A

Seminar Report
on

Wireless Irrigation System

By
Mr. Chapole Atul Bapurao

Mr. Gaikwad Akshay Balasaheb

Mr. Ganyarpawar Vinit Vilasrao

Under the guidance of

Prof. G.R.Patil
HOD (E&TC)
 In partial fulfillment of
BE (E&TC)
Degree of University of Pune

[2010-2011]
Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
JSPM’S
Rajarshi Shahu college of engineering
Pune-411033
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar Report entitled

Wireless Irrigation System

By
Mr. Chapole Atul Bapurao [B3373018]

Mr.Gaikwad Akshay Balasaheb [B3373032]

Mr. Ganyarpawar Vinit Vilasrao [B3373033]

is record of bonafide work carried out by them, in Department of Electronics &
Telecommunication Engineering, under my guidance in partial fulfillment for award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering of University of
Pune.

Prof. G.R.Patil
HOD (E&TC)
 (Project guide)

Prof. G.R.Patil Prof. Dr. D.S.Bormane

. HOD (E&TC) Principal
 JSPM’S
Rajarshi shahu college of engineering
Pune-411033
Acknowledgement
 We take this opportunity to thank the teachers and senior authorities whose constant
encouragement made it possible for us to take up a challenge of doing this project. We express
our deepest thanks to our head of dept. Prof.G.R.Patil for allowing us to use the college
resources and constant encouragement for this project.

We are grateful to Prof.G.R.Patil for his technical support, valuable guidance,

encouragement and consistent help without which it would have been difficult to work on this
project. He has been a constant source of inspiration to us. We consider ourselves fortunate to
come across such an eminent personality.

We are very grateful Prof.R.R.Itkarkar for her constant enthusiasm and encouragement
for our project.

Last but not least we are thankful to entire staff of Electronics and Telecommunication
Dept. for providing time to time help and their guidance.
Yours sincerely

Chapole Atul

Gaikwad Akshay
Ganyarpawar Vinit
Contents
1. Abstract

2. Chapter 1
Introduction

3. Chapter 2
Literature survey
 4. Chapter 3
Methodology (block diagram representation)

5. Chapter 4
Design and implementation

6. Chapter 5
Future scope
7. Bibliography

8. Datasheets
Abstract:-
 A wireless sensor network (WSN) consist of spatially
distributed autonomous sensor to cooperatively monitor physical or
environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure,
motion or pollutant. The development of wireless sensor networks was
motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. They are
now used in many industrial and civilian application areas including industrial
process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring environment and
habitat monitoring, home automation and traffic control.
 Wireless sensor network is a kind of self organization wireless
network which taking the data as center. According to the fact of rural
district and characteristic of wireless sensor, a feasible wireless sensor
network system used in farmland area was designed, which solved the
practical application problems of network structure, such as node
localization, route search and energy supervision.
There have not been any significant technological advancements
being made in agricultural sector as compared to other sectors. Irrigation
system needs to be monitored on a regular basis. The first aim of the project
is to reduce the wastage by automating the entire irrigation system.
The water or moisture sensor is placed in the field which
continuously senses the moisture content in the field. The output of the
sensor is transmitted wirelessly using a wireless module. Another wireless
module at the receiving end receives these transmitted signals and gives it
as an input to the main micro-controller which is the control unit, then the
microcontroller performs the motoring action.
 Generally, crop in a greenhouse environment is extremely
sensitive and responds negatively to even the slightest of climatic changes.
As such, an automated system of irrigation is ideal. Deployed effectively,
intelligent wireless sensors can efficiently control the environment and
irrigate as necessary. Smart wireless sensors provide an avenue to
dynamically control the environment with little or no human intervention.
In this project, we introduce a wireless networked sensor system,
which intends to make crop irrigation efficient and labor un-intensive. It
effectively monitors the temperature, humidity, and soil moisture of a certain
crop and its surroundings. If desired, sensors can monitor every plant in the
greenhouse far more rapidly than traditional techniques, namely, human
labor. In addition, each sensor can be calibrated to the specifications of a
certain crop making the system universally useful. Such a system promotes
highly accurate inventories, simple species location, and the elimination of
pot bar codes.
More specifically, this project provides a portable autonomous
irrigation system. In fact, this system consistently out-performed regular
greenhouse plant life. It perhaps becomes most beneficial when there is a
shortage of water or chemical fertilizer as this system relies upon a more
efficient model than the traditional professional and decreases fertilizer use.

