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Flrst pubtisl1ed ,2002 Fifth reprint 2006 tSBN 13 ISBN 10 978-S81 "235-795-3 981-235-795-5

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Urheberrec htl lch gcsc hutztes M ate,i a

Introduction Additional Mathematics Syllabus

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

s.ets
Functions Quadratic Functions

Indices and Surds Factors of Polynomials Simultaneous Equations Functions

6.
7.
8.

L.ogorlthmlc and Exponenlial Straight Une Graphs

2-Circul.a.r__Meosute
10. Trigonometry 11. 12. 13 14 15 16. Permulations and Combinations

Binomial Expansion Vectors in Two Dimensions Matrices Differentiation Integration Kinematics Specimen Specimen Paper A Paper B

J7

lrlt<tCi~_!JS;ITi7:'EH schut.t

1111!11~IIIII~nllllllll

s M ,cli"

In this second edition. new topics: sets. lndlces and Surds. Permulations and CombinallorlS. and Matrices are Included and given greater ernphcss. For a more Indeplh coverage. Kinematics Is now a chapter on lts own. for examinations. the lirst things you need to know In general. when you prepare

will be the syllabus end the exorninctions structure. When you revise your work, make sure you cover all the content specified In,tile syllabus. For ease of referel1ce.the content required In the syllabus for each topic is outlined at Ihe beginl1ing 01 each chapter. II Is advisable 10 cover a toplc at one time and attempt questlons related 10 Ihe topic. questlons from your textbooks. guide books as well as Ihe Cambridge questions, It will also be better if you revise related topics consecutively, post year

In preparing for additional mathematics examinations. a crucial factor is time. It is insufficient to just revise and practise. You will need to sit tor mock exorrmotlons too! After revising 011 the toplcs, rt is odvlsoble
011

thot you sit down will oilihe

materials you need lor on

exorrmotlon

question papers, formula list. colculator; Remember

Nt line papers. groph papers,

stationery

and 0 watch.

to put up a '00 not dlstulb" sign too. Attempt

entire paper wEthln tl1e given time limit. You find that you will be better and fasler after procj~[ng a few complete papers. By simulating the examination conditions, you be more confident and know exactly what to do during the actual examination. The amount of lime you should spend on each ques1ion is deterrnlnedby the

number of rncrks allocated to It. In Ihe event Ihat you are 'stuck' at a questlon.vou moy wont to move on ond solve otner questions and attempllhe unsolved question later. II you have time after answering ailihe questlons. It will' be advantageous to check your so tnot you will

crswers,
Remember to hove on early night the doy before the examinations luck and happy revision. be fresh and mentarty alert. WelL good

~~---------------------------------------------------------

Additional Matb.ematics Syllabus

Secondary
GeE '0' Level

Urhcberrec htllch gesc hutztes M ateri"

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
G.C.E. 0 LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

Syllabus Alms
The course should enable 1, 2, 3, 4. students mathematical skJlIsand use these In the context In otner subjects. particularly of more ta extend their elementary advanced techniques; to develop technology;

on ability to apply mathema~cs

science and

to develop mathematical
skills In appropriate to extend specifiC applications.

awareness; and the conrldence and appreciate

to apply their moltlematlcol

situations:

their interest in mathematics

its power

as a basis for

Assessment Objectives
The examination will test the ability of candidates to 1. recall and use manipulative techniques; 2. Interpret and use mathematical dolo. symbols and terminology; 3. 4. comprehend numerical, algebraic andspotlal concepts and relationships: recognise the appropriate mathematical procedure for a given sltuotlor» problems Into mathematical terms and select and apply appropriate techn Iques of solution.

5. formulate

Examination Structure
There will be two papers. each of 2 hours and each carries 80 marks. Content and Paper 2 will not be dissected, for Paper 1

Each paper will consist of approximately 10-12 questions of various lengths, There will be no choice of question except that the lost question In each paper will consist of two alternatives, only one of which must be answered. The mark allocation for the last question will be In the range of 10-12 marks.

Detailed Syllabus
Knowledge of the content of the Syndicate',; Ordinary level Syllabus D, (or an equivalent Syllabus) is assumed. Ordinary level material which is not repeated in the syllabus below will not be tested directly but it may be required indirectly in response to questions on other topics,

Urhcberrec htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri"

THEME OR TOPIC

CURRICULUM

OBJECTIVES

1.

Set language natation

and

Use set language describe as follows: A = (x:

and notation,

and Venn diagrams between

ta

sets and represent

relallonshlps

sets

B = lex. y): y = mx + a} C - Ix : A ::;x s bl D = la, b, C•. ,.J

Is A natural

number)

Understono

and use the following

notation: AuB

Union of A and B Intersection of A and BAn Number of elements In set A ". .. is an element of .. ."

B
nCA) E

.... is not an element

Complement of set A The empty set Urllversal set

of ,

Ii!: A' 0
E

A is a subset of B A is a proper subset of B A is a not a subset af B

A\:B AC B

A is a not a proper subset of B

2. Funcllono Understand set). one-ane of functions, Use the notation fex) (= f(lex»). Understand Y'" the terms function, function. domain.

Aq:B A <t B
range (image and composition

Inverse function

f(.iQ = slnx" I~x -> Igx. (x> 0). rlO¢ and

1f(!()I, where

the relationship
t(ll)

between

y = fOO and
or

may be linear. quadratic

trigonometric. Explain In words why a given function rt does not have an Inverse. Find the Inverse of a one-one composite functions. ,between A function Is a function or

Why

and form

Use sketch graphs to show lt1e relationship function and lts Inverse,

Urhcberrec htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri"

THEME OR TOPIC

CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES

3.

Quadratic

functions

Find the maximum or minimum value of the quadratic function f': x ..... OX2 + b« + C by any method. Use the maximum graph or determine or minimum value of

tOO

to sketch the

the range for a given domain. for f(l() ~ 0 to hove (i) two reol roots. (III) no feol roots; ond the for a given line to (I) Intersect a given

Know the conditions roots. (il) two equal related conditions

curve. (iI) be a tangent to a given curve. (iii) not intersect a given curve, Solve quadrcrlic equations tor reol roots and find the Inequolitles, solufton set for quadratic 4. Indices and surds

Perform simple operottons with Indices and with surds. Including ratlonallslng the denominator, Know and use the remainder Find factors of polynomials, Solve cubic eouonore. In two unknowns with and foctor theorems.

5,

Factors of polynomials

6.

Simultaneous equCltions Logarithmic exponennoi and functions

Solve simultaneous equations leost one lineo, equation,

at

7.

Know simple properties and graphs of the logarithmic and exponential tuncllonslncluding Inx and eX (series expansions ole not required), (Including change Know and use the laws of logarithms of base ot logarithms), Solve equations of the form o' ; b, of a straight line graph including In the

8.

Straight line graphs

Interpret the equation form y; mx+ c.

Transform given relationships,

y - ax" and

v= Ab', to straight line form and hence determine unknown ccnstonts by calculating the gradient or Intercept at the tronstormed graph, Solve questions involving end perpendicular. mid· point and length of line, for two lines to be pora~el

Know and use the condition

~~----------------------------------------------Urhcberrec htlich gesc hutztes M ateri a

THEME OR TOPIC

CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES

9.

Circular

measure

Solve problems measure.

Involving

the arc length and sector area and use of radian

of a circle. Including

knowledge

10. Trigonometry

Know tile six trigonometric magnitude cofangenl) Understand relallonshlp ..

functions

of angles of any secant. cosecant.

(sine. conslne, tangent.

amplitude and periodicity and tile between graphs of e.g. Sin x and sin 2)(. + c.
·0.

Draw and use the graphs of y " a sin(b)j y " 0 cos(bx) pasltlve + C. y = 0 ton(bx) Integers and c Is on integer.

+ c. wIlere

bare

Know and use the relationships cosA slnA =colA. sin'A

cos A

SlnA " tan A.

