1) Connect the circuit per the circuit diagram

2) Keep the rheostat in maximum position.
3) Now excite the motor terminals by 30V supply by closing DPST switch.
By varying the rheostat & motor down the readings of Ammeter and voltmeter
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MODEL CALCULATIONS:-
For motor:
IL= Ia+If
No load losses = Wo =VIo – Iao2Ra
Input = VI
Cu losses = Ia2 Ra
Total losses =No load losses + cu losses
Efficiency( η) = Output/Input
Output = input-total losses
For generator:-
Ia= IL+If
No load losses = Wo =VIo – Iao2Ra
Input = VI
Cu losses = Ia2 Ra
Total losses =No load losses + cu losses
Efficiency( η) = Output/Input
Output = input-total losses
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLOUMN:
SNO Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Speed in

reading Reading reading RPM
V Volts I in Amps If in Amps
ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):
CALCULATION TABLE:
As a Motor:
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Win =Ia2 Total

Ia=(IL-Ish)
Sno Load IL in A Ra in losses in Efficiency
in A
watts w
As a Generator:
Win =Ia2 Total

Ia=(IL+Ish)
S.NO Load IL in A Ra in losses in Efficiency
in A
watts w
GRAPH:
The graph is drawn between

(a)Output in BHP Vs Efficiency(ℑ%)
By taking output in BHP on X axis current, Efficiency on Y-axis
MODEL GRAPH:
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ADVANTAGES :
1) It is convenient and economical method of testing of DC machines since power required

to test a large machine is very small.
2) The efficiency of the machine can be predetermined at any load. Since stray losses are
known.
DISADVANTAGES:
1) This test cannot be performed with dc series motors.

2) This test is only applicable to those machines in which flux and speed remain
constant.
3) As the test is performed on no load it is impossible to know whether at full load
commutation would be satisfactory and the temperature raise would be with in
specified limits or not.
4) No account is taken for change in iron losses form no load to full load on account of
distribution of flux due to armature reaction. On full load the flux distribution is very
much affected due to armature reaction and is some case to an extent that iron losses
become 1.5 times of iron losses at no loa
PRECAUTIONS:
1.We should start the motor under no load

2.Take the reading without parallax error.
3.The connections must be tight.
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4. If voltmeter gives –ve reading then interchange voltmeter terminal connecting of

voltmeter.
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1.Why the magnetic losses calculated by this method are less than the actual value?
2.Is it applied to D.C series machines?
3.Comment on the efficiency determined by this method.
Exp-8
BRAKE TEST ON D.C COMPOUND MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct the load test (or) brake test on a given DC compound motor and to draw its
performance curves.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
1 Voltage 220V
2 Current 19A
3 Speed 1500 R.P.M
4 Power 5 HP
5 Field current 0.6 A
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APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: BRAKE TEST ON D.C COMPOUND MOTOR
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THEORY:
It is a direct method of testing and consists of applying a brake through a pulley

mounted on the motor shaft. The brake band is fitted with two spring balances S1 & S2.
Tsh = (S1-S2) r Kg.m =9.81(S1-S2) r N-m
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Motor Output=(2Π NT)/60 Watts.
Motor Input = VLIL Watts
Efficiency = [(2Π NT)/60] / [ VLIL]
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS:
The four essential characteristics of a compound motor are torque, current speed
and efficiency. Each characteristic is plotted as a function of motor output power. These are
known as the performance curves of a motor
.
There are two types of D.C. compound machines namely (1) Cumulatively & (2)
Differentially compound machines. In the first care the series magnetic flux aides the shunt
magnetic flux hence the total flux increases with load. In differentially compounded
machine the series magnetic flux opposes the shunt magnetic flux hence the total flux
decreases with increase in load.
SPEED CHARACTERISTICS :-
The speed of a D.C. motor N α V-Ia Ra

ϕ
Neglecting Ia Ra drop N α 1/ ϕ . Therefore in a cumulatively compounded motor the speed
decreases with load. In a differentially compounded motor the speed increase with load.
Torque Characteristics :-
The Torque of a D.C. Motor T α ϕ Ia . In a D.C. cumulatively compounded

motor the Torque increases as shown in the figure where as in a differentially compounded
motor the Torque characteristics is as shown.
Efficiency Characteristics:-
The shape of the efficiency characteristics is the same as in the case of any electrical
machine.
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APPLICATIONS :
Cumulative Compound Motor:
1) For drives requiring high starting torque and only fairly constant speed, pulsating loads
with fly wheel action.
2) For shears, conveyors, crushers, bending rolls, punch presses, hoists, elevators heavy
planers ice making machines are compressors, rolling mills, printing presses etc.
Differentially Compound Motor:
1) For experimental and research work.

