1.

Numiti cele 20 de tari care formeaza America Latina

Argentina, bolivia, brazilia, chile, columbia, costa rica, cuba, republica dominicana,
ecuador, el salvador, guatemala, haiti, honduras, mexic, nicaragua, panama, paraguay, peru,
uruguay, venezuela
2. Diferente intre UE si UNASUR
UNASUR isi construieste o infrastructura care sa faciliteze deplasarile in cadrul blocului:
se construiesc intens cai ferate, autostrazi, poduri si linii de transport, comparabile cu super-
autostrazile NAFTA si CAFTA de pe continentul Nord American. UNASUR va avea un consiliu
de aparare regionala, cu rolul de a rezolva conflictele, de a promova cooperarea militara si
producţia coordonata de arme, exact cum este prevazut un consiliu militar canadiano-american,
ce prefigureaza unificarea guvernelor din aceasta zona.
4. Diferenta dintre tranzitia la democratie dintre Conul Sud si America Centrala
5. Operatiunea Condor si tarile participante

Operaţiunea Condor, pentru care judecatorul chilian Juan Guzman l-a inculpat pe fostul
dictator Augusto Pinochet, a reprezentat un program de represiune iniţat, in anii 1970, de
dictaturile din America de Sud pentru a vana si elimina fizic opozanţii de stanga.

Organizata de serviciile secrete din Argentina, Bolivia, Brazilia, Chile, Paraguay si

Uruguay, operaţiunea a lasat in urma sute de persoane disparute. Ecuador si Peru s-au alaturat
mai tarziu
A luat nastere in cursul primei reuniuni de lucru a serviciilor secrete, desfasurata, intre 25
noiembrie si 1 decembrie 1975, la Santiago de Chile, conform anchetei realizate de judecatorul
Juan Guzman Tapia, responsabil de partea chiliana a dosarului.

Personajul aflat la originea acsetei iniţiative este fondatorul poliţiei secrete a generalului
Pinochet, Manuel Contreras. Planul a beneficiat si de sprijinul agenţilor Statelor Unite, conform
documentelor din dosarul judecatorului Guzman.
8. Presedintele [tara]
1. Alan Garcia (Peru)
2. Alvaro Uribe (Colombia)
3. Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva (Brazilia)
4. Felipe Calderon (Mexic)
5. Hugo Chavez (Venezuela)
6. Evo Morales (Bolivia)
7. Daniel Ortega (Nicaragua)
8. Rafael Correa (Ecuador)
9. Raul Castro (Cuba)
10. Sebastian Piñera (Chile)
11. Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner (Argentina)
12. Laura Chinchilla (Costa Rica)
13. Fernando Lugo (Paraguay)
14. José Mujica (Uruguay)
15. Leonel Fernandez (Republica dominicanã)
16. Porfirio Lobo (Honduras)
17. Alvaro Colom (Guatemala)
18. Mauricio Funes (El Salvador)
19. René Preval (Haiti)
20. Ricardo Martinelli (Panama)
 9. In ce an a devenit fidel castro socialist?
May 1, 1961
10. Interventii militare in America Latina(cazul America centrala si Caraibe)
The Banana Wars were a series of occupations, police actions, and interventions
involving the United States in Central America and the Caribbean. This period started with the
Spanish-American War in 1898[1] and the subsequent Treaty of Paris, which gave the United
States control of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Between the war with Spain and 1934 the United States
conducted military operations and occupations in Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Haiti,
and the Dominican Republic. The series of conflicts ended with the withdrawal of troops from
Haiti and President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy in 1934.
Reasons for these conflicts were varied but were largely economic in nature. The term
"Banana Wars" arises from the connections between these interventions and the preservation of
American commercial interests in the region. Most prominently, the United Fruit Company had
significant financial stakes in production of bananas, tobacco, sugar cane, and various other
products throughout the Caribbean, Central America and Northern South America. The United
States was also advancing its political interests, maintaining a sphere of influence and controlling
the Panama Canal, critically important to global trade and naval power.
11. caudillo-ex definitie;
Def: lider militar.
Juan Manuel de Rosas – Caudillo al statului Argentina
Anonio Lopez de Santa Anna - Mexic
12. gherile,ex de tari;
Popular Revolutionary Army or Ejército Popular Revolucionario is a leftist guerrilla
movement in Mexico
Miscarea 26 Iulie – Cuba - Fidel Castro. The Movement fought the Batista regime on both
rural and urban fronts.
13. UNASUR(1p);
Membrii Comunitatii Andine(Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru), Membrii
Mercosur(Argentina Brazilia Paraguay Uruguay), Alti membri(Chile, Guyana, Suriname
Venezuela)
In declaratia de constituire s-au stabilit atiuni in:
1. Concentrarea, coordonarea politica si diplomatica in regiune.
2. Convergenta intre Mercosur, Comunitatea Andina si Chile intr-o singura zona de
comert liber. Surinam si Guyana se pot asocia fara a pierde statulul sau in Caricom.
3. Integrarea fizica, energetica si a comunicatiilor in America de Sud, stimulata de
Initiativa pentru Integrarea Infrasctructurii Regionale Sud-Americane (IIRSA).
4. Armonizarea politicilor de dezvolare rurala si agroalimentara
5. Transferul de tehnologie si cooperarea pe orizontala in toate domeniile stiintifice,
educationale, culturale.
6. Cresterea nivelului de interactiune intre mediile comerciale si societatea civila.
7. Promovarea graduala a masurilor, actiunulor si a domeniilor de actiune in baza
institutiilor existente.
 Proiecte