+ cos' A " 1. sec' A " 1 + tan2A.

cosec' A = 1 + cot'A and solve simple Irlgonometr1c equations Involving the six trigonometric functions and the above relationships (not Including general solution of trigonometric equations). identities. a permutation case

Prove .slmple trigonometric 11. Permutations combinations and Recognise

and distinguish between case.

and a combinafion

Know and use tile notation expressions for permutations taken

nl, (with O! - 1)..and the and combinations of n items

at a time. on arrangement botll and selec~on and

Answer simple problems (cases with repetition

of objects.

or with objects permutations

arranged In a circle or involving comblnallons. are excluded). 12. Blnomlol expansions

Use the Binomial Theorem for expansion positive Integral n.

of (0 + b)" lor

Know and use the general termnC,cfr'tf. 0 <: r s n (knowledge of the greatest term and properties of the coefficients Is not required).

------------------------------------------------~"~
Urheberrec htlich gesc hutztes M ateri a

THEME OR TOPIC

CURRICULUM OBJEcnYfS

13, Vectors In 2 dimensions

Use vectors

In any form, e.g. (~}

AB. p. 01 + ,bl.

Know and use position vectors Find the magnitude vectors

and unit vectors.

of a vector. Add and subtrae! by scalars.

and rnultlplv vectors

Compose Use relative Interception 14" MatTices

and resolve velccltles, velodly Including solving problems on

(but not closest approach). In the form of matrix of any order in a given

Display Information and interpret Solve problem, product Interpret Calculate (where

the dolo

rncmx,
of the sum and

Involvl'ng the calculooon appro prate)

of two rnotrlces and

the result, the product of a scalar quantity and a matrix. the zero

use

Ihe algebra of 2 by 2 matrices and Identity malllx).

(Including

Calculate the determinant ond Inverse of a non-singular matrix and sotve simultaneous linear equations. 15. Differentiation Integration Use the notations Use the derlvattves rational constant these. Dlfferenfiate products and quotients ot functions and Understand the Idea of a derived function.

M.

'(x).. ~:~ "[d~(~~)l functions

r». sin x. cos

of the standard

x" (for any

with of

x. tan x. e", Inx, together

multiples" sums and comoosite

funcfions

Apply differentiation to gradients. tangents and normals. stationary pOints, connected rates of change, small increments and minima Dlscrimlnale memoo, and approximations problems, between maximo and minima by any and practical maxima

Urheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes Iv! ateri a

THEME OR TOPIC

CURRICUWM

OBJECTIVES

Understand dffferentiatlon, Integrate

integration

as the reverse process of

sums of terms In powers

of

excluding

1 x'

Integrate functions 01 the form (ox+ b)" (excluding n ~ ~1), ern' 0. $inCox + b), cos(ax + b). Evaluate evaluation Applv definite Integrals and applv Integration areas, and Integration moving to kinematics velocity and to tine

of plane

differentiation

problems

that Involve displacement. of particles acceleration.

acceleration

in a straight line (with and tine use of x~f

variable or constant and v~ f graphs).

___________________________

...I:xl
U rheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes M ateri a

MATHEMATICAL
The [[st which follows summarizes Ihe notation

NOTATION
used in the Syndicate's Mathemotlcs also applies,

examinations. Although primarily directed towards Advanced level, thelisl where relevant, to examinations at other levels, l.e, 0 level. AO level,

Mathematical
L e
,;

Notation

set Notation
is an element the the the the of of Is not an element set WitIl elements x" X2' sat of all x such that". number of elements in set A ern ply set

Ix: ... 1 nLA)

lX" "2. "I

e
Z

A'
N

universal set the complement of the set A the set of positive Integers and zero. {Q. L 2. 3, .. ,.1 the set of Integers. 10,. ±I. ±2. ±3, ." 1 the set of poslflve Integers. IL 2. 3, ... 1 the set of integers the set of rational the set of positive modulo

z+ in
0

n. 10. 1. 2,

.. ',. n -

11
X~

O·
Q~ 1\1

numbers rational numbers.

(x EQ ; x> 01 0)

the set of positive rallonal

numbers and zero, {XEO:

R+ RQ 'R"'
C

the set of rea) numbers the set of positive real numbers. (XG III , x » 0) the set of positive real numbers and zero. Ix e R : x .. 01 the real n tuples the set of complex Is a subset of Is a proper subset of Is not a subset of is not Q proper subset of union intersection b) b) b) the closed interval Ix e III : a", the interval {xsR: a.;; x « bl the Interval Ixe ~: 0< xo;;bl the open Interval numbers

c
ct

c g;

u
n

(0. (0. (0.

x '" bl

to.t»

[x ~ R : Q < x <. bl

2.

M~ce/IQneous

Symbols
Is equal to Is not equal to is identical to or Is congruent

to

~~i~

___
Urheberrec htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri"

is approximately
is Isomorphic
<;<Il .,;;>

equal to

to

Is proportional to is less than; is much less than

>;>

is less than or equal to or Is not greater than is greater than; ls much greater than
ls greater infinity than or equal to or Is not less than

..< ;
3, Operations o+b o-b o x b, ob.o,b a o+b, olb b o:b

plus b by b by b

a minus b a multiplied

a divided

the ratio 01

a 10

LOI
101
nl

f)

.ra

1-1

the positive squore root 01 the reol number the modulus at the reol number a n lactoriol lor

(~J
Functions

n" N

(01 " 1)

the binomial

coefficient

_n_!_.
,!(n-,)I

for

n,.t e N. 0", r'" n

_n.;_(n_-_I;,...)_-<;,...n_-_'_+-O-I). Q. re I\J lor n" ,I

4,

function

f 01 set A has on

the value of the function f at x f Is a function under which each element f:XHY Imoge In sel B the function 1maps the element

to the element

y
by

1""'
g,l, gf lirn I(x)
,,Ir~

the Inverse of tile function f the composite function 01 1 ond 9 which (g'I)(,,:) or gi(x) " g(I('<:) the limit of I(x) 01 x tends to a an Increment the derivative 01

Is defined

4)'.5x
dy

x
to x to

dx
d"y

of y with respect

roo, nx) ..... fCn)oo

____________________________

dx"

the nth cenvonve the first second.

of y with respect _. , nth derivatives

x x

of 1(,<:) with respect to ---')d!f

U rheberrec htl lch gesc h "Illes M aleri"

Indefinite

Integral

of y with respect ofy

to x to x for values of x to x respect to lime,

the definite between

Integral

wttI1 respect

a and b 01 y with respect of

the partial dertvallve the first. second, 5. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

,.. dertvatlves

x w~h

e
e'. exp logax In x Ig x 6,

base of natural logarithms exponentlol function of x logar~hm natural logarithm to the base of x of

of

logarithm

to bose 10

Circular Functions and Relations the Circular functions } the Inverse circular relations

&In. cos. Ion } cosec, sec, cot . sIn -, ,COS -, . ton -, •

cosec'".
7,

sec-',

cct-'

Molrlces a matrix M the Inverse of the square mr:mbc M the determinant of the scuoro motrix M

M M-'
del M.IMI 8, VectolS

the vector the vector directed

a
represented line segment In magnitude AS of the vector a of the cartesian coordinate and direction by the

iii i, I, k
I,al

a unit vector in the direction unit vectors in the directlons

axes

l;ijl
a,b axb 9. Probability and Statistics

the magnitude the magn~ude

of a of

A8

the scalar product of a and b the vector product of a and b

A B, C, etc.

events union of the events A and 8 Intersection of the events A and 8

AUB AnB

~,~--------------------------------------------Urhcberrec htl lch gesc hutztes M ate,i"

Example

Make copies of the Venn diagram shown and shade the ssts representee by each 01 the followingo:
(0) (b) (d) (e)

An

AU C' (A .8) (A U8)'

(e) Ausu C

nC

SoluNon

(a)

AnB
(c) (d)

AuG'

AU (e)

au

C
B

(AuB)nc

____________________________________________

(AuB),nc

~i~

EXCImpte3 Given thai ~ '"' !1 s x s 20, XE II,

A... Ix: x is a multiple of 41, B .. [x : x is a prime nurnoerl. C "" {x : x 15 a multiple of 31

(0) (b)

Ust the elements of sets A Band Find n{A U B u C).