2) It has characteristic like if load the motor increases the speed will also increase.
FORMULA:
Torque=F*Re*9.81 N
Power Output=2*Π *N*T/60 (w)
PROCEDURE:
1) Make all the connections are as per the circuit diagram.

2) 220V, DC supply is given to the motor by closing DPST switch.
3) Move the 3-point starter handle form ‘OFF’ to ‘ON’ position slowly and motor starts
running.
4) Vary the field rheostat and armature rheostat until the motor reaches its rated speed
and take voltmeter and ammeter readings.
5) Apply the land by break drum pulley and for each applications of load the
corresponding Voltmeter (V), Ammeter (I), Spring forces S1 & S2 and Speed (N)
readings are noted.
6) Calculate output & efficiency for each reading.
7) Note down all the readings in the tabular form carefully.
8) Remove the load slowly and keep the rheostat as starting position and switch ‘OFF’
the supply by using DPST switch.
GRAPH:
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a) Output in Watts Vs Speed(N) in RPM

b) Output in Watts Vs Torque(T) in N-m
c) Output in Watts Vs Current(I) in A
d) Output in Watts Vs Efficiency(ℑ%)
By taking output in Watts on X axis and speed, Torque, current, Efficiency on Y-axis
MODEL GRAPH:
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TABULAR COLUMN:
Voltmeter Ammeter Forces in KG Net Torque O/p=

Input = Sped in %ή=
SNO Reading Reading forces =f*r*9.81 2πNT/60 (o/p)/(i/p)*100
VI watts S1 S2 RPM
V volts I amps F =S1~S2 (N-M) (Watts)
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PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially 3-point starter should be kept at ‘OFF’ position and later it must be varied
slowly and uniformly from ‘OFF’ to ‘ON’ position.
2. The field regulator must be kept at its minimum output position.
3. The brake drum of the motor should filled with cold water.
4. The connections must be tight.
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1.How the speed of d.c compound motor can be increased or decreased?

2.Series field plays the dominating role in compound motor?
3.Explain the differences in the characteristics of D.C compound ,D.C series & Shunt motors?
50 Dept.of EEE
Exp-9
BRAKE TEST ON D.C SHUNT MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct the brake test on a given D.C shunt motor and to draw its performance
curves
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

1 Voltage 220V
2 Current 19A
3 Speed 1500 R.P.M
4 Power 5 HP
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Wires
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: BRAKE TEST ON D.C SHUNT MOTOR
52 Dept.of EEE
THEORY:
The speed of a D.C motor Nα V.Ia Ra

ϕ
The speed of the D.C motor is inversely proportional to the flux produced by the
field. Decreasing the flux the speed of the machine can be increased. The flux of the field
winding can be changed by changing shunt field current with the help of shunt field rheostat.
Another method for speed control is to keep a variable resistance in series with the armature. By
increasing the resistance the voltage drop also increases and hence the voltage applied across the
armature decreases which result in the decrease in speed of the motor.
PROCEDURE
1. All the connections are as per the circuit diagram.
2. 220V, DC supply is given to the motor by closing DPST switch.
3. Move the 3-point starter handle form ‘OFF’ to ‘ON’ position slowly and motor
starts running.
4. Vary the field rheostat and armature rheostat until the motor reaches its rated
speed and take voltmeter and ammeter readings.
5. Apply the land by break drum pulley and for each applications of load the
corresponding Voltmeter (V), Ammeter (I), Spring forces S1 & S2 and Speed (N)
readings are noted.
6. Calculate output & efficiency for each reading.
7. Note down all the readings in the tabular form carefully.
Remove the load slowly and keep the rheostat as starting position and switch ‘OFF’ the supply
by using DPST switch
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Tabular column
Amme Forces in
Voltmet Torque
ter Input = KG Net forces Speed in O/p=
er =f*r*9.8 %ή=
Readi VI F = S1~S2 RPM 2πNT/60 (o/p)/(i/p)*100
SNO Reading 1
ng I watts S1 S2 in kg (N) (Watts)
V volts (N-M
amps
54 Dept.of EEE
GRAPH:

a) Output in Watts Vs Speed(N) in RPM
b) Output in Watts Vs Torque(T) in N-m
c) Output in Watts Vs Current(I) in A
d) Output in Watts Vs Efficiency(ℑ%)
By taking output in Watts on X axis and speed, Torque, current, Efficiency on Y-
axis
MODEL GRAPH:
FORMULAE:
Torque=:F*Re*9.81 N
Power output=2*Π *N*T (w)
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially 3-point starter should be kept at ‘OFF’ position and later it must be varied
slowly and uniformly from ‘OFF’ to ‘ON’ position.
2. The field regulator must be kept at its minimum output position.
55 Dept.of EEE
3. The brake drum of the motor should filled with cold water.
4. The motor should be started without load.
5.
APPLICATIONS:
• Essentially for constant speed applications requiring medium starting torque.