 Comunitatea Sud-Americana a Natiunilor, a inceput planurile de integrare prin

constructia unei cai de acces care va lega Brazilia de Peru, trecand prin Bolivia. Astfel Brazilia va
castiga iesire la Oceanul Pacific, si Peru la Oceanul Atlantic.Constructia a inceput in septembrie
2005, fiind finantata de Brazilia – 60 % si Peru -40%. Finalizarea proiectului se pervede la
sfarsitul anului 2009.

 Constructia Inelului Energetic Sud-American, conducta prin care Argentina,

Brazilia, Chile, Paraguay si Uruguay vor primi gaz natural peruan. Propunerea a fost ratificata si
inceputul constructiei va avea loc in 2006.
 Gazoductul Binational, un proiect care vizeaza integrarea energetica intre
Columbia si Venezuela. Constructia va demara la mijlocul anului 2006, va dura 24 luni.
Beneficiarul proiectului va fi compania petroliera de stat venezueleana PDVSA. Costul
proiectului va fi 300.000.000 $US.

14. alianta pt progres;

The Alliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso) initiated by U.S. President John F.
Kennedy in 1961 aimed to establish economic cooperation between North and South America.

The program was signed at an inter-American conference at Punta del Este, Uruguay, in
August 1961. The charter called for:

 an annual increase of 2.5% in per capita income,

 the establishment of democratic governments,
 the elimination of adult illiteracy by 1970
 price stability, to avoid inflation or deflation
 more equitable income distribution, land reform, and
 economic and social planning.[2][3]

16. pres carei tari e Hugo chavez

(venezuela);
17. cine dorea independenta tarilor
Great Britain's trade with Latin America greatly expanded in the revolutionary period, so
it supported the revolutionaries against Spain, which in the past, due to mercantilist ideas, had
always denied Britain trade with the Spanish colonies.
United States President James Monroe asked Secretary of State John Quincy Adams to
draft the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that the United States would not tolerate any European
interference in the Western Hemisphere.
18. in ce an s a declansat socialismul?;
Isi are originile in Revolutia Franceza din anul 1789. Se considera ca a fost sustinut de
Revolutia Industriala.
19. Anul si cine a descoperit america latina
1492 – Cristofor Columb
 21. Independenta(procesul)
The Latin American Wars of Independence were the various revolutions that took place
during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that resulted in the creation of a number of
independent countries in the Latin American region. These revolutions followed the American
and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French
colonies in the Americas. Haiti, a French slave colony, was the first to follow the United States to
independence during the Haitian Revolution, which lasted from 1791 to 1804. Thwarted in his
attempt to rebuild a French empire in North America, Napoleon Bonaparte turned his armies to
Europe, invading and occupying many countries, including Spain and Portugal in 1808. The
Peninsular War, which resulted from this occupation, caused Spanish Creoles to question their
allegiance to the metropole, stoking independence movements that culminated in bloody wars of
independence, which lasted almost two decades. At the same time, the Portuguese monarchy
relocated to Brazil during Portugal's French occupation. After the royal court returned to Lisbon,
the prince regent, Pedro, remained in Brazil and in 1822 successfully declared himself emperor of
a newly independent Brazil.
21. lideri populisti peron si varga