C.

(el

Listthe elements of A n 8' n C.

(0)

So/urian

A = 14,8. 12, 16.201 B"" n. 2. 3, 5. 7, 11. 13. 17. 19] C"" 13.6,9. 12, 15, 181

(b)
(e) Example 4

(A u Bu C) = 11.2,3.4.5,6.7.8,9. :. n(A u B u C) = 18 (A n 8' n C) = {l21

11. 12. 13. IS. 16. 17. 18. 19,201

In 0 closs of 40 students. 30 like to ploy computer

games and 20 like to surf the net. It

Is given that
~ "" {students In the classl C = {students who like to play computer N gomesl

= {students

who like to surf the naf}

Let x be the number net.

ot students wI'1o neither IIketa plov computer

games no, surf the

Using Venn diagrams. or otherwise. find (a) the smallest possible value of x, (b) the largest possible value of
(0)

x.
Smallest posslbla value at

Solution

r--------------------,e

x is 0.

6 Urheberrec htllch gesc hutztes M ate,i"

(b)

r-------------------~<
10

Largest possible value at

x Is

40 - 30 = 10 when N C C.

Alternatively,

.------------------,~

x = n (en /Il) Let y = n (C u N).

3O-y+y+20-y+x=4O 5O-y+x=4O x=y-lO

(d) (bl

The smallest possible volua ctx is 0 when y = 10. It is impossible lor x to be negative. The largest pOSSble value 01 )( occurs when y Is maximum, I.e,. when y=20. :. largest possible value of x = 20 - 10 = 10.

Revision Exercises
1. List the elements of each 01 the lollowing sets, (0) A = Ix: x is on odd number and x < 10). (b) B = Ix: x Is multiple of 5 and i'- < 300L (c) (d) 2.

C=ix: 1<x<5.XEZ']. D = Ix: 1 <2x,;: 14. XE

rl.
Venn diagrams, shade the sets

A and B are two sets in the unlversol set.Insaporote represented by each of the following:

(a)
(b) (c) (eil
(e)

AuB. An B. Au 8'. An 8'. A' n fl.

_______________________________________________ ~~v
Urhcberrec htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri a

3.

It is given that e= {1, 2, 3. 4, 5, 6, 7. 8. 91 such that

A = 0r: x Is on even number), B = (x: x is a multiple of 3) and C" (x: X is a mul1iple of 4). a Venn diagram. list the elements of the following sets:

By drawing (a) AuB. (b) AnB,

(c) (eI)

AnBnC. (A U Bu C)'. at elements In each subset is

4.

A. Band C are such that r" A U B u C. The number shown In the Venn diagram,

(0)

(b) 5.

Given that niB no" niB' n 0. find the value of y. Find x and n(e), given that neAl " n(C).

A Band C are such that e» Au B u C The number of elements in each subset of is represented in the Venn diagram, Given that nit) " 20. find
(a)
(b) (c)

the value of x. n(A n 8'). n(BnCt ntA' n B n C),

(dl

U rhcberrec htl lch gesc h "Illes M aleri"

6.

A hundred members of a health club were inteIYiewedto find out whether they use free weights or treadmills more frequently, The outcome 01 the InteIYlew Is represented by the Venn diagram below:

e Is the set of members Intervlewed..

F Is the set of members who choose free weights. Tis the set of members who choose treadmills. Given that n(1) " 55. n(1) ,,60. find the maximum possible values of w, x ond z,
7.

lCD]

Members of a sea sports club may choose to participote in water·skJing.kayaklng or wind-surfing.

31 members participate In water-Skiing. 33 members participate in kayaking. 36 members participate in wind-surfing. 2x members participate In wofer-skllrlg arid kayaklrlg. 13 members participate ln kayaklrlg arldwirld-surfirlg. x + 7 members porftclpate In water-skiing and wlnd-surflng. x members parlcipate In alllhree actMt1es. It Is compulsory that every member parftclpote In alleasl one activity, (0) Copy the Venn diagram and irldicote the number of people in each subset. (b) Given that there is a total of 70 club members. (i) find the value of x: (jl) find the number of members who participated In wind-surfirlg anly; (jll) find the number of members who participated In water-skiing but not koyal<ing.

9 U rheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes M ateri a

a.

(a)

On the Venn diagram

below.

shade the set A u (9

C'),

(b)

There are 28 gi~s In a class. 01 these, 17 sing in the choir and 15 play the plano. It Is given that

e-

Igirls In the closs],

S ~ Igirls who sing in the chor]. p ~ jgirls who ploy the plcnol,
(i)

Find the smallest possible value of n(Sn Pi. Express in set notation piano. girls who neither sing In the choir nor play the
(e)

(II)

9.

A, Band elements

C are three sets and the numbers or are os shown in the Venn diagram.

The universal set e= AU B u C. (a) state the value of n«B U C),). (b) (c) If XE (A U 8) xEA.

n C, ftnd

the probability

that

If n(C) - neAl, find the two possible values

~k

10.

In a school. some 01 the subjects that students can take are Mathematics, Additional

Mathematics

and Physics. The Venn diagram of these subjects that

shows the combinations

are possible, and the numbers and letters represent the number 01 students In each subset. (0) Given thot the number of students faking (b) Physics is 123. calculate the value of x. Given that one sixth of those laking Mathematics also toke Additional Mathemofics. calculate the value at y and hence find the total number of students taking Mathematics. (e)

~~----------------------------------------------Urhcberrec htllch gesc hutztes M aleri"

Chapter 2

Functions

Curriculum Objecflve&: Understand the terms function,

domain,

range (Image set), one-one function. one fl(x) (= f(f(x))

Inverse function and .cornoosilion of functions Use the notation fOi) = sinx, t: x ~ Igx. (x> 0), tl(>;) Ul1derstal1d the relationship between be Ill1ear. quadratic or trigonometr,lc Explall1ln words why '0 given function an lnverse Find the inverse of a one-one Use sketchgrophs function

y=

I(x)

and' y = If(>;) I. where lex) may or why it does not have functions

'is a tunctlon

and form composite between

to show

the relotionshlp

a function and its Inverse,

1.

Functions
Consider mapped set X and set Y. related to a unique elemenlln pair where by the runcnon the set Y. 1 Is the image 012. f, every element in the set X is

(2. 1)ls on ordered The domain The codomoln

01 rhe lunction

is the set X", 12.3. 4.5). Is set Y = II, 2. J. 4. 5. 6).

of the function

x------_y

Notatlo!!

f ; X ~ Yor X__!_" Y denotes a function

r : XH f(.lO denotes a runctlon y = f(x) Itl the codomain.

I from domain

X to codomain

y,

1 linking x. an element of the domain, to Its Image

~11

_____________________________________________________

Considering 1(2) = 1
1(3) ~ 2

each

element

In domain

X,

1(4)" 3 1(5) '" 4.

:. tOO; x ~ 1
the (OI'Ige 01 I.

l11e set of ImClge$ Is caied

For example, the range 01 I(xl" x~ 1 is {I. 2, 3.41. Elements like 5 and 6 in codomain Yare not images of any elemen! in domain X and therefore are not in the range 01 f.

Example 1
A nmcnonr

Is d",flned 0 s xs 4 o s axs 12 o sroos 12

by f: XH 3x Rnd the range

of 1 for the dornolr,

0$ x$4.

Solution

2.

Composite FuncHons
When a function f isfollowed gl(;:<) = g(f(x» by anotheriunction g. we get a composite funcHon gf.

.c
A is the domain and C is the codomain of the composite function gf.

Exomple2
II f; (i) (II)

x .....~

and g

;x .....x~ 2.
~I S x

Find the range of gf for the domain Find an expression for f2.

s 2.

