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HAL FOSTER
Magical Bishop
In the performance Ball is part shaman, part priest, but he is also a child once
again entranced by ritual magic: less pope and blasphemer in one, then, than
exorcist and possessed. Such pandemonium (literally: “abode of all demons;
place of lawless violence or uproar; utter confusion”) is one aim of the Dadaists.
1. Hugo Ball, Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary (1927), trans. Ann Raimes (New York: Viking
Press, 1974).
Yet in this instance it proves too much for Ball: soon after his blackout he with-
draws from Dada, eventually to return to the Church. “I could never bid chaos
welcome.”
“Is Dadaism as sign and gesture the opposite of Bolshevism?” Ball asks in his
diary on June 7, 1917. “Strange incidents: when we had the Cabaret Voltaire in
Zurich at Spiegelgasse 1, there lived at Spiegelgasse 6, opposite us, if I am not
mistaken, Mr. Ulyanov-Lenin.” A year and a half later in Bern, Ball meets Walter
Benjamin, whom he introduces to Ernst Bloch, newly author of The Spirit of Utopia
(1918). Benjamin is very impressed by Bloch; at this point his scales of history still
tilt in favor of hope. Several years later, at the end of “One-Way Street” (1923–26),
a textual montage that works to relay, through imagistic vignettes and abrupt cuts,
the shock experiences of industrial war and mediated metropolis, Benjamin
writes: “In the nights of annihilation of the last war, the frame of mankind was
shaken by a feeling that resembled the bliss of the epileptic. And the revolts that
followed it were the first attempt of mankind to bring the new boy under its
control. The power of the proletariat is the measure of its convalescence.”2 But
“mankind” doesn’t get well: the proletariat is soon contained in Germany and
disciplined in the Soviet Union, as its “shaking” is brought under different—
dictatorial—control. Perhaps this suppression is one reason why the Dadaist
miming of “the bliss of the epileptic,” first enacted by Ball in his performance, will
recur—intermittently, variously, compulsively—for decades to come.
If not the opposite of Bolshevism, Dada does propose a “new man” very
different from that of avant-garde artists in revolutionary Russia. The Dadaist
“bachelor machine” figures a reification that proceeds from capitalist industry to
the individual; the Constructivist “engineer” personifies a rationalization that
runs from the individual to communist society at large. “On the one hand a tottering
world in flight, betrothed to the glockenspiel [chimes] of hell,” Tristan Tzara writes
in “Dada Manifesto 1918”; “on the other hand: new men.” Here Tzara seems to
gloss another Dadaist account of “Der neue Mensch” by Richard Huelsenbeck
published in Neue Jugend on May 23, 1917, nearly a year after the Ball performance,
an account in which the tottering and the new are one:
The new man stretches wide the wings of his soul, he orients his inner ear
toward things to come, his knees find an altar before which to bend. He
carries pandemonium within himself, the pandemonium naturae ignotae,
2. Walter Benjamin, Selected Writings: Volume I, 1913–1926, ed. Michael Jennings et al. (Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 487.
Dada Mime 169
for or against which no one can do anything. His neck is twisted and
stiff; he gazes upward, staggering toward redemption like some fakir or
stylite; a wretched martyr of all centuries, anointed and sainted, he
begs to be crushed, one day to be consumed in the burning heart,
racked and consumed—the new man, exalted, erring, ecstatic, born of
ecstasy. Ahoy, ahoy, huzza, hosanna, whips, wars of the eons, and yet
human, the new man rises from all ashes, cured of all toxins, and
fantastic worlds, saturated, stuffed full to the point of disgust with the
experience of all outcasts, the dehumanized beings of Europe, the
Africans, the Polynesians, all kinds, feces smeared with devilish ingredi-
ents, the sated of all genders: Ecce homo novus, here is the new man.3
Perhaps this is what the Angelus Novus, pictured by Benjamin in 1940 as hurled by
the winds of history, looked like in 1917, when the high spirits prompted by political
upheaval were not yet exhausted, when epileptic bliss had not yet hardened into
political catatonia: a portrait of the Angelus Novus as Magical Bishop.