CHAPTER 1
 INTRODUCTION
There have not been any significant technological advancements being
made in agricultural sector as compared to other sectors. Irrigation system
needs to be monitored on a regular basis. The aim of this project is to reduce
the wastage of water by automating the entire irrigation system. Efficient
water management is the major concern in many cropping systems. Sensor
based irrigation system offers a potential solution to support site-specific
irrigation management that helps in water saving.
Field environmental conditions such as temperature, PH, humidity, etc. are
checked and according to that water supply to the crops are controlled. In
this project we are controlling sprinklers according to humidity conditions of
field.

Information about the humidity conditions and sprinkler situation will be sent
to mobile of user using GSM network.

An irrigation system for controlling a no. of control valves is disclosed. The

valves control flow of water in a corresponding branch pipe leading from a
common supply pipe. The system uses wireless transmission of control
signals to operate the corresponding valve.

Agricultural systems are susceptible to dynamic environmental changes

which need to be carefully monitored to insure the health
of the crop. In general, crops require sunlight, nutrient rich soil and water
for survival, all of which can be controlled within a greenhouse. However,
fine-grain control of environmental factors in a modern greenhouse requires
both physical labor and expensive monitoring systems. For example, a
grower in a medium size greenhouse (about 5 acres) can spend between 4-
10 hours irrigating crops every day, even with the assistance from an
automated system.
In current greenhouse applications human interaction is necessary to setup
the irrigation system and may be required to initiate the irrigation cycle each
time. The aim of this project is to present an irrigation system which reduces
human interaction significantly. Intelligent sensors can be programmed to
monitor the environment and irrigate crops when needed. This automated
irrigation is ideal for a greenhouse application. By introducing smart wireless
sensors into a greenhouse environment, the growth of the plants can be
controlled with very little human intervention. This project is a portable
autonomous irrigation system that has the ability to monitor a minimal set of
environmental elements and irrigate a group of plants depending on
environmental conditions. This project has two main benefits: it reduces the
amount of water given to the crop and reduces, labor costs required to
irrigate crops, thereby reducing a large cost factor in the production of most
plants. This project allows the system to more accurately control crop
irrigation eliminating under- and over-watering. This method of continuously
limiting the quantity of water available to the plant is very effective under
climatic conditions that foster slow drying. Watering in this manner
effectively regulates growth rates but requires intensive grower
management in modern systems. It can eliminate this expense since it
manages the irrigation autonomously.
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
Benjamin Beckmann et al. [1] explained

Generally, crop in a greenhouse environment is extremely

sensitive and responds negatively to even the slightest of climatic changes.
As such, an automated system of irrigation is ideal. Deployed effectively,
intelligent wireless sensors can efficiently control the environment and
irrigate as necessary. Smart wireless sensors provide an avenue to
dynamically control the environment with little or no human intervention.
 In this paper, we introduce a wireless networked sensor system,
PANSY, which intends to make crop irrigation efficient and labor un-intensive.
PANSY effectively monitors the temperature, humidity, and soil moisture of a
certain crop and its surroundings. If desired, sensors can monitor every plant
in the greenhouse far more rapidly than traditional techniques, namely,
human labor. In addition, each sensor can be calibrated to the specifications
of a certain crop making the system universally useful. Such a system
promotes highly accurate inventories, simple species location, and the
elimination of pot bar codes.
Tao chi et al. [2] explained

In recent years, the modern large-scale greenhouse has been

widely used in the precision agriculture. The large-scale greenhouse always
occupies several hundred square meters and must be adapt to different
plant species in different seasons. Greenhouse reusability requires that the
sensor location often needs to be moved and a traditional wire layout will
cost a great deal of time and energy in order to resolve the changeable
wiring problems. The paper introduces a kind of new wireless sensor
network, which depends on the closely distributed sensor nodes to collect
the environmental information and then sends the information to clustering
nodes by wireless data link. Wireless sensor network is a kind of self-
organization wireless network which taking the data as center. The node in
network is intensive, huge quantity and covering a large area, the energy
efficiency is one of the most decisive factors of designing node. The new
technology aims to reduce the cost and effort of the integrated wiring and to
enhance the flexibility and mobility of the surveillance point set.