• May be used for adjustable speed not greater than 2:1 range.
• For lathes, centrifugal pumps, reciprocating pumps, fans, blowers, conveyors, wood
working machines, machine tools, printing presses, spinning and weaving machines etc.
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1.Why a 3-point starter is used for starting a D.C shunt motor?

2.If a 3-point starter is not available ,how can a D.C motor be started?
3.Expalin the function of overload release coil in 3-point starter.
56 Dept.of EEE
Exp-10
RETARDATION TEST ON D.C SHUNT MOTOR
AIM:
To carry out the retardation test in a d.c shunt motor to determine the friction, iron or core
losses of the motor and to determine the moment of inertia of the motor.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
1 Voltage 220V
2 Current 19A
3 Speed 1500 R.P.M
4 Power 5 HP
APPARATUS REQUIRE:

Wires
6 D.P.D.T.Switch --- ---- 01
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: RETARDATION TEST ON D.C SHUNT MOTOR
57 Dept.of EEE
58 Dept.of EEE
THEORY:
When a machine is loaded, the load current establishes an m.m.f. which appreciably
changes the space distribution of air-gap flux density wave. This leads to an increase in the core
loss from no load to full load. This increment in core loss caused by distortion of the air-gap flux
plus the increment in I2 R loss due to non-uniform distribution of conductor current is called
Stray loss. in other words, stray load loss consists of two components, one originating in iron
parts and the other in the armature conductors. In iron parts, the stray load loss consists of (a).the
eddy current loss in the stator frame, end covers ets. Caused by the armature leakage flux under
load. (b). the increased teeth loss due to distribution of the flux density wave. In the conductors
the stray load loss is due to the circulating currents setup in the conductors by the alternating
leakage flux produced by the load current. These circulating, or eddy currents make the conductor
current distribution non-uniform and as a result effective resistance of conductor increases. This
gives rise to additional conductor loss, called stray load loss. In d.c. machines, stray load loss also
occurs in the coils under going commutation. This loss is usually taken as proportional to square
of the load current. Stray load loss cannot determined accurately. In d.c. machines by convention,
it is taken as 1% of the rated out put for rating above 150 k
PROCEDURE:-
1. All the connections are as per the circuit diagram.

2. Initially DPDT Switch is to be kept in such a position that the Armature is connected to
supply through the starter.
3. 220V, DC supply is given to the motor by closing DPST switch
4. Vary the field rheostat and armature rheostat until the motor reaches its rated speed and
take voltmeter and ammeter readings.
5. The D.P.D.T switch is OPEN from the Armature Winding then voltage decreases
gradually.
6. One voltage reading as reference note down the time taken to fall the voltage from
original value to V1 and note down time.
7. switch ‘OFF’ the supply by using DPST switch.
8. Again DPDT Switch is to be kept in such a position that the Armature is connected to
supply through the starter.
9. 220V, DC supply is given to the motor by closing DPST switch
10. Vary the field rheostat and armature rheostat until the motor reaches its rated speed and
take voltmeter and ammeter readings.
11. Thronging DPDT switch to load position and the measure Imax , Imin , Vmax and Vmin.
12. Calculate stray losses.
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OBSERVATIONS TABLE:-
Case-1:- For t1 armature off.
S.NO Armature Voltage Time
Case-2:- For t2 Armature connected to load.
Time Voltage Current

Min Max Min Max
PRECAUTIONS:-
60 Dept.of EEE
1. Polarity of the meters should be as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. If voltmeter gives negative reading then interchange the voltmeter terminals
connections of a voltmeter.
3. Wait a few seconds in each step of the starter until the motor speed stabilizes.
Direction of the rotation shall be as given on the generator
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What are the precautions to be taken by the DPDT switch when thrown from
source to load ?
2. Which losses to be calculating from this test?
61 Dept.of EEE
62 Dept.of EEE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SPEED CONTROL OF D.C SHUNT MOTORS
63 Dept.of EEE
Exp-11
SPEED CONTROL OF D.C SHUNT MOTORS