A Gladiator’s Gesture
3. Richard Huelsenbeck, Memoirs of a Dada Drummer, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (New York:
Viking Press, 1969), p. xxxi.
4. Roger Caillois, “Mimicry and Legendary Psychasthenia” (1937), October 31 (Winter 1984), p. 30.
For another account of traumatic mimesis in Dada, see Brigid Doherty, “The Trauma of Dada Collage,”
Critical Inquiry 24, no. 1 (Fall 1997). Also see Michael Taussig, The Nervous System (New York: Routledge,
1992), pp. 149–59.
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move in a tragic-absurd dance. . . . The horror of our time, the paralyzing back-
ground of events, is made visible” (May 24, 1916).
Scham-man
If Ball presents the Dadaist as Shaman in Zurich in 1916–17, Max Ernst figures
the Dadaist as Scham-man in Cologne in 1919–20. To accompany his notorious
“Dada—Early Spring” show in April 1920, Ernst publishes a little journal titled Die
Schammade. The title is one of the slipperiest of his many neologisms. Hans
Richter, the veteran of Zurich Dada, hears both Schamane (shaman) and Scharade
6. “For him there was no course other than to be a penitent,” writes his wife Emmy Hennings in
her 1946 Preface to Flight Out of Time (p. lvi). But such is his doubleness that she also compares Ball to
the Grand Inquisitor.
7. Kaja Silverman, “Masochism and Male Subjectivity,” Camera Obscura 17 (May 1988), p. 51. Her
argument is elaborated in Male Subjectivity at the Margins (New York: Routledge, 1992). On masochism
in Francis Picabia see George Baker, Lost Objects (New York: Columbia University dissertation, 2000).
8. See Gilles Deleuze, “Coldness and Cruelty,” in Masochism, trans. Jean McNeil (New York: Zone
Books, 1989).
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Ernst stages phallic crises in many of his Dadaist collages and assemblages,
most of which are made of discarded things (old printer plates and catalog pages
in the collages, wooden odds and ends in the assemblages). With titles like
Hypertrophic Trophy and Phallustrade, these rickety figures mock any pretense of
phallic autonomy, let alone any fantasy of modernist autogenesis. Exhibited in the
“Dada—Early Spring” show, Phallustrade (now lost) was made up mostly of doll
parts, apparently along the lines of the four unsteady stacks of semianimate hats
in the famous collage The Hat Makes the Man (1920). “Phallustrade” is another
provocative neologism: a contraction of “phallus” and “balustrade,” it is later used
by Ernst to model his conception of collage as “the unexpected meeting of two or
more heterogeneous elements.”11 Might this be how he remembers his Dadaist
works—as a parade of penile stick figures, of phallic imposters?
Consider The Hat Makes the Man: the “men” here are both mechanical (they
resemble four pistons) and commodified (they are nothing but hats). A quasi-
schizophrenic inscription on the collage reads: “seed-covered stacked-up man
seedless water-former well-fitting nervous system also tightly-fitted nerves” (in
German) and “the hat makes the man, style is the tailor” (in French). Perhaps Ernst
pictures the crazy evolution of a new kind of man, with a new sort of nervous system,
constructed out of standard parts and commodity images, a mass ornament of one.
Certainly he pushes mimetic adaptation to a parodic extreme: here man has indeed
become a mad hatter; the only true readymade, he is now a mere appendage to
his own creations, a mere effect of the automatisms of production and consumption.
9. Werner Spies, Max Ernst Collages: The Invention of the Surrealist Universe, trans. John William
Gabriel (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1991), p. 79.
10. Ursula Dustmann suggests “maggoty shame” in Max Ernst in Köln, ed. Wulf Herzogenrath
(Cologne: Rheinland Verlag, 1980), p. 118.
11. Max Ernst, Beyond Painting (New York: Wittenborn and Schultz, 1948), p. 16.
Top. Max Ernst. The Hat Makes the Man. 1920.
Left: Ernst. The Punching Ball or The
Immortality of Buonarroti. 1920. © 2003 Artists
Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris.