Juan Domingo Perón (n. 8 octombrie 1895- d. 1 iulie 1974) a fost un om de stat
argentinian, de 2 ori presedinte al Argentinei, in perioada 1946-1955 si in perioada 1973-1974.

Un militar de cariera, el a mai ocupat functia de ministru al Muncii in cadrul guvernului

militar din 1943 si functia de vicepresedinte al Argentinei. Primul sau mandat ca presedinte al
Argentinei s-a incheiat dezastruos, fiind exilat in urma unei lovituri de stat. Se reintoarce in
Argentina in 1973, fiind reales ca presedinte, insa mandatul sau a durat mai putin de 9 luni,
murind in 1974.

Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (n. 19 aprilie 1882, São Borja, Rio Grande do Sul - d. 24
august 1954, Rio de Janeiro) a fost de doua ori presedintele Braziliei, intre 1930-1945 si 1951-
1954.

A devenit presedinte in urma unei lovituri de stat, in 1930. In 1934 regimul sau da o noua
constitutie semi-fascista tarii, cu elemente inspirate din corporatismul mussolinian. In 1937,
fiindu-i interzisa (prin constitutie) o noua candidatura, impune regimul sau dictatorial „Estado
Novo”, asemanator cu dictatura lui Salazar din Portugalia. Avand la inceputul celui de-al doilea
razboi mondial o pozitie neutrala, incepand cu 1942 adopta o pozitie pro-aliata. In 1945 este
inlaturat de la putere de o lovitura de stat militara.

Se intoarce in politica in 1951, fiind ales presedinte. Este fondatorul companiei petroliere
nationale braziliene, Petrobras. Invinuit de armata ca a fost in spatele unei tentative de asasinare a
principalului sau adversar politic, Carlos Lacerda, se sinucide impuscandu-se in piept.

22. tarile americii centrale ce au purtat raz intre 1970-1980

Nicaragua, el salvador, guatemala, honduras

23. dictaturi miliatre in Chile si Argentina decat anul

Chile - 1973–1990 Augusto Pinochet
Argentina - 1976 to 1983
Brazilia - March 31, 1964 to March 15, 1985
 Uruguay - 1973-80

24. Comisiile de reconciliere si adevar,ex pe o tara(1 Punct)

In Chile – Comisia Rettig – Comisia nationala de adevar si reconciliere. Cu privire la
abuzurile la adresa drepturilor omului care au avut ca rezultat morti si disparuti in timpul
regimului militar al lui Augusto Pinochet. A inceput in 1973 si s-a terminat in 1990 – 3196
victime (2905 ale militarilor 1720morti si 1185 disparuti.
In Peru – 2001 raportul din 2003 documenteaza victimele perioadei 1980- 200. 69000
morti si disparuti
25. prezidentialismul si parlamentarism
26. anul in care castro s-a declarat socialist
1961
27 anul revolutiei pe care a facut-o cu che
1959
28 trebuia sa spunem anul razboiului din insulele faukland
1982
29 de explicat tranzitia in cornul americii
31 conceptul de securitate nationala
National security involves defence of the sovereignty both with respect to the state’s role
as an independent actor in inter-state relations and the ultimate expression of legitimate coercion
in internal affairs. The legitimate defence of territorial boundaries, internal order and sufficient
political and economic stability to permit functioning of state institutions are also matters of
national security. In the national security perspective, the primary forms of response are state
centered including military, intelligence and diplomatic instruments and state-coalitions
strategies.

