Steam turbine rotor photo

Rankine CycleFossil vs. Nuclear a few basics

Thermodynamics
Basic UpgradesSuperheatReheatRegenerationSupercritical
Steam TurbinesMoisture separation
Curtis / Rateau stages
William John Macquorn Rankine (1820-1872)
Born in Scotland
Professor of Civil Engineering and Mechanics
at the University of Glasgow
First scientific work on the relationship of
thermal properties of steam and water
Identified energy as being of two forms
actual. and potential..
Later dubbed kinetic. and potential.
by Lord Kelvin and P.G. Tait
Proposed the Rankine absolute temperature scale
in 1859 (oR ~ oF + 460)
Published first complete analysis of the steam engine
On the Steam Engine and other Prime Movers (London 1859)

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Rankine Cycle STEAMfig6
Why the Rankine Cycle?
Re-circulates working fluid.
Multiple fuel source possibilities,
including nuclear energy
Uses a pump for compression
rather than compressor.
Typical of large scale power plants.
Rankine with superheat
Rankine Cycle -Basic
w/ Superheat
ANALYSIS:Wp= (h2 h1) ~ 0QB = (h3 h2)WT= (h3 h4)
QC= (h4 h1)WT= QB QC WP
Steam Trends 1945-2000
.~ 1 (Tcold/ Thot)
Basic Cycle Upgrades
Superheat
ReheatMulti-stage turbines
RegenerationFeed-water (FW) heaters
Super Critical Rankine Cycle

TEC_081C
Rankine with reheat
Rankine Cycle
w/ Reheat
Rankine with regeneration FW htg
Rankine Cyclew/ Regeneration(FW Heating)
G:\8 GB Drive\TURBOMACHINERY\Tech Support\Cycles Summary Sheet EIT.JPG
Rankine fossil cycle STEAMfig9
Rankine CycleFossil Fuelw/ reheat and 8-stage
regeneration
Superheated steam
expansion
Rankine Conventional
Conventional fossil-fuel Rankine Cycle
Fossil Plant photo
Coal US Sites map
Coal gases
Boiler old
Boiler 1933
Water-steam tubes
inside fire-brick furnace
Note: Water-steam drum
Boiler inside photo
Inside a furnace boilerWater Steam Tubes
Boiler 1350 MWe B&W
Rankine Nuclear
Nuclear Rankine Cycle
PWR NSSS 3D overview
PWR Stm Gen 1 thru
PWR SG temperatures
Gen-II
Once-Through Steam Generator
Horizontal Force Equilibrium2pRs= .P A = .PpR2s= ½ .P Ror.P = 2s/RR
sPoutPins
BOILING CONCERN #1 P-T problem
At the same internal gage pressures .
Larger pressure vessels / pipes
have greater material stresses (s) than
smaller pressure vessels / pipes
Boiling curve
Boiling Concern #2
Phase Change
Heat Transfer
Q/A ~ h.T
Boiler ribbed tubes
Boiler ribbed tubes data
Losses steam turbine h-s
Turbine cutaway photo Toshiba
MULTI-STAGE STEAM TURBINE
inlet to condenser in less than a second
Rankine expansion fossil vs nuclear
Rankine Mollier ex fossil nuclear
Rankine Nuclear Expansion
Nuclear Rankine h-s diagramsaturation line
Rankin moisture separation
Rankine moisture separation 2
Rankine moisture separation 3
Rankine moisture separation blades
Rankine Supercritical Cycle 2
DISADVANTAGESHigh PressuresValves, pump seals,..
Other fluids .CO2Pc= 1072 psia Tc = 88oF
Rankine supercritical cycle 3
SUPERCRITICAL RANKINE heat addition w/o phase change
Rankine supercritical cycle 4
SUPERCRITICAL RANKINE
6 regeneration stages and 2 reheat stages
Gen IV SCWR
capturing the energy of steam
Blading Configurations
Blade errosion steam stator GE photo
Blade Configs 2
SS ImpulseSS ReactionMS ImpulseMS Reaction
Blade Config 3
SINGLE-STAGE IMPULSE TURBINE
Note: Common for steam, not uses in GT
C-D nozzle accelerates steam
Max output occurs when U/C = ½ and no output when U = C
Difficult to capture all steam energy w/ single row
Impossible to have blade inlet angle (0 deg) parallel to flow
High friction losses, high U and high blade stress
thus, use Curtis and/or Rateau stages
Impulse stage
Nozzle photo steam turbine
Nozzle Conv Div
IDEAL NOZZLEV2= [2gc(h1 h2)] ½
Ideal GasV2= 2gcCpT1 [ 1-(P2/P1) (k-1)/k]
Blade Config 4
Velocity Compounded (Curtis) StagingCurtis Stage
Blade Config 5
Pressure Compounded (Rateau) StageRateau stage
D2 < C1
Reaction stage, .P across stators and blades
Blade Config 7
Curtis vs Rateau
TURBINE AXIAL THRUST
An undesirable force exerted on the
moving blades due to a .P across
reaction blades.
This tends to push the rotor towards
the low pressure end of the turbine.
Imposes large forces on thrust
bearings.
.P
F
There are several ways to eliminate (balance) the axial thrust:
Double Flow Turbine sketch
Double Flow Turbine to balance axial thrust on the rotor
Turbine cutaway photo Toshiba
Rankine plus Brayton Combined Cycle
Combined CycleBRAYTON (.: 30-40%)
COMBINED CYCLE (.: 50-70%)
RANKINE (.: 20-30%)
Binary Rankine Cycle Similar to Combined B-R Cycle
Liquid metal topping cycle (Hg, K, ).: 20 30%
high temperatures w/o high pressuresSteam bottom cycle.: 20 30%
Over-all .: 50 70%
Binary Cycle K-H2O
Applications of Combined and Binary Cycles
Large power needs (MW, GW)
High efficiency energy production (electricity and hi-T process heat)
High efficiency allows for compact / lightweight power sources
Terrestrial & space power systems
Space Applications?
Moon / Mars based power units
Europa ice mission
Titan sustained flight (radioisotope powered UAV)
Others?
Waves and Small Particles in Ring A
GT cutaway photo
Another fuel (heat) source for Brayton
and Rankine power systems?150px-Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator_plutonium_
pellet
Pu-238 Radioisotope Power SourceGlowing Red Hot~ size of stack of quartersUnmann
ed vehicles in air, space and water
Mollier Diagram USCS units
RecallMollier Diagram (h-s) for SteamRichard MollierGermany (1863-1935)
h
s
c.p.
P & T = C
P = C

T = CC.P.
T = 705.4 oFP = 3204 psias = 1.058 btu / (lbmoF)
h = 902.5 btu / lbm
Fossil Fuel Turbine Expansion
w/ ReheatSTATEP (psia)T (oF)h (btu/lbm)
12400100014602 650620131036501000152041801000Mollier Diagram USCS units
TURBINE WORK
HP:1460-1310 = 150
LP:1520-1000 = 520
Total Work = 670 btu/lbm
Notice that very little of the
expansion occurs in the 2-fregion
Nuclear Turbine Expansion
w/ ReheatSTATEP (psia)T (oF)h (btu/lbm)
190055012252 200379112032005501275472501070Mollier Diagram USCS units
TURBINE WORK
HP:1225-1120 = 105
LP:1275-1070 = 205
Total Work = 310 btu/lbm
Notice that most of the expansion
occurs in the 2-fregion
MPj04372580000[1]
QUESTIONS ?