174 OCTOBER
Negative Expressionism
The Dadaist Shaman or Scham-man is not without forerunners. For Ball Dada is
“a synthesis of the romantic, dandyistic, and demonic theories of the nineteenth
century” (May 23, 1917). “The great isolated minds of the last epoch have a tendency
to persecution, epilepsy, and paralysis,” he writes on November 3, 1915. “They are
obsessed, rejected, and maniacal, all for the sake of their work. They turn to the
public as if it should interest itself in their sickness; they give it the material for assess-
ing their condition.” Ball sees Nietzsche, the subject of his dissertation, as the great
precedent of this mimetic performance; for Benjamin it is Baudelaire, who had the
“physiognomy of a mime” and an “empathy with inorganic things.”12 Theodor
Adorno turns this particular intuition into a general thesis: “Art is modern art
through mimesis of the hardened and alienated,” he writes in Aesthetic Theory (1970).
“Baudelaire neither railed against nor portrayed reification; he protested against it in
the experience of its archetypes.”13 Both Benjamin and Adorno read this “dandyistic
and demonic” genealogy through the optic of Dada. In Philosophy of Modern Music
(1948) Adorno writes of Stravinsky: “Musical infantilism belongs to a movement
which designed schizophrenic models everywhere as a mimetic defense against the
insanity of war; around 1918, Stravinsky was attacked as a Dadaist.”14 And in a
scattered note on “Negative Expressionism,” Benjamin writes of the Russian
Eccentrics, a troupe of avant-garde actors who liked to mimic circus performers:
“Clown and natural peoples—sublation of inner impulses and of the body center. . . .
Dislocation of shame. Expression of true feeling: of despair, displacement.
Consequent discovery of deep expressive capacity: the man remains seated as the
chair on which he sits is pulled out from under him. . . . Connection to Picabia.”15
Mussel-man
12. Walter Benjamin, Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism, trans. Harry Zohn
(London: New Left Books, 1973), p. 55.
13. Theodor W. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, trans. Robert Hullot-Kentor (Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press, 1997), p. 21. Benjamin: “The unique importance of Baudelaire resides in his being
the first and the most unflinching to have taken the measure of the self-estranged human being, in the
double sense of acknowledging this being and fortifying it with armor against the reified world” (The
Arcades Project, trans. Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin [Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1999], p. 322).
14. Theodor W. Adorno, Philosophy of Modern Music, trans. Anne G. Mitchell and Wesley V. Blomster
(New York: Seabury Press, 1980), p. 168.
15. Benjamin, Gesammelte Schriften 6, ed. Rolf Tiedemann and Hermann Schweppenhäuser
(Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1972–91), p. 132; thanks to Michael Jennings for the translation of this
fragment. For a rich account of this genealogy, which Benjamin extends to Charlie Chaplin and
Mickey Mouse, see Esther Leslie, Hollywood Flatlands: Animation, Critical Theory, and the Avant-Garde
(London: Verso, 2002).
16. In a 1931 fragment on Mickey Mouse, Benjamin writes: “In these films, mankind makes
Dada Mime 175
goal of the Dada mime as well, and finally it is why Ball and Ernst practice the
buffoonery of “the bashed ego.”17 More desperate than the cynical reason of
Duchamp and Picabia, the bashed ego resist s in the “form of unresist ing
accommodation.”18 For many critics this is the political limitation of Dada: it
advances a critique that flaunts its own futility, a defense that knows the damage is
already done. After Ball designates the Dadaist “as the organ of the outlandish,”
he adds: “But since it turns out to be harmless, the spectator begins to laugh at
himself about his fear” (March 2, 1916). Yet this catharsis is not purging; it is
sickening, and it only compounds the hopelessness; paradoxically, however, it is this
very hopelessness that gives the bashed ego its critical edge, its unaccommodated
negativity.19 “The farce of these times, reflected in our nerves, has reached a
degree of infantilism and godlessness that cannot be expressed in words”
(February 10, 1917).
Not even “a man without qualities,” the Dadaist is a man without a man; the
opposite of the Super-Man, he is an Un-Man.20 The Dadaists virtualized this figure
of dehumanization as a form of defense—against world war, brutal industrialization,
nationalist madness, repressive government. They could not have foreseen that
such dehumanization would be realized in the concentration camps.21 In many
preparations to survive civilization” (Selected Writings: Volume II, 1927–1934, ed. Michael Jennings et al.
[Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999], p. 545). He uses similar lines in “Karl Kraus”
(1931) and “Experience and Poverty” (1933).
17. I associate the strategy of mimetic adaptation (or better: mimetic exacerbation) with this
challenge of Marx: “petrified social conditions must be made to dance by singing them their own
song” (Karl Marx, “A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, Introduction,” in
Early Writings, ed. T. B. Bottomore [New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964], p. 47; translation modified). It is
also akin to “the kynical irony” that Peter Sloterdijk ascribes to Dada in Critique of Cynical Reason (trans.
Michael Eldred [Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987]); I borrow the term “bashed ego”
from him (see pp. 391–409).
18. Sloterdijk, Critique of Cynical Reason, p. 441.
19. This catharsis is less Aristotelian than Barthesian: “What liberates metaphor, symbol, emblem
for poetic mania, what manifests its power of subversion, is the preposterous” (Roland Barthes by Roland
Barthes, trans. Richard Howard [New York: Hill and Wang, 1977], p. 81).
20. Benjamin was also fascinated by this figure; see Leslie, Hollywood Flatlands, pp. 80–90.
21. In If This Is a Man (1958) Primo Levi reports that “the old ones” at Auschwitz used the term
Muselmann “to describe the weak, the inept, those doomed to selection.” Levi calls them “the
drowned”: “an anonymous mass, continually renewed and always identical, of nonmen who march and
labor in silence, the divine spark dead within them. . . . ” Levi continues: “They crowd my memory with
their faceless presences, and if I could enclose all the evil of our time in one image, I would choose this
image which is familiar to me: an emaciated man, with head dropped and shoulders curved, on whose
face and in whose eyes not a trace of a thought is to be seen.” See If This is a Man and The Truce, trans.
Stuart Wool (London: Abacus, 1987), pp. 94, 96. T. J. Clark comments on this passage vis-à-vis modernism
in Farewell to an Idea (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 407. Sadly, given present
circumstances, Muselmann means Muslim.
In The Truce (1963) Levi does not leave this figure anonymous, but that is little relief: “Hurbinek
was a nobody, a child of death, a child of Auschwitz. He looked about three years old, no one knew
anything of him, he could not speak and he had no name; that curious name, Hurbinek, had been
given to him by us, perhaps by one of the women who had interpreted with those syllables one of the
inarticulate sounds that the baby let out now and again. He was paralyzed from the waist down, with
atrophied legs, as thin as sticks; but his eyes, lost in his triangular and wasted face, flashed terribly alive,
176 OCTOBER
ways the camps render the figure of the Dadaist mime null and void, but perhaps
not entirely so. Perhaps an artist like Andy Warhol suggests what a postwar version
of this figure might be, a version refitted to consumer society. In the early 1960s,
about the same time that Warhol produced his “Death in America” images, Marcel
Broodthaers wrote his Pense-Bête poems, the title of which alone points to an
affinity with the Dadaist mime. Broodthaers worked to make reification at once
literal and allegorical, and to mime a preemptive embrace that might also be a
reflexive defense. His “La Moule” (the Mussel) reads: “This clever thing has
avoided society’s mold. / She’s cast herself in her very own. / Other look-alikes
share with her the anti-sea. / She’s perfect.”22
full of demand, assertion, of the will to break loose, to shatter the tomb of his dumbness. The speech
he lacked, which no one had bothered to teach him, the need of speech charged his stare with
explosive urgency: it was a stare both savage and human, even mature, a judgment, which none of us
could support, so heavy was it with force and anguish” (Ibid., p. 197).
22. See October 42 (Fall 1987), pp. 26–29. Broodthaers was a student of reification also in the sense
that he was a student of Lucien Goldmann, who was in turn a student of Georg Lukàcs. In Pense-Bête “La
Moule” is paired with “La Méduse” (the Jellyfish): “She’s perfect / No mold / Nothing but body /
Pomegranate [grenade] set in sand. / Kiss of lips unspoiled. / Bride. Always a bride, in dazzling
terms. / Crystal of scorn, of great price at last, gob of spit, wave, wavering.”