In Latin America, during the cold war and beyond, the authoritarian’s regimes developed
the so called “national security doctrines” which explicitly included in the mission of the
military forces to protect the state against internal ideological enemies. All along the civil
conflicts of the 70’s and 80’s, national security doctrines guided the military and police actions
and cost the lives of ten of thousands of citizens. The police forces under the so called “regime
policing” had few –if any- accountability mechanisms; they engaged in indiscriminate arrests and
detention, torture and killings. Moreover, intelligence gathering structures focused on enemies of
the regime rather than on “criminal intelligence” and crime prevention was poorly developed. In
Peru and Colombia, for example, the police have often times been “displaced” by the military as
counter-insurgencies campaigns authorized military control of large areas of the territory under
“states of emergency”. Police actions became a complement to military operations and loose in
profile and prestige.

32 doua organizatii economice din america latina

MERCOSUR - Piata comuna a sudului - fondata in 26 martie 1991 de Brazilia, Argentina,
Uruguay si Paraguay, in urma semnarii Tratatului de la Asunción
 N.A.F.T.A. - Acordul Nord American de Comert Liber (North American Free Trade
Agreement) a fost semnat la 17 decembrie 1992 intre SUA, Canada si Mexic
34. de ce e important Jimmy Carter pentru America Latina
A semnat tratatul Torrijos-Carter care garanta statului Panama controlul asupra
Canalului Panama. Astfel controlul era predat de catre SUA, prin acest tratat, statului
Panama.
35. ce miscare sociaa a avut loc in 2000 in America Latina
Major social movements emerged in most of Latin America in response to the economic
crisis of the 1990's and early 2000's and challenged neo-liberal ruling class control. The most
successful were found in Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela, Argentina and Bolivia.
Brazil: The Rural Landless Workers Movement (MST), with over 300,000 active
members and over 350,000 peasant families settled in co-operatives throughout the country,
represented the biggest and best organized social movement in Latin America. The MST built a
broad network of supporters and allies in other social movements, like the urban Homeless
Movement, the Catholic Pastoral Rural (Rural Pastoral Agency) and sectors of the trade union
movement (CUT), as well as the left-wing of the Workers Party (PT) and progressive academic
faculty and students. The MST succeeded through 'direct action' tactics, such as organizing mass
'land occupations', which settled hundreds of thousands of landless rural workers and their
families on the fallow lands of giant latifundistas. They successfully put agrarian reform on the
national agenda and contributed to the electoral victory of the putative center-left Workers Party
presidential candidate Ignacio 'Lula' Da Silva in the 2002 elections.