Urhcberrec htlich gesc hutztes M ateri"

Curriculum ObJecllves: Find the maximum

f, x ~

+ C by any method Use the maximum or minimum value 01 lex) to sketch the graph or determine the range tor a given domain Know the conditions for 100 " 0 to have (I) two real roots, (II) (Iii)
(i)

ax< + bx

or

minimum

value

of

the

quadratic

function

two equal roots, no real roots, conditions for 0' given line to Inlersect a given curve. be a tangent to a given curve,
Q

and the related (II)

(III) not Intersect Solve the quadratic quadrQ!lc

given curve equations lor reol roots and find the solution

sottor

Inequalities.

1.

General
The general or

form of a quadratic
form 01 a quadratic where

function
funcMon I, '00 - gx> + bx + c a, band c ore constants and a
¢ O.

y" oil- + bx + c,

Note, II a " O. then we have a linear luncllon whiCh involves variables Quadratic nmcftons 'Invoive vonobles of highest power 2.

of power 1.

2.

Maximum

and minimum values of quadratic

function y" ai2 +

bx +c

When a" 0, the function When 0 < 0, the function

has a minimum value. The shops of Its CUNe is v' has 0 maximum value. The shope otlts curve Is ("\, using two methods: similor forms) ls given by q

The maximum and minimum values can ba found (I) "Completing the squareExpress the function where and the corresponding (Note: You may need quad ratic function,) in a form, a, p and q are constants,

like ± (ox + PJ< + q. (or other The maximum or minimum

value of xis

_E:...
o
on the given

to use other similar forms. depending

~~----------------------------------------------UrrCD

rrechtl: I

schutztos

~\ prio

00

Ditferentletlon Differen~ote the function

y~ ail .. bJ<.. c with respect to J<,to get dY. Equate dx

dy to zero and solve to get the

ax

coordinate

of the mClldmum/mlnlmum lor the function to get the

value.

Substitute

this volue

Into the axpresslon

corresponding

value of y,

:. J<=--

dy ~20J< .. b~0 dJl b

20
J<-

SubsllMe EXample 1

-!?...

20

into y - w+

t»: + C

Given fhot the curve whose equation (1. 0) and (3. 0). lioo

is y ~ o- (x- '1)2 crosses the x-oxls ot the points

to
(U)

the volue 01 p and 'I, the mCllClmum value of y. (i) For the point (1. 0). v= 0 ~ p> (1- q)2

(e)

SOlution

P - (1 - 2'1 .. cfl = 0 p - 1 .. 2'1 - cf ~ 0

For the point (3, 0). y=0~p_(3-q)2

(l)

P - (9 - 6'1"
p-9+6q-cf=0 (2) - (1)

cfl = 0
(2)

4'1 - 8 ~ 0 .'. '1- 2

Substitute q"' 2 Into (1). p-l .. 2(2)_(2)2 ~ 0 p-l .'. p= .. 4-4=0 1

.', P = 1. 'I ~2
(ii) Use the "completing the square" method (this Is a better and' foster method to use in this question, especially so as the function is o~eod'y expressed In the" squored" form) SubstitUting the values of pond yo 1 -(J<-2)2 By Inspection, qlnlo the functon.

rncodmurn velue of y = 1.

______________________________

...!.21~

Urheberrcc htllch gesc hutztes M aleri"

Alternatively

. using the differentiation

method (not recommended

but Is shown to Illustrate the method) Y ~ 1 ~ (x ~ 2)' ~ I ~ i" ..Ax ~ 4 ~ -Xl + 4x ~ 3 dy = ~2x .. 4 = 0 dx

:. x - 2

Substitute

x ~ 2 into function. y-l~(2~2)< y=1

value of y is 1

The maximum

Example 2
Express y = ~ I(x + 5)2+ (x ~ 7)<) In the torm y,. vdlue of y and the corresponding Solution value of

x.

ex + qY-

+ f. Hence

find the least

(e)

y = ~(Xi .. 10x+ 25 + Xi ~ 14x .. 49)

= 1(2Xi ~ 4x .. 74) = Xl ~ 2x .. 37
c

ex ~

1)2 .. 36 value of y ~ 36 when x ~ 1.

Maximum

3.

Graphs of quadratic funcHons

Shope of quadratic function given by t;; ~ 4cre. (i) When a> O.

y= m?- .. b« .. cdepends
(Ii)

on o ond D.lts dlsc~mlnanl.

When 0'" O.

D.,.O
y

D.,.O

The curves cut the x-cxes at 2 different curves.

points A and B. I.e .. the x-oxes Intersecttha

22 Urhcberrec htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri a

Solulion

gf(.>O" 9«(.>0) " g(iI) '" iI - 2 gfH)"1-2"-T gf(O) " 0 - 2 " -2 gf(2) "4-2,, 2

(1100

-2

-I

-,

The range of gf Is -2 S glOO" 2. (ii)

f2(>() " f(f(x» " f(il) :. f2: x .... X"

" )(I

3.

.Inverse Function
A B A B

To find the Inverse of a function. leI f(x) " Y. Ihen x " Example 3 f Is defined by I . X H 2£ - 1. And ltie expression for

r-'(Y).

The nmcnon

r-' .

--------------------------------------------------------~~~
U rheberrec htl ich ge5c h "Illes M ateri"

(iii)

0>0

(iv)

O~O

0<0 0",0

Y 0

The curves touch the x-cxes at one point. i.e, the x-axes are tangents (v)
0>

to the curves.

(vi)

0<0
y

0<0 0<0
y

--~ot-------------~x
The curves are either entirely above not intersect the curves, graph, consider the following: or enll.rely below the x-nxes, l.e, the x·axes do

To sketch a quadrolic (i) o > 0 or (] < O. (i0 (ill) (iv) (vl !he maximum

0 > 0, 0 ~ 0 or 0 < O.
orland minimum points. of y when the y·lntercept(s) the x·intercept(s) (the value(s)

x '" 0).
y
a

(the value(s) of x when

0).

4..

General form of a quadratic equation

The general form of a quadratic equation Is and a ... O.

ax' + bx + c = 0 where a. band

c are constants

Urheberrcc htllch gcsc hutztes M ateri"

SoluHons/roots to a quadratic Is glvan In Ihe formula list),

equonon

are given by the following

formula

(which

20 D. the discriminant of the equation

(I)
(il)

-b±,Jb2-4oc )("'------'---

D > D, the equation I & Ii.) D

~ /:)2 when has two real and unequal roots, A and 8, (See trgures

4=.

= D, the

equallon

has two real and equal roots.t.e, one root A (See trgures has no real roots. (See figures v & vl.)

III & iv.) (iii) D < D, tns equation

Example 3
Find the value of o for which the equation has two equol roots.
(e)

(1 - 2p)il .. 8px- (2 .. 8p)"' D

Solution

Recall for an equallon

oil

..

t»: .. c '" D 10

have equal roots, roots.

D=tY-4ac=O.
For the equation (1 -.2p)il .. 8px - (2 .. 8p) = 0 to have equal D "' C8p)2 - 4(1 - 2p)(- (2 + 8p» "' O. 64r;il + (4 - 8p)(2 .. 8p) "' 0 Mr;il + 8 - 16p + 32p - Mr;il = 0

16p .. 8 = 0 p= -~

5.

QuadraHc

Inequalities tuncnon
»

When a quadratic

O. we gal a quadratic

equation

Y'" oi' .. bx + C"' O.

