Chapter 8, 9, and 10 Review -Pre-AP Bio

Energy Conversions
Autotrophs get their energy from the sun, they produce their own food. Heterotro
phs obtain their
energy by eating other animals or eating plants.
By adding another phosphate group to ATP, it becomes ADP.
Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide i
nto oxygen and high-
energy sugars. In addition to water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires
light and chlorophyll, a
molecule found in chloroplasts. Chlorophyll is important in the absorption of li
ght energy.
Cellular respiration s reactants are sugar and oxygen, and they make water and car
bon dioxide and ATP.
ATP
It is made up of adenosine, a ribose, and 3 phosphate groups. ADP is a half way
charged battery,
and ATP is a fully charged battery because there is more energy within the bonds
, where ATP has 3
phosphates.
Photosynthesis
6H20+6CO2 Sunlight----> C6H12O6+6O2.
Photosynthesis happens in the chloroplasts. Light enters and bounces within the
granums (stacks of
thylakoids). The proteins inside organize pigments into clusters called photosys
tems. Water enters.
Both enter light dependent/light reactions, and the light separates the water, pr
oducing oxygen,
ADP and NADP+ into ATP, NADPH and oxygen. The light-dependent reactions occur in
different areas
of the thylakoid, called photosystem I and photosystem II. At the end of the ele
ctron transport chain in
photosynthesis, high-energy electrons are passed to NADP+. to make NADPH.
Carbon dioxide and energy from ATP and NADPH from light reactions and produces h
igh energy sugars
in Calvin cycle. They are in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6+6O2 ---> 6H20+6CO2+ATP.
Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down food m
olecules in the presence
of oxygen. Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken
in half, producing two
molecules of pyruvic acid, in cytoplasm. Because glycolysis does not require oxy
gen, it supplies ATP to
cells when oxygen is not available. If you don t have oxygen you go through fermen
tation and make
lactic acid.
If have oxygen=aerobic. Go through Krebs cycle, electron transport, in mitochond
ria. During the Krebs

cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide. The electron transport c
hain uses the high-
energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP and produce water.
oxygen acts like an
electron hog, and the ATP synapse spins and we have lots of ATP! The energy that
is released during
cellular respiration is stored as ATP and NADH.
Photosynthesis + Cellular Respiration Together
No more photosynthesis, no more oxygen split from H2O in light dependent reactio
ns, need oxygen to
produce ATP. Reactants of one thing is the products of another. They are both in
the same cycle. Cant
have one without the other, or the other one would not work! Photosynthesis remo
ves carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. Photosynthesis relea
ses oxygen, and cellular
respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food.
Cell Cycle and Cancer
Chromosomes are made of DNA and protein. The larger a cell becomes, the more dem
ands the cell
places on its DNA and the more trouble the cell has moving enough nutrients and
wastes across the cell
membrane.
Interphase
G1: Cells increase in size and synthesize protein and organelles. ensures that e
verything is ready for DNA
synthesis.
S: duplicates DNA and chromosomes. S = Synthesis.
G2: the cell will continue to grow and produce new proteins. another checkpoint
to determine if the cell
can now proceed to enter M (mitosis) and divide.
Mitosis
Prophase: the chromatin condenses into chromosomes. centrioles separate and take
up positions on
opposite sides of the nucleus. the spindle (helps separate chromosomes) starts t
o form between the
centrioles, where chromosomes attach to spindle at the centromeres. plant cells
don t have spindles.
and the nuclear envelope + nucleolus breaks down.
Metaphase: During metaphase, the chromosomes line up across the center of the ce
ll. Microtubules
connect the centromere of each chromosome to the poles of the spindle.
Anaphase: the centromeres that join the sister chromatids split, allowing the si
ster chromatids to
separate and become individual chromosomes. chromosomes keep moving to the oppos
ite sides of the
spindle, and anaphase ends when they stop moving.
Telophase: chromosomes, which were distinct and condensed, begin to disperse int
o a tangle of dense
material. nuclear envelope reforms around each chromosome group, and spindle bre
aks apart. mitosis
complete, but cell division isn t. 2 nuclei, one cell.
Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm pinches in half, each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate
chromosomes. In plants,
cell plate forms.
Why Chromosomes Double
Every time a cell divides, each chromosome must be carefully replicated (copied)
and then distributed
to assure that each daughter cell gets a complete and accurate set of informatio
n
Cancer

Cyclins regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. Cancer cells
do not respond to the signals
that regulate the growth of most cells. As a result, they form masses of cells c
alled tumors that can
damage the surrounding tissues.
No regulatory proteins=uncontrolled cell growth=tumor=cancer