36. ce miscare culturala exista intre arta si politica

In Brazil, the Cinema Novo movement created a particular way of making movies with
critical and intellectual screenplays, a clearer photography related to the light of the outdoors in a
tropical landscape, and a political message. The modern Brazilian film industry has become more
profitable inside the country, and some of its productions have received prizes and recognition in
Europe and the United States.
38 Tratatul de la Washington - masuri neolibarele impuse tarile din LA
the Washington Consensus policies were designed to respond to the very real problems in
Latin America and made considerable sense
Washington Consensus were "developed in Latin America, by Latin Americans, in
response to what was happening both within and outside the region
39 strategia militara ideologica – importanta
importance of military planners understanding the religion and culture of indigenous
people. He believes to understand the religious thoughts and motivations of people are an
important element in accomplishing military missions.
40 cum au facut fata tarile din Sud tranzitiei
41 tipurile de gherile
Urbane si rurale
42 trecerea de la democratie a fost dificila?
 43 dinastia Somoza (dinastiile)
Dinastia Somoza – 1936-1979 Nicaragua (Augusto Cesar Sandino va inspira frontul de
eliberare sandinist ce va pune capat dinastiei Somoza. Sandinismul e inca la putere)
Dinastia trujillo – 1930 – 1961 Rep Dominicana
Dinastia Duvaliere – 1957 – 1986 Haiti
44. cine a fost Salvador Allende.
Fost presedinte al statului Chile
45. cine e Daniel Ortega ?
presedintele statului Nicaragua
46.presedintii din Uruguay si Paraguay?
U – Jose(accent ascutit pe e) Mujica P – Fernando Lugo
48. triunghiul violentelor in columbia
Format din:
Miscarile de gherila, cartelurile de droguri, organizatiile paramilitare
Miscarile de gherila (FARC – fortele Armate Revolutionare Columbiene; ELN – Armata
de Eliberare Nationala; EPL – Armata de Eliberare Populara) sunt implicate in productia de
cocaina. Pentru a avea fonduri pentru productiile viitoare, gherilele rapeau oamenii si cereau
recompense. Atacau de regula mosiile. Proprietarii de mosii formeaza organizatiile paramilitare.
Traficantii de droguri reusesc sa ameninte statul columbian prin actiunile lor. De asem ei
s-au implicat in campaniile electorale, sustinand unii candidati in sch unor beneficii. Totodata si
membrii miscarilor paramilitare se pot afla pe listele partidelor de la Guvernare.
Gherilele ajung sa controleze si drumurile, fiind mai sigur sa calatoresti cu avionul decat
sa alegi drumul pe autostrazi si sa risti sa fi jefuit sau chiar rapit. Cel mai rau afectati au fost
taranii din zonele in care erau plantatiile de coca: in primul rand, din cauza substantelor folosite
in plantatii, solul era atat de afectat incat nu mai era fertil pt nimic altceva. De asem, in lipsa altor
activitati econ, taranii erau nevoiti si chiar obligati sa lucreze la plantatiile de coca. Gherilele au
primit sustinere financiara din partea statelor care nu erau partenere SUA, dar si din partea
statului columbian in timpul lui Hugo Chavez, dar si sustinere privin aprovizionarea cu arme.
In tot acest moloz, sg lucru care poate ramane in picioare este Const din 1991.
SUA incearca sa ia masuri impotriva cartelurilor… “Plan Colombia” – a ajuta statul pe
plan econ, social, militar – dorindu-se eradicarea culturilor de coca. In prez exista un program al
Columbiei pt a da o a 2a sansa membrilor de gherila sa renunte la aceste activitati.
49. deceniul pierdut al americii de sud
Este reprezentat de criza financiara ce a pornit in anii 80 cand datoriile externe intreceau
castigurile fapt ce a dus la incapacitatea de a plati datoriile. Brazilia, Argentina si Mexic au
imprumutat sume mari de la creditori internationali pentru industrializare si pentru programe de
reabilitare a infrastructurii.

Subiectele de la SPR – Limba Romana

 Subiectele de 1 punct:
Initiatorul sau ceva de genul asta, al independentei (bolivar as zice) si care era
viziunea lui asupra statelor sau am lat
Triunghiul violentei in Columbia, de explicat
UNASUR membri-organizare-scopuri
Comisiile de adevar. De ales una dintr-o tara si de analizat/prezentat

Alte subiecte
Tarile
Anul si omul care a descoperit america
Cine este hugo chavez
Presedintii boliviei si argentinei
Tarile cu razboaie in anii 70-80
Procesul de intependenta
Caudillos
Alianta pentru progres
Revolutia glorioasa in cuba
Cand s-a declarat socialist?
Operatiunea condor si tarile participante
Gherilele de cate feluri erau si exemplu unde se gaseau: Cuba
Lideri populisti din 1930-1940 exemple: peron si varga
dictaturi miliatre in Chile si Argentina decat anul
Chile - 1973–1990 Augusto Pinochet
Argentina - 1976 to 1983
Brazilia - March 31, 1964 to March 15, 1985
State in care america se implica militar la inceputul secolului 20. Panama si Cuba cel mai
probabil.