Quadratic Inequalities are oblalned when yO' ail .. bx + c > 0 or V"' ail + t»: + C < O. Partial Inequalities are obtained when V"' ail .. b)( .. c z 0 or y = ai' + bx + c s O. Soluton Method (a) of quadratic 1, Factorize inaqualltles: the expression and consider the signs

(x- .. A)()( .. Bl > 0 Both ()( .. A) and ()( ..

ro have ex"

the same sign

Either ()( + A) > 0 and (x + Bl > O. or A) < 0 and 8) < 0 Draw two number lines and determine the range of )( that sallsfy both conditlons x + A > 0 and )( + B> 0 as well as that which, satisfy both (x + A) < 0 and (x + 8) < O.

ex"

Urheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes Iv! ateri a

(b)

(x + A)(x + B) < 0 (x .. A) end (x + B) have ditfererlt Etlher (x + A) > 0 and (x + slgm:

Draw two number lines and determine the range of x that satisfy both condtfions x + A> 0 and x+ 8 <0 as well as that Which satisfy bath (x+ A) <0 and. (x + B) > O. Method
(a)

8> <

0, or (x + A) < 0 and (x + 8) > 0

2: Factorize

the expression

and sketch the curve

(x + A)(x + B) > 0
ror th~part
;{"Jo-s

for Ih~ port ot tl"le curve. :-:<-A

pO&'

af!hec,""e. pO&'

So/ution
(p)

,x < -A or x > -8

(x + A)(x + B) < 0

-a
So/uNon -A " x " -8 <, ~e~
-,4,0(

~~

x<.-8

't the

Example 4
Determine the range 01 the values 01 x lor which (i) x(x- 1) > 2 (I) x(x- I)'; 2. So/uNon
(i)

X(X - l) > 2 x2-x-2>O (x - 2)(x + I) > 0 Method 1: Consider signs For (x- 2){x+ 1) > 0. (x- 2) and (x+ I) have the some sign (arrows in number Ilrles point In the same dlrec~on).

------------------------------------~,-@

U rheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes M ateri a

(x-2»Oand(x+l»O x > 2 and x » -1

or or

(x-2)<Oand(x+l)<O < 2 and x -c -1

-1

-1 To satisfy both conditions (x< 2 &'x<-1).)«-1

To sat1sfy both conditions (x> 2 &. x > -1), x > 2

:. The range otx for which xCx -1) > 2 is x > 2 orx < -1.
Note: Use hollow dots """' for strIctlnequalifles Use bold dots ..... for partial points (l.e, ;?; or $). Method
(I( -

(I.e. > or <). that Include the

inequalities

2: Sk.etch curves

2)(x + 1) > 0

pO

pO

x<-lorx>2

ai)

x2-x-2s0 ex -2)(x + 1) so Method 1: Consider signs 2) and (I( + 1) have different directions). or or
(I( -

For (x - 2)(x + 1) s arrows poinlln

(I( -

o. (x -

signs (l.e.

opposite

x;;;2andxs-l

--I

2) 2: 0 and (x + 1) s 0

2) s 0 and (x + D ;;; 0

xs20ndxi':-1

-I

----

Both conditions (x s 2 and x";-I) cannol be sotistled.

.To satisfy both cond itions (I( s 2 and x i': -D. -1 s x s 2. 1) SOls -1 S x S 2.

:. The rOl"\ge lor which

x(x -

~,~----------------------------------------------------Urheberrec htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri a

Method

2: Sketch curves

(x- 2)(x + 1):5:.0

y~O

b:ample 5
Flnd.the range of volues of c for which the slrolghtllne

x2 +

v"' = 20

y~ 2x + c Intersects the curve

In two distinct points. At the points of Intersection. slmultoneously y,,2x+c . (I) the two equotlons must both be50listled

Solution

x2+

20 (2) Substitute (l) Into (2).

v"'=

x2+ (2x

+ C)2"

20 c",,20 20" 0

x"+4x"+4xc+ 5x" + 4cx+

c"-

In order for the points of .Intersection of the line and the curve to be two dlstlnct points, 5x" + 4xc + c" - 20 " 0 has two real and distinct roots, i.e. its dlscrlmlnont

0 > O.

0" tr- 4oc:> 0 (4ci' - 4(5)(c" - 20) > 0

160:::2- 200:;2+ 400 > 0 4.:2 <: 400 c2 < 100 tc + lO)(c - 10) < 0

(c+ lQ)(C-10l < 0

From the graph,

the range

of values of c Is -10 < c < 10.

------------------------------------------------~~j
Urheberrcc htl lch gcsc hutztes M ateri a

Example

6 the curve y ~

Rnd the value of kfar which the line y + 3x ~ kis a tangentto

Ii' + S.

(C)

Solution

At the

point

of Intersection.

the two

equations

must be satisfied

simultaneously.

y + 3x ~ k => Y ~ k - 3x y ~ i'- + 5 " "

Substitute (l) Into (2). k-3x,,>f-+5 >f-+3x+5-k~O For the line to be a tangent one real root. its 0 ~ O.

(1) (2)

to the curve. l.e. for

Ii' + 3x + 5 - k to

have

D ~ ti- 4ac D ~ (W - 4(1)(5 - k) ~ 0 k~

9-2O+4k-O

.!.2
4

Example

7 of values of c for which y" ex + 6 does not meet the curve (C)
are simultaneously satisfied.

Find the range

21i' - XV ~ 3.
Solution At points of Intersection. y=cx+6....... 2i'--XV=3 Substitute (l) into (2).

the two equcrlons (1)

(;2)

2i'- - x(cx + 6) " 3 2,,2- ci'-- 6x-3" 0

When the line does not meet the curve. 2i'- - ci'- - 6x - 3 " 0 has no real roots. I.e. D < O. D " Ii' - 4ce ~ (-{Jj2 - 4(236+24-120<0 12c> c>5 c)(-3) < 0

60

Urheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes M ateri"

Rev.lslon Exercises
1. Find the maximum or minimum value of each of the following quadratic functions by e)(pressng them in the form ±(ax + p)2+ q. State the corresponding value of x In each case. (0) 9i' + :ulx + 14 (b) 40x - 16i' - 19 (e) 16 - 3x- x1 (d) 3i' - ax + 9 ExpressY"-2i' +4x+ 191nthe form Y" (x+ pj> + a. where a.pond qare constants. Hence, state the maximum value of yond the corresponding value of x. Sketch the graph y" -2i' ...4x + 19. Write i' + kx + 64 In the form ex + pi' + q and obtain expressionsfor pond q In terms of Ie Hence find the range of values of ksuch that i' ... + 64 Is posnive for all values lex of x and deduce the corresponding range of values of tc The following equations have equal roots, Find the value of p; (0) i' + px 4 " 0 (b) i' - (p l)x" 5p - 30 (c) (p - l)i' + 4px + P + 20" O. The quadratic ecucnon pi' .. X" q " 0 has roots 3 and -4. Find 0) the values of pond a. (II) the range of values of r for which the equction pi' +x + q + t » 0 hos no real roots. Ftnd the range of values of k for Wh'lchthe eouonon loP- ... 2(21< + 2)x ... 4k ... 9 " 0 has real roots. Find the range of x Which satisfy each of the following Inequalities:
(0) (b)
(c) (7 -

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

(2x + 3)(x - 4) -c 0 ><'!(x ... 2) > 0 8

i' ...1~11))( 2

(d)
(e)

2i' + 2x s i' - 5x +

8.

Ftnd the range of values of /(for which the expression 2i' ... 5x ... I< Is positive lor all real values of x. ftnd the range of values olklol for all real values of x. which the expression21(1- x) ... Ie i.snever positive

9.

U rheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes M ateri a

10.

Find the range of values of .K for which the line kx .. Y - 3 Intersects the curve

i'- .. 2V' - 8 at
II. If the line y ~ between 12.

two real anddlstincl

points. to the curve

mend

mx .. c is a c

tangent

.i'- + V' '" 1O.

find the

relationship

Find tM range at values of p for which the graph y

= pi'-

+ 9x + P + 12 crosses the to the curve,

x-oxls, State also the values of p for whiCh the x-oxls is a tangent 13.
(0)

Calculate Calculate

the range of values of x for which i'- + 4x - 5 :> 5x - 3 the range of values

(b)

at

tor which 3i'- -

9x +

c»

2.25 for all values

~x
14. (a) (b) Find the range of values of x for which ~ 10 - J() ;" 24. Find the value of k for which 2y ..

