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Cranial Nerves
12 pairs connected to brain
Four Classifications of Cranial Nerves
Sensory nerves: carry somatic sensory information, including touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain
Special sensory nerves: carry sensations such as smell, sight, hearing, balance
Motor nerves: axons of somatic motor neurons
Mixed nerves: mixture of motor and sensory fibers
Cranial nerves are classified by primary functions
The 12 cranial nerve groups are identified by
Primary function
Origin
Pathway
Destination
Olfactory Nerves (I)
Primary function
Special sensory (smell)
Olfactory Nerve Structures
Olfactory bulbs
Located on either side of crista galli
Olfactory tracts
Axons of postsynaptic neurons leading to
cerebrum
Optic Nerves (II)
Primary function
Special sensory (vision)
Optic Nerve Structures
Optic chiasm
Where sensory fibers converge and cross to
opposite side of brain
Optic tracts
Reorganized axons
Oculomotor Nerves (III)
Primary function
Motor (eye movements)
Controls four of six eye‐movement muscles
Delivers autonomic fibers to ciliary ganglion:
Controls intrinsic muscles of iris and lens
The Trochlear Nerves (IV)
Primary function
Motor (eye movements)
The Abducens Nerves (VI)
Primary function
Motor (eye movements)
The Trigeminal Nerves (V)
Primary function
Mixed (sensory and motor) to face
Trigeminal Nerve Structures
Largest cranial nerves
With three major branches
Semilunar ganglion
Contains cell bodies of sensory
neurons
The Facial Nerves (VII)
Primary function
Mixed (sensory and motor) to face
Facial nerve branches
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical branches
The Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII)
Primary function
Special sensory
Vestibular branch ‐ Balance and Equilibrium
Cochlear branch ‐ Hearing
The Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX)
Primary function
Mixed (sensory and motor) to head and neck
Swallowing
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Structures
Superior and inferior ganglion
Sensory neurons of tongue and pharynx
Otic ganglion
Synapse visceral motor fibers
The Vagus Nerves (X)
Primary function
Mixed (sensory and motor)
Widely distributed in thorax and abdomen
Vagus Nerve Structures
Vagus nerves branch and radiate extensively
Superior (jugular) ganglion and inferior (nodose)
ganglion hold sensory neurons
The Accessory Nerves (XI)
Primary function
Motor to muscles of neck and upper back
Accessory Nerve Structures
Spinal root
Motor fibers that originate in anterior gray
horns of first five cervical segments of spinal
cord
Cranial root
Motor fibers that originate in medulla
oblongata
Internal branch
Joins the vagus nerve
External branch
Controls muscles of neck and back
The Hypoglossal Nerves (XII)
Primary function
Motor (tongue movements)
Cranial Reflexes
Monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arcs
Involve sensory and motor fibers of cranial nerves
Clinically useful to check cranial nerve or brain damage