Andy Norby et al. [3] explained

Irrigation, or artificial watering of land to sustain plant growth, is

an integral part of farming in all areas of the world. Irrigation systems have
been used supply water in all where rainfall does not provide enough water
for adequate ground moisture. In some areas irrigation is used continually to
maintain crops, while it may be used as needed in other areas to sustain
crops. Irrigation has greatly expanded farming to lands that prior could not
support farming, thus increasing food supply throughout the world.

PRANAVAMOORTHY B. et al. [4] explained

There have not been any significant technological

advancements being made in agricultural sector as compared to other
sectors. Irrigation system needs to be monitored on a regular basis. The first
aim of the project is to reduce the wastage by automating the entire
irrigation system. The three-phase supply system in now available
worldwide, except perhaps in some rural areas where only a single phase
supply is available. The second aim of our project is to tackle this issue,
thereby enabling the operation of these pumps even in the absence of three
phase supply.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY [BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION]
 CHAPTER 4

DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION

1. PIC

The PIC18F4520 Microcontroller includes 2 Mb of program memory, self

programming, 32kb of internal flash Program Memory, together with a
large RAM area and an internal 256 bytes of EEPROM, 2 additional timers,
2 capture/compare/PWM functions, the synchronous serial port can be
configured as either 3-wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) or the 3-wire
Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C) bus and a Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter (USART). A 13-channel 10-bit A/D convertor is also included
within the microcontroller, making it ideal for real-time systems and
monitoring applications. All port connectors are brought out to standard
headers for easy connect and disconnect. In-Circuit program download is
also provided, enabling the board to be easily updated with new code and
modified as required, without the need to remove the microcontroller.

All the necessary support components are included, together with a

Power and Programming LED for easy status indication. Plus a reset
switch for program execution and a RS232 connection for data transfer to
and from a standard RS232 port, available on most computers.
The new PIC18F4520 Controller is the ideal solution for use as a standard
controller in many applications. The small compact size combined with
easy program updates and modifications make it ideal for use in
machinery and control systems, such as alarms, card readers, real-time
monitoring applications and much more. This board is ideal as the brains
of your robot or at the center of your home-monitoring system). All of
these features make it ideal for more advanced level A/D applications in
automotive, industrial, appliances and consumer applications.
2. ULN 2803:

A ULN2803 is an Integrated Circuit (IC) chip with a High Voltage/High Current

Darlington Transistor Array. It allows you to interface TTL signals with higher
voltage/current loads. In English, the chip takes low level signals (TLL, CMOS, PMOS,
NMOS - which operate at low voltages and low currents) and acts as a relay of sorts
itself, switching on or off a higher level signal on the opposite side.

A TTL signal operates from 0-5V, with everything between 0.0 and 0.8V considered
"low" or off, and 2.2 to 5.0V being considered "high" or on. The maximum power
available on a TTL signal depends on the type, but generally does not exceed 25mW
(~5mA @ 5V), so it is not useful for providing power to something like a relay coil.
Computers and other electronic devices frequently generate TTL signals. On the
output side the ULN2803 is generally rated at 50V/500mA, so if can operate small
loads directly. Alternatively, it is frequently used to power the coil of one or more
relays, which in turn allow even higher voltages/currents to be controlled by the low
level signal. In electrical terms, the ULN2803 uses the low level (TTL) signal to
switch on/turn off the higher voltage/current signal on the output side.
The ULN2803 comes in an 18-pin IC configuration and includes eight (8) transistors.
Pins 1-8 receive the low level signals, pin 9 is grounded (for the low level signal
reference). Pin 10 is the common on the high side and would generally be
connected to the positive of the voltage you are applying to the relay coil. Pins 11-
18 are the outputs (Pin 1 drives Pin 18, Pin 2 drives 17, etc.).
3. LCD:

LCD’s can add a lot to your application in terms of providing a useful interface for
the user, debugging an application or just providing it a ”professional” look.
Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is connected
to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain output. While most
Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there are a few which don't. Therefore by
incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is more portable for a wider
range of computers, some of which may have no internal pull up resistors. We make no effort to
place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard wire the R/W line of the LCD panel,
into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the data lines. As a result we cannot read
back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which tells us if the LCD has accepted and finished
processing the last instruction. This problem is overcome by inserting known delays into our
program. The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here. As
with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. You can use a bench power supply set to 5v
or use a onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-coupling capacitors, especially if you have
trouble with the circuit working properly.
4. The MAX232:

The MAX232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one package contains the
necessary drivers (two) and receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage
levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and
generates the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. -10V and +10V) internally.
This greatly simplified the design of circuitry. Circuitry designers no longer need to
design and build a power supply with three voltages (e.g. -12V, +5V, and +12V),
but could just provide one +5V power supply, e.g. with the help of a simple 78x05
voltage converter.

The MAX232 has a successor, the MAX232A. The ICs are almost identical, however, the
MAX232A is much more often used (and easier to get) than the original MAX232, and the
MAX232A only needs external capacitors 1/10th the capacity of what the original MAX232
needs.

It should be noted that the MAX232(A) is just a driver/receiver. It does not generate the
necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and spaces with the right timing, it does not decode the RS-
232 signal, it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. All it does is to convert signal voltage
levels. Generating serial data with the right timing and decoding serial data has to be done by
additional circuitry, e.g. by a 16550 UART or one of these small micro controllers (e.g. Atmel
AVR, Microchip PIC) getting more and more popular.

The MAX232 and MAX232A were once rather expensive ICs, but today they are cheap. It has
also helped that many companies now produce clones (ie. Sipex). These clones sometimes need
different external circuitry, e.g. the capacities of the external capacitors vary. It is recommended
to check the data sheet of the particular manufacturer of an IC instead of relying on Maxim's
original data sheet.

The original manufacturer (and now some clone manufacturers, too) offers a large series of
similar ICs, with different numbers of receivers and drivers, voltages, built-in or external
capacitors, etc. E.g. The MAX232 and MAX232A need external capacitors for the internal
voltage pump, while the MAX233 has these capacitors built-in. The MAX233 is also between
three and ten times more expensive in electronic shops than the MAX232A because of its
internal capacitors. It is also more difficult to get the MAX233 than the garden variety
MAX232A.

A similar IC, the MAX3232 is nowadays available for low-power 3V logic.

MAX232 DIP Package

 +---v---+
C1+ -|1 16|- Vcc
V+ -|2 15|- GND
C1- -|3 14|- T1out
C2+ -|4 13|- R1in
C2- -|5 12|- R1out
V- -|6 11|- T1in
T2out -|7 10|- T2in
R2in -|8 9|- R2out
+-------+
5. SENSORS USED:

A.TEMPERATURE SENSOR- LM 35:

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output
voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35
thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the
user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain
convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration
or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at room temperature and ±¾°C
over a full -55 to +150°C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and
calibration at the wafer level. The LM35's low output impedance, linear output, and
precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry
especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus
supplies. As it draws only 60 µA from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less
than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55° to +150°C
temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a -40° to +110°C range (-10° with
improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46
transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the
plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface
mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

B.HUMIDITY SENSOR: SY-HS220

It consists of two parallel plates and a heater coil. These two parallel plates act as a
capacitor with a cloth as a dielectric medium. When the humidity of air increases
the cloth senses the water in the air and results into change in capacitance.

C.SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR-METAL ELECTRODES:

The electrodes used for moisture detection are made up of two metal plates, when
the soil is dry the two plates are isolated from each other, and water is provided.
When water is present in the soil, as we know water is a good conductor the circuit
will be completed and water pumping will be stopped.

FEATURES AND SPECIFICATIONS OF EACH BLOCK:

PIC:-

• High-current sink/source 25 mA/25 mA

• Three programmable external interrupts
• Four input change interrupts
• Up to 2 Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) modules, one with Auto-Shutdown
(28-pin devices)
• Enhanced Capture/Compare/PWM (ECCP) module (40/44-pin devices only):
- One, two or four PWM outputs
- Selectable polarity
- Programmable dead time
- Auto-Shutdown and Auto-Restart
• Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) module supporting 3-wire SPI™ (all
4 modes) and I2C™
Master and Slave Modes
• Enhanced Addressable USART module:
- Supports RS-485, RS-232 and LIN 1.2
- RS-232 operation using internal oscillator block (no external crystal
required)
- Auto-Wake-up on Start bit
- Auto-Baud Detect
• 10-bit, up to 13-channel Analog-to-Digital
Converter module (A/D):
- Auto-acquisition capability
- Conversion available during Sleep
• Dual analog comparators with input multiplexing
• 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical
• 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical
• Flash/Data EEPROM Retention: 100 years typical
• Self-programmable under software control
• Priority levels for interrupts
• 8 x 8Single-Cycle Hardware Multiplier
• Extended Watchdog Timer (WDT):
- Programmable period from 4 ms to 131s
• Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial
Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins
• In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins
• Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V
• Programmable 16-level High/Low-Voltage

LM 35:
1. Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)
2. Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor
3. 0.5°C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25°C)
4. Rated for full -55° to +150°C range
5. Suitable for remote applications
6. Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
 7. Operates from 4 to 30 volts
8. Less than 60 µA current drain
9. Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air

SY-HS-220:
1. Rated voltage: DC 5V
2. Rated power: <=3mA
3. operating temperature:0-60 C
4. Operating humidity:30-90%RH
5. Standard output :DC 1,980mV (at 25 C,60% RH)
6. accuracy: 5%RH(at 25 C,60% RH)
ULN2803:

1. 1 x ULN2803 high voltage / high current transistor array

2. Indication LEDs for channel status
3. Screw terminal blocks for outputs
4. Easy connection by 10-way box header to suit standard IDC connector
for connection to the I/O port
5. 72mm standard width for DIN rail module.

POWER SUPPLY DESIGN:-

FOR 5V POWER SUPPLY

Vdc=1.44 Vrms

9.4=1.44 Vrms

Vrms=6.527~7V
For 200V we get 7 V,so for 250=?

200/250=7/x

x=9V

Vdc=9*1.44=11.6V

Filtering capacitor:
C=2.4* I (in mA) …in micro farad

I=1000mA

C=2400 micro farad

FOR 12V POWER SUPPLY
Vdc=1.44 Vrms

16.4=1.44 Vrms

Vrms=11.71~12V

For 200V we get 12 V,so for 250=?

200/250=12/x

x=15V

Vdc=15*1.44=23.04V

Filtering capacitor:

C=2.4* I (in mA) …in micro farad

I=1000mA

C=2400 micro farad

 CHAPTER 5

FUTURESCOPE:-

• We can measure the soil parameters like pH and different elements

present in soil and supply fertilizers accordingly.
• We can store all the recorded data by connecting our system to the
computer.
• We can try to implement the provision for regulating air humidity.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
REFERENCES:-

[1] “PANSY: a Portable Autonomous Irrigation System” by Benjamin

Beckmann and Ajay Gupta Wireless Sensornet(WiSe) Laboratory Department
of Computer Science Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan,
49008-5466, USA

[2]” Implementation and Study of a Greenhouse Environment

Surveillance System
Based on Wireless Sensor Network” by Tao Chi1, 2, Ming Chen2, Qiang Gao2
1. College of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
2. College of Information Technology, Shanghai Fisheries University,
Shanghai, China.

[3] “Wireless Irrigation Pump Safety System (WIPSS)” by Andy Norby,

Doug Butler, Nick Butts
 [4] “WIRELESS CONTROL OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM OPERATING FROM 3ø
INDUCTION MOTOR FED BY 1ø SUPPLY” by N. SANDEEP and
PRANAVAMOORTHY B., MEENAKSHI SUNDARARAJAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
CHENNAI.
WEBSITIES:-

1. www.electronicsforu.com
2. www.electro-tech-online.com
3. www.datasheetdirect.com
4. www.datasheetlocator.com
5. www.microchip.com
6. www.discovercircuits.com
7. www.electronicdesign.com