Introduction

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General overview of Power Systems in Suriname and geographical representation

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Installed Capacity in Suriname

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Area of Interest during this presentation

District Nw. Nickerie

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Installed and Available Capacity at Clara Power Plant

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Characteristics of the Clara Power Plant and Electrical Network in Nickerie

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Forecast of Peal Load with 6 % for the Nickerie Grid

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What should be done and which studies are required for Interconnection of Wind
Farms to the ENIC Power System

Which Influences can be expected when the wind turbines are connected to the ENIC
System

On which issues should be considered and studied beforehand

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In order to analyze wind generation compatibility in
power systems four factors may be taken in account beforehand:

· Electrical power system characteristics

· Wind turbine technology
· Grid connection requirements
· Simulation tools

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Possible Sitting Location for Wind Turbines

In fact Wind Speed measurements should justify the sitting location of wind turbines

However, the optimal interconnection point to the utility grid should be investigated
based on power flow studies and short circuit analysis. This will reveal the most
appropriate sitting location/positioning of the wind turbines.

By pursuing such a wind farm location study the effect of the location of the wind
turbines on the voltage profile and grid losses at different nodes in the network can
be examined.

Similar studies should be carried out in Nickerie

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The characteristic of the power system, where the wind generation is connected to,
influences highly the impact on system power quality. System voltage, short circuit
power, line impedances are some of the most important characteristics that limit the
network capability to admit wind power generation. For detailed analysis of impact of
wind power, knowledge of the electrical power system is absolutely necessary.

Usually, wind power generation is located in regions that have favorable wind
conditions, low urbanization and a weakly developed distribution and transport
power network.

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In order to evaluate the impact of a wind generation to its connected power system
network, grid connection requirements and limits for power quality impact are
established. The objective is to fix limits in which an operation of wind generation is
considered safe for system operators. If these limits are exceeded, it means that in
some circumstances the power system can become instable and other connection
strategies should considered.

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MPACTS IN THE SYSTEM: LOCAL AND SYSTEM-WIDE
Locally, wind power plants interact with the grid voltage, just like any other power station. In this context, steady state voltage
deviations, power quality and voltage control at or near wind farm sites must all be taken into consideration. Wind power can
provide voltage control and active power (frequency) control. Wind power plants can also reduce transmission and distribution
losses when applied as embedded generation.
On the system-wide scale, there are other aspects to consider.

Wind power plants affect voltage levels and power flows in the networks. These effects can be beneficial to the system,
especially when wind power plants are located near load centres, and certainly at low penetration levels. For example, wind
power plants can support the voltage in the system during fault (low voltage) situations. Also, wind plants that have a reactive
power control system installed at the end of long radial lines benefit the system, since they support the voltage in (normally)
low voltage quality parts of the grid.
Wind power may need additional upgrades in transmission and distribution grid infrastructure, as is the case when any power
plant is connected to a grid. In order to connect remote high resource sites, such as offshore or very large wind plants in remote
areas, to the load centres, new lines need to be constructed (just as new build pipelines had to be built for oil and gas). In order
to maximise the smoothing effects of geographically distributed wind, and to increase the level of firm power, additional cross-
border transmission is necessary to reduce the challenges of managing a system with high levels of wind power.
Wind power requires measures for regulating control, just as any other generation technology and, depending on the
penetration level and local network characteristics, it affects the efficiency of other generators in the system (and vice versa).
In the absence of sufficient intelligent and well managed power exchange between regions or countries, a combination of (non-
manageable) system demands and production may result in situations where wind generation has to be constrained.
Finally wind power plays a role in maintaining system stability and contributes to the system adequacy and security of supply.
A graphical overview of the various impacts of wind power in the power system is given in this slide. It shows the local and
system wide impacts, as well as the short- and long-term impacts, for the various affected aspects of the power system, which
include grid infrastructure, system reserves and system adequacy.

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Once operations limits have been defined, the impact has to be analyzed by suitable
simulation tools. The most complex task in this step is accurate modeling of the wind
farm.

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Depending on the purpose of the analysis to be done, the required level of detail in the representation of the components of
the system will vary, specific simulation software, models, and simplifications are necessary in order to obtain valid and
accurate simulation results.

The first step is to state the problem and to define a set of parameters to be analyzed given the grid connection requirements.
After that, the simulation tool, suitable to analyze the stated problem and to give the requested results must be chosen. After
choosing the convenient simulation software, modeling of the wind turbine and power grid components should be carried out.

Wind farms consist of many relatively small generation units. Two different models could be applied to the wind farm modeling:
Separated modeling of all small generation units or aggregation of these many generators to one representative wind farm
model. Wind turbines use two different models: static models
and dynamic models.

Static models are needed to analyze all types of steady state analysis. Usually, these models are simple and easy to create.

Dynamic models are needed for various types of analysis related to system dynamics, control analysis, optimization etc.

Table II compares model and analysis type.

To analyze variable speed wind turbines, the following points should be considered:
· Power electronic converters and controls may be aggregated along with the generators electrical part.
· Generator inertia, aerodynamics and pitch controllers should be modeled individually.

Many of the commercial tools already contain generic wind turbine models, which are sufficiently accurate generic models for
general studies focusing on wind farms.

As always with modeling and simulation, results should be verified by available data and measurements.

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Fault ride through. If the grid voltage at the connection point of the wind farm drops,
disconnection must occur after 3 seconds minimum and after 5 seconds maximum. A
voltage dip of a deep of 15% during 600 ms and 60% during 3 s must not lead to
instability of the wind farm.

The figure in this slide shows the borderline of the system voltage explaining the
voltage dip ride through capability. Above the borderline, the wind park must stay
connected and below this line the disconnection of the wind park is
permitted.

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