~ x - k Is a
tangent to the curve V' + 4x- 20. (C)

Urheberrcc htllch gesc hutztes M aleri"

Chapter 4

Indices and Surds

Currlcuhrm ObJectives;
i
I

Perform simple operations the denominator.

wi,tl1 indice.

and wili1 surds. inc,luding rotionolising

1.

Indices
Multiplication as cI' where For example. of 0 by Iiself .n number of limes can expressed In Ihe form alan Index

a Is the base and n is the Index.

2'" 2

x 2x 2x2

= 16

2.

Lawsof Indices
Laws 01 Indices d"
x

Noles

d'

= d".n
(0

d" ...d'" d""" (d")n .=,cI"" d" x b'"= d" + b'"

x b)'" where where b" 0 a ,. 0 and Is a T90I. number

=
1

(Ef

cP" 1
Q"m ,",

d"

where where

a«0 c»0

(Ef' =(~r
0;1,,,

rzyo

~ ,,(~r ,,"Jdi
(d" X b")1 " d'" x b'"

________________________________________________________

~31

bamp .. 1
SimplifY (I) (II)
(I)

J2

x 3° 3>+Y x 3"""Y

Soluffon

Method I: 3~ x3° " (3 x 3) x (3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3) " 3~ Method 2:

Uslng Ird"-~-X-d'-"-~ 3~x 30" 32'''"

-d"'-n'l

3B

Note: Method I Is used to verifylhe Low; ~ Is foster and less cumbersome to use the Law of Indices.
(ii)

Example 2
SimplifY
(i)

Oil
Solution

OJ

35. 3' _ 3

- 3~
3~3'x3x3x3 3~3

"3~3~3

"3

Alternativety Uslng

.
'0-

I ci"

if - d'F"

.3".. 3' =35-2 " 33

(II)

Example 3
Simplify

m
(il)

(34)'

(2")" (3')' " (3 x 3 x 3 x 3) x (3 x 3 x 3 x 3) x (3 x 3 x 3 x 3) " 3"

Using

Solution

0)

(d")n "

d""1

(34)J = 344 " 312

~~----------------------------------------------Urheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes M ateri"

Example Simplify

.. (I) (11) (i)

2'

x 32x

35

x<

Solution

2' x 35 '" (2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2) x (3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3)
-Qx~xQx~xQxmxQx~xQx~
",(2 x 3)5

Alternalivety, Using

I an

x t:I" '" (0 x b)'"

2'x 3"' " Q x 3)5

(il) Example Simplify 5
(i)

32xx<=(3xXJ2

(iQ

Solution

3' .. 2' '" 3x3x3x3x3 2x2x2x2x2 3333 '" 2x2~2x2x2

Altsrnatir-'v_s_:ly Using

an + t:I""

(~rl
---.
+

Consider a special case of the Iowan when m ~ n, for example, aJ+a3"'~_1 and

d' " d""""

axaxa

a3+a3"a"-'l"r:/'

Hence. we get the zero index law:

I d' '"

U rheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes M ateri a

Example 6
Simplify
(I) (jj)

lQO'l

(X;r
I r:P
~1

Solullon

Using
(i)

1000 = 1

oo
Consider where another

C~J
Ox'O,XO

=1

case of the law d" + d'

= d"""

m <: n. for example. Oil +

d'

= __ o_'_x_o_'x_o__ OXOXOXOXOXO

or
and Ol ..

d'

'= a""

= 0-) Index law

Hence. we get the negative

C-::ll
~
Simplify

Example 7
(i) (ii)

3-:.l
~

Solution

~ng
(il)

I o-m

o~1
1

3-2 = 3~=~

Next. consider

3)~2 ('4 (_34)2

=

Urheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes M aleri"

Exomple Slmplffy

8 (i) (ii)

(%f

(if

Solullon

Consider

on expression = Q~X2 = a

(J)<

Toke squore roots on both sides at the equotlon.

ol~ra
Ukewlse.

(J;)'"

= o;!;xm ~ a

Toke m'" root on both sides 01 the equallon

Io~=~1

~--------------------------------------------~.~
Urheberrcc htllch gesc hutztes M ateri"

ExClmple 9
Find the value of (i) (II) 125!

(~Jj

So/u/Ion

Using (I)

10k" ra I
12SLms",5

(Ii)

ExClmpJe I 0
Find the volue 01 (I) (II) Solution 4' 811

4f" (4!
or

,,(J4f ,,2J =8
-..f6J.=8

4LW)~",~

Hence (ii)

the low 81i"

af/;

,,('zyQf

,,1d'1

($l)~ ,,27 =3~

EXCImpie 11 Sim pllfy

(l) OJ)
(j)

(3' x 23)2 (4'x&")" (3 .x 3 x 3 x 3 x 2 x 2 x 2) x (3 x 3 x 3 x3 x 2 ·X 2 x 2)

Solution

" 3" x 2'

Alternatively, Using

(d" x tf')' " d" x

tf"1

(3. x

23]2

"

340:2

x ;tM

" 38 x 2'
(II) (4~ x 5')3 " 42<lx sJ>: ,,40 x S".

~~--------------------------------------------Urheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes Iv! ateri"

EXQmple 12 SImplify (i) 6' x (22)3 .. 32

(If)
(iii)

Ut x32 x:Mj27J .16{ x 3~

Sl:Jlulion

(il

~ x (22)3.32

~fir
+

= 6'

J' x (22)3 x (22)3

(using (d")n - d"") (using d" x d' ~ d"''')

~ 2' x 26 ~ 2a =256
(II)

=
c

64! x32 xM! 64~ x 641 xJ'

(using d" x d" " d"''') (Using a C;

= M(i+!) x3'

= M~ x32

,,("::tCi )n)

(~164f x3'
42 x 3' (uslng d" x b'" " (a x b)"')

" (4 x 3)2

-1z2
~ 144
(III)

27' • 16~ x 3-2

~ 27~ +m x3~2 = (m)' +2:<3-'

" 3'
X

(uSing

am "To)

(using af/; = cTa)n ) (using d" x d' ~ d""~

3-2.,2

=32-2+2

- 3° .. 2
= 1;- 2

(using d'

1)

='2

______________________________________________

~cn

Urheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes M ateri"

3.

Surds
A surd is Ihe square rool of a 'lumber and It cermet

be evaluated

exacHy.

A surd is an Irrational 'lumber.

Recall: An irrational number is one that cannot b are integers and b ~ 0, Examples of surds are be expressed in the form ~ where

a and

v~. 2~3,3+ -J5

In

r;;,ff

and

"J3'
l.e. to

Fractions involving surds can be simplified by rotionalislng the denominator, change the denominator which contains surd to a rononol number, Ratlonollslng (i) (Ii) the denominator can be done by: and denominator and denominator

multiplying multiplying

both the numerator both the numerator

by the surd itself; or by Its conjugate surd,

For example. Example 13

the conjugate

surd of 2,(5

+,/3

is 2-r5 -,/3,

Simplify the followlng. (a)

by rallonallsing (b)

th,e denominators: (cl

:.n

-r5

4 /3' + 2

Solution

(a)

i- *(~J JlO
_4_ _4_(,[3 -2)
= ./3+2 13+2 13-2 =

=2

(b)

---r:=-4

4.[3 -8

= 8-4./3

(e)

3./2 -.[3 _ 3-/2 - 13 (2.[3 213+-/2 - 2:J3+h ~

-.J2_)

6..[6 - 2(3) - 3(2) + . .[6 4(3)-2 = -1-0716-12

~~-----------------------Urheberrcc htllch gesc hutztes M ateri"

Revision exercises
1. Without using 0 calculator.
(a) (c)

simplify the following: (b) 52 .. 1031'22

(2 x4 X.4-lr
A 0

(16'x4)! 2Tl 1'27'1.,. 27t

(d)
(I)

~xm 51 x 2,5.}
125~

(e)

2.

Sollie the following equolions: (a) (cl 8' - 2 4Jx=..j32'·2' (bl

Cd)

2,,2 = 42x-2 32>+1 x 27,-2 .:_'Sc71' ' '-'C-1 =I

3. 4.

If y

= 3x•

express 9-' + 32x-I - 81< In terms of y.

GJven thct y = ax> - b. when of a ond b.

x = 2. y

.4 and

when

x-

3. y - 61. find the volue

6.

Simplify the following: (a) (e)

.JV +../8

(b) (d)

.J243- 2.JV + 3./3

,Ji2

·m 1'-/6
(3- ..j't)(3 +..f!) (3,fJ - 2)(4-/3
-1)

-/6
(1+./3)2 (5-.J5)(3+

7.

Simplify the following: (a) (e) (b) (d)

J5

2.J5)

8.

Simplify the following by ratlonolislng the denominators:

4
(0)

(2 -

-.J3)

3~-.J5
(b)3.J5 (d)

-.J2
3-J5

(el

4 (J2+3)2

3-J5
Jj+:n+JJ-J2

________________________________________________________ ~,3¢
Urheberrcc htllch gesc hutztes M ateri"

Chapter 5

Curriculum

ObJectlve$: and tactor tI1eorems of polynomials equations

Know and use the remainder Find factors Solve cubic

I.

The Remainder Theorem

Wilen a polynomial
((xl

[the dividend)

is divided

by (ax - b) (the divisor), tile

remainder Dividend Example

is f(%l: = Divisor x Quotient

1 when
((x)

+ Remainder

Find Ihe remainder (i) (ii) (III)

= £Ii' -4.>il

- ]x - 2 15 divided

by

x+ 1 4x+ 1

x-

2.

Solulion

OJ
(ii)

1(-1)
(-i)

= 4 HJS - 4 H)2 - 7 (-1) - 2 = - 4 - 4 + 7 - 2 '" - 3 = 4 <-1)' - 4 <-.1-)2 - 7 (-t) - 2 = -,.\; - t + % - 2 = -i

ot the dividend, then the remainder Is zero.

(iii)

1(2) ~ 4 (2)3 - 4 (2)2 - 7 (2) - 2 = 32 - 16 - 14 - 2 = 0

If the divisor Is a factor

2.

The Factor Theorem

If a polynomial f(x') (the dividend) 01 r(x). is divided by (ox- b) (the divisor) and f(b/o)"' 0, then ox - b is a factor

3.

Factorization of Cubic Expressions

Cubic equations should have three linear factors. I.e., fix') "' (x + 0) (x + b) (x + cJ and con be solved using a combination at rnemocs of long division. inspection and trial' and error using factor Example 2 In example dlvlslble expression. 1, {(x) "' theorem,

£Ii' -

4.>il - 7x - 2 has a factor of a and

x - 2. Given Ihat {(Xl Is exactly completely factorize the

by (ox+ 1). Find tile value

hence

~~-----------------------------------------------

Solution

4xJ - ,u2 - 7x - 2 has

factor

x - 2.

4x~+ Ax+ 1 x- 2},u3 -Ax2 -lx- 2

4x' -

A";;x":<:--~7 x-Ax< - 8x
x-2 x-2

ex

4xJ - 4Xlf(-~)-

7x - 2 is also exactly .. A(-~)+ 1-0

dMslble

by (ox + 1).

4(-~l

:;r-i-+1-O
4-Ao+o2-o
(a - 2)2 - 0 Is (2x.. 1).. 4i' + 4x + 1 by inspection. Ai' .. Ax .. 1 - <2x + 1)<2x" 1). :. 4xJ - Ai' -7x2 - (x- 2)(2x + 1)(2x + 1) ...•ono1her factor Factorizing

:. a -

bomple3
The remainder It Is divided Sotutlon by when xJ - 5x + a Is dMded

x-

by x + 3 Is twice the remainder

when

2. Find the value of a.

oond Rbe the remolnderwl1en

(el
xJ-5x + alsdlvlded

Let t(lO bexJ-5x+ by

x-

2.
(2)' - 5(2) .. 0- R
(1) 0-

f(2) 0-

8-1O+a-R

R .. 2

t(-3) - (-3)3 - 5(-3) + -27 + 15 + a - 2R 0- 2R + 12, " (2) - (1),

2R (2)

2R-R+12-2-0 R- -10
Substitute R - -10 Into (1) a - -10 + 2 - ~

_________________________

___.A.1,:
Urheberrcc htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri a

Revision Exercises
1. Find the remainder (a) )( + 3 (D)
(c) 2J( -

when 6il

+ 2il + 4)( + 3 Is divided

by

3)(+ 4

2.

Find the value of 0 for which (a) (b) (c) 2il -

Ii'

+ 3)( + a has a remainder

of 10 when divided

by x-

2. by x - 3.

ox"

+ zx*

-31i' -

x + 6 hos a remainder

of 7 when divided

by x-I.

x* + (0 - l)il factorize

+ Ii' - 6.>1 7 has a remainder +

the following expressions:

of 27 When divided

3.

Completely
(a)

(b)
(c)

2il - 3il - 3)( + 2 3x' - 8il + 3x + 2

sx' -

SK = 2 -

2il

4.

Given of 28 (a) (b)

that {(xl - ail + 5i' -17x+ bis exactly divisible by 3x+ 1 and hcs o remainder wI1en divided by x - 2. find the value of a and of b. factorize r(X) completely.

5.

Given that the expression

2i' + ~

- 3x + b Is exactly

divisible by i' +

x-

2. find

the value of a and 01 b. and find the third factor 6 The expression"a of a and of b. + (b-2ali' + (0- b)x-6

of the expression.

has a factor of i' + 4x+ 3. Find the value

7.

Given tho! lor ollvolues 0, bond c. (0) (b)

of x. 6il ... 13i' - 9 = (ax ... b)(x + 2)(2x - 1) ... c. evaluate

8.

Given that 4X' - 9di'

+ 2 (d - 7).1'- 18 is exactly

divisible by 2x - 30. show

that d' - 70 - 6 = 0 and hence

find the possible values of

a.

The expression 2il + b.il - cx + d leaves the some remainder wI1en divided by K ... 1 or x - 2 or 2x - L Evaluote bond c. Given also tho! the expression Is exactly divisible by x + 2. evaluate d. (e)

~'L-

_
Urhcberrec htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri a

Clioicllilim

Objectives: equotlcns ln two unknowns with

Solve slrnultoneous ecucmon,

at

least one

linear

Simuifonoous

equations

are equotions

met need

to be solved at the same time.

I.

TWo simultaneous
To solve the equations,

linear equations
we usually ellmlrlate

in two unknowns
one variable to find a solLJt1onto the to solve the

second variable. The latter Isthen substituted Into one of the equations first unknown. Usuolly there is only one solution to each unknown. Example 1

The line bx + ay "" II Intersects 20x + by = 15 at the point (3. 1). Find the values of 0 and b. So/l.Jfion

x""

3 and y "" 1 soosfy the two slrnultoneous

(l)

equoflons:

b(3) + 0(1) "" 11 20(3) + b(i) "" 15 + 3b "" 11 a"" 11 -3b From (2) 60 + b "" 15 To eliminate o, substitute From (1)
0

(2)
(3)

(4)
(3)

into (4)

6(11 - 3b) + b ""15 17b"" 51

b-3
Substitute b"" 3 Into (3)

a'" 11 - 3(3) 0=2 :. 0 = 2 and· b " 3 2. Simultaneous linear and non-linear

When we deal wllh non-llneor Apart from elimirlallon USing substiMion. equoftons, by substitution.

equations

in two unknowns

there witl be more than one sclutlon. and express one unknown equotion in

we may need to use toctorizctlon, It Into the non-tneor to eliminors

we start with the linear equalion

----------------------------------------------------~~
Urrdmrraoilill

terms of Ihe other. Then we substitute one unknown.

11 sr,hn' t g

~I r rial

To toctorze a quadratic following formula (given

X~~~---'------

equation aXZ + WI," + In the formula list)

c"

O. one may need to use the

-b±v'b'-4ac

2a
2

Example

Solve Ihe simultaneous X+.l=4 23

2xy " lIS Solution

equations

(1)
(2) From (2) (C)

x"

lIS ...,..,.,.... (3) 2y (3) inlo 0).

SubsliMe

~(;:)+~"
(4)

4 """.... (4)

x 12y

135 + 4y2 " 48y 4y2-48y+ 135",0

-(-48) ± ,j(-4W - 4(4)(135) y-~~~~~---'---~~

2(4)

481:12 15 9 y=--_or8 2 2

Substitute

""2

15

Into (3),

x" ~

lIS

¥J 5

3:

Substitute

y -~

into (3),

x-

2(~)"
and 6. Calculate (e) must be satisfied simultaneously.

.'. the solutions are

(3.~J (5.~)
Of

Example The liney"

3 3x-lintersecls the curve

2i' + 2y2 - x+ y-Il "OotA

the coordinates Solution

of A and of B,

At A and B. both equations

2i'

y" 3x - 1 ." .... " .., (1) + 2y2 - x + y - 11 " 0." ..,..." (2)

Urheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes M ateri"

Substitute (l) Into (2).

'd- +

2(3x - 11- x + (3x - 1)- 11 = 0

U + 2(9x" - 6x + 1) - x + 3x - 1 - 11 = 0 2x" + 18x" - 12x + 2 - x +3x -12 ". 0 20x" - lOx - 10 '" 0

2~-x-l=O.
(2X + 1)(x1) " 0" or

:. x"

-.!
2

x=
1
2

1 Into (1)

Substttute x ,,--

:. Y= 3(-.!) - 1 =-~

2 1
(--,

Substitute x = 1 into (1)

:. y = 3(1)- 1 = 2.
The coordinates of A and of Bare

5
--)

and (I, 2).

Revision Exercises
Solve the simultaneous 1. ~ + ~ " 13
3x+y",9 equa!ior.s:

2. 5,

x + 2y) = .-4 2X+y=2 x(3+y),,30 y(2 + 2.>Q=28

ex

3,

2x + y" 1 4x" - 4xy - 4~ " -20

4,
6.

2x" =110 - 3r 2x + y = 12

Given that (rr, 7) is a solution of the simUltaneous 3xfind (I) (II) y" 8 and

equotlons

b~ - xy + 9 =

r,
of the other solution. 'of two squares Is 18 m and the sum of their areas Is of the squares.

the value of a and of b. the coordinates

7,

The sum of the perimeters

16.25 m2. Find the dimensions

a,.
9,

The line 2x + y" 2 intersects the curve 4.>:"+ ~ = 20 at A and B. Find the coordinates of A. and of B. Solve the simultaneous y=x"+5x-3 2y = 3x - 2 equations. (C) equations.

10.

Solve the simultaneous X+Y"XV

2y" x + 2

(Cl ~14s

____________________________________________________________

U rheberrec htl lch gesc h "Illes M ateri a

Chapter 7

Logarithm~c and Exponential

Cu,,(culum

ObJectlves:

Know simple properties and graphs of the loqorllhrnic and exponential lunctbnslncludlng Inx and e< (series expansions are not required) Know and use the laws at logoJ1thms (Including Solve equotions of the form a' ~b. change of bose of logamhmsl

I,

Logarithmic Function
Generallorm lrnportont
(I)

Is log.,x where logarithmic

0>

0 end

Is a variable.

functions:

(ii)

common 10garMhm where 0 ~ 10. laglOx l.e. Igx, noturcl logarithm where 0" e, logex I.e. Illx.

------~Qr---~------~~x

Properties of the graphs where V" Igx or Inx: (I) V does not exist for x < 0 (iil (liO (Iv) V" 0 when x " 1 x '" then V .... ee N; x 0 then V..".._
N;

2.

ExponenHalFuncflons
Gen8lal Important
(j)

form 15 a" where a Is a positive constant exponenfiol functions

and x a variable.

(II)

ex (Inverse

10' (inverse of Ig Xl of InXl

wnere a> 1

y;:;;or

Propert1es of lI1e groph y - a" (0) land (i) y> 0 for 011 real values 01 )( (jl) (ill)
(N)

x>O)

Y '" 1 when )( = 0 As)(--> .. then y--> ..

As)(--> ~ then y--> 0
V

y-a~ ,y~~

, ,,
Graph of y '"
OX

15a reflection

01 log"" graph in lI1e line y = x.

y

, ,,

' ......... y. ,,

0;(

Y' '"

0-0<

graph

15obtained

when ,y = o' is reflected

In the y-axis.

.7
Urheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes M ateri"

3.

Lows of LogarHhm and Indices

Lows of Logcuithm
log,,()<)') IOg~r~ log,,(lt}" Lows of Indices
QmxQI".I~a~n

log~ x + log~ y
1'+

J '" log"
= nlog"x

log" y

..:...,__om=tl

om
0"

(0"')"=

0""

log" 0 = 1 log" 1 =0

00= I
o-m

=_1_

om

o,r'fr:;::;,\fa

j_

m-

!C OC",

= yO

(m-)" = ~ on

To chonge

base. from base b to base

0:

10gaN=logoN log"o Example (0) (b) (cl (d) 1

Solve the equation 2' = 5, Solve the equation lox + Ig (3x + 1) " L By using the substitution y"" 8". find the volue of x such that Be-' ~ e' =2, Given thai y

= ax". thai

= 2 when x = 3 ond

thai y

= 3_

volue of 0 end 01 b. Solution

(0)

when

x » 9,

find the
(e)

2' '" 5
Ig2'=lg5 xl92 =195 = ,2.32 Ig2 since

x = Ig5

c»

Igx+1g (3x+ 1)= 1 IgX{3X + I) = Ig 10 x(3x + 1) = 10 3x'+x-IO=0

(3x- 5)(x + 2) = 0 5

=, -

3 5 3

or

x = -2 (rejected is undefined)

os Ig of negative

constant

:. X=-

~~--------------------------------------------Urheberrec htllch gesc hutztes Mater;"

(c)

89""-&'=2
Multiply throughout

bye",
y= e".

8- e2"=2e"
Using the substitution y2 + 2y - 8 = 0
(y

+ 4)(y - 2) = 0 or or

y= -4 e" = -4 (undenned)

y= 2 e" = 2
:. ;( = 0.693

(d)

y = wf' When x =3. y = 2.: 2 = 0(3)" 192 = Iga + b Ig3 ,....,.....,.,.(1)

When ;( = 9. y = ~:

(since log" (xy) = Iog,,;( + log" y and logo 00" = n log" Xl

z,

0(9)"
Q

Ig - " Ig .9 Ig 2 -Ig (1)- (2)

92

+ b Ig 9
(2)

9 = Ig a+ b Ig 9

Ig 9 =. b(lg .".b=~= Ig3-lg9

3-lg

9) 199 ",-2 Ig~

9
Substitute b " -2 into (I), Ig2 = Iga + (-2) Ig3

Iga = 192 + 21g3

190 = 192 .. 1932 Iga" Ig2.,,32

:. a = 2 " 3'
Example
(I) (Ii)

18

Sketch tne graph of y " Inx for x > O. Express ;(2 = &-2 in the form Inx = ox + b. Insert on your sketch 1119 additional solution or )(2 = tr,2. graph required to obtain a graphical (C)

(iii)

49 Urheberrcc htllch gesc hutztes M ateri"

SOlurion

(I)

Y"

y .. lnx

x< - e<-<
Inx2-x-2 2Inx-x-2 Inx-

_!_x-l
2

where

= ! and b =-1 2

(III)

x< = e<-z
Inx'" _!_X-I 2 Let
The

y -Inxond

y-

!x2

1.

Intersection of y ~ Inx and y'"