AIM:
load.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
1 Voltage 220V
2 Current 19 A
3 Speed 1500 R.P.M
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
0-1 A 01
300 Ω / 2A 01
Wires
PROCEDURE:
Armature Control Method:
2) Keep the rheostat in motor field circuit in minimum resistance position .
4) By adjusting the rheostat in motor armature, the readings of voltmeter and ammeter are
noted.
Field Rheostat Control Method
2) Keep the rheostat in motor field circuit in minimum resistance position .
3) Excite the motor with 220V DC supply by closing the DPST switch and start the
motor by moving the handle of 3 point starter from ‘OFF’ to ‘ON’ position.
4) By varying the field rheostat from minimum to maximum position note down
thereadings of speed, voltage and current.
5) After completing the experiment take the rheostat to minimum position and then open
the DPST switc
64 Dept.of EEE
TABULAR COLUMN :
GRAPH:
a. By taking load voltage ‘If’ in Amps on X axis and Speed ‘N’ on Y-axis plot the
graph.
b. By taking ‘Eb’ in Volts on X axis and Speed ‘N’ on Y-axis plot the graph
MODEL GRAPH:
65 Dept.of EEE
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Initially 3 point starter is in ‘OFF’ position.

2) Check the circuit before applying voltage.
3) Keep the armature rheostat is in maximum resistance position and field regulator is in
minimum position.
4) Move the starter handle from ‘OFF’ to ‘ON’ position slowly.
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1.What will happen if the field circuit gets opened during the experiment?
2.What will happen if A.C is supplied to D.C motor?
3.How do you reverse the direction of rotation of D.C motor?
4.Why did you keep the resistance at minimum position in field circuit initially?
66 Dept.of EEE

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Narasaraopeta Engineering College, Narasaraopet Electrical Machines-1 Lab

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C SHUNT GENERATOR

NAME PLATE DETAILS

S.NO Characteristic D.C Motor D.C Generator

1 Voltage 220V 220V

3 Speed 1500 R.P.M 1500 R.P.M

S.NO Description Type Range Quantity

1 Volt meter M.C 0-300v 1

2 Ammeter M.C 0-2A 1

3 Tacho meter Digital 0-10,000 R.P.M 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C SHUNT

Magnetization curve is relation between the magnetizing forces and the

1) All the connections are as per the circuit diagram.

TO FIND CRITICAL FIELD RESISTANCE:

1) Draw the shunt field resistance line

Critical field resistance, Rc=∇ Eg/ ∇ IF =

Residual Voltage = Speed=

TO FIND FIELD RESISTANCE:

S.NO Voltage Field current Field resistance

1.What is meant by critical field resistance?

LOAD TEST ON D.C SHUNT GENERATORS

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.NO Characteristic D.C Motor D.C Generator

S.NO Description Type Range Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: LOAD TEST ON D.C SHUNT GENERATORS

1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

S.No Terminal Field current Line current Ia=IL+If(A) Generated

TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE:-

1) Keep the rheostat in minimum position in field circuit of motor.

LOAD TEST ON D.C SERIES GENERATORS

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.NO Characteristic D.C Motor D.C Generator

S.NO Description Type Range Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: LOAD TEST ON D.C SERIES GENERATORS

1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

1) Keep the rheostat in minimum position in field circuit of motor.

S.No Terminal Line current Generated

• For supplying field current for regenerative braking in DC locomotives.

1.How data for internal characteristics could be obtained?

LOAD TEST ON D.C COMPOUND GENERATORS

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.NO Characteristic D.C Motor D.C Generator

S.NO Description Type Range Quantity

S.No Terminal Field Line Ia=IL+If(A) Generated Voltage Speed

1) Keep the rheostat in minimum position in field circuit of motor.

• For supplying field current for regenerative braking in DC locomotives.

HOPKINSON’S TEST ON D.C SHUNT MACHINES

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.NO Characteristic D.C Motor D.C Generator

S.NO Description Type Range Quantity

5 SPST switch --- ---- 1

1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

Ammeter Efficiency Efficiency

Stray losses of both the machines(Ws)=

Stray loss of each machine:Ws/2=

Power Input to the motor:

Armature copper loss of Motor=

Field copper loss of Motor=

Total loss of Motor=

Power out put of Motor=Power Input-Total loss=

Efficiency of Motor=Power output/Power Input

Power output of the Generator: