RAC INTRODUCTION

Shared Storage
Box
INSTANCE
1 (SAN and NAS)
INST2 Database files
Or Or are
stored(DATABA
NODE1 Node2 SE)

Client s

Definition:

A group of individual systems connected that an acting as

logically one system is called clustering

In this RAC environment we must require mini two nodes having

individual instances and accessing common data from shared
storage box

Advantage:

1. High data availability <we can add more storage device as

shown above>

2. Zero down time <always servers are up and running>

3. Load balancing <distributing the load among the nodes>

UNDERSTANDING ABOUT SHARED STORAGE DEVICE:

This shared storage device contains data which can be accessed

by multiple nodes in RAC environment. This storage box can be in
the SAN environment or NAS.

SAN- storage area network NAS-network attached storage

SAN: In this environment …..This storage box accessed via the

SAN switch through the optical fiber cables

This optical fiber cables can transfer the data among the nodes
up to 32 GB

NAS: It can be accessed in the network by using hub or normal

switch through fire wired cables or catch5 cables<ordinary>

UNDERSTANDING ABOUT RAC ARCHITECTURE:

In RAC env, we require two nodes with two network adapters each
network adapter assign with ip addresses.

Note: public ip addresses are use full to make the connectivity

between the clients and nodes through public switch.

Private ip addresses must be assign to make the connection

between the storage box and nodes through the private switch.

C1-clients
C1 C2 C3
Public ip address
Node1:192.168.1.101
Public
NICcard sswitc Node2:192.168.1.102
h through public switch

Private Ip
Node Private Node address
switch 2
1 Node1:192.168.2.101

Node2:192.168.2.102
through private switch

NIC-Network Interface
 San box it
contains

Database files
and ocr &voting
What is difference between stand alone database and RAC
files
data base:

STAND ALONE DATA BASE: (only one instance)

• Only one instance with set background processes

• Require minimum two redo log groups with at least one

redologfile in each group

• It also requires at least one undo table space

• It does not support high availability, high scalability and

load balancing

Note: scalability means we can add a node or delete a node

without disturbing another node to expand the network.

RAC database:

• Require mini two nodes

• Each node contains own SGA & PGA and set of background
processes

Note: apart from the normal background processes …every node

contains the following additional background processes.

LMON, LMSN, LOCK, DIAG and LMD.

• Mini two redo log groups for each instances

• It supports high scalability, high data availability, high

performance and load balancing.
Another concept is buffering the data between the two instances
for user requirements………for that oracle corporation uses oracle
cache fusion

Oracle cache fusion

• It is building soft with all RAC versions from 9i

• It is use full to synchronize the buffers from one

instance to another instance this process is called
buffer synchronization

• Using this high data availability is possible

• It also improves the database performance while

accessing the records from the buffers

CONCURRENCY, CONSISTENCY, COHERENCY:

CONCURENCY: Means that modifying the data is available in all

the nodes at any time by using this process we can achieve high
availability

CONSISTENCY: it is also similar to concurrency

But consistency means each instance must be synchronized

dynamically from other nodes in RAC environment to provide the
ZERO DOWN TIME

COHERENCY:

It is process to monitor consistence of data in all the nodes in

RAC environment

RAC BACKGROUND PROCESSES:

Every instance contains its own background processes and RAC

has extra Background processes they are LMON, LMSN, LOCK,
DIAG, and LMD.

LMON: global enque service monitor

This is useful to monitor the connectivity between the two nodes
and monitoring other background processes activities.

LMSN: global cache service processes

This is useful to identify the modified blocks in the GRD buffer

Grd-global resource directory

LOCK:

This is useful to keep the lock on update transactions till

transaction is completed

DIAG:

Diagnostic base background processes is useful to generate log

and trace files to monitor the database activities

LMD: global enque service Daemon

This is useful to monitor the all the cluster database activities

between the nodes

RAC supports load balancing

LOADBALANCING: whenever no of user requests are coming to

the nodes, at that time some of the userrequeats goes to one
node, other request goes to other node and user request will be
distributed among the nodes in RAC env is called load balancing.

RAC COMPONENTS:
GLOBAL CACHE SERVICE:

Is useful to identify the modified data blocks in the buffer

GLOBAL ENQUE SERVICE:

Is useful to apply logs on the modified data blocks with help of

lock processes till transaction is not completed
GLOBAL RESOURCE DIRECTORY<GRD>:
Every instance contains virtual global resource directory which is
useful to hold the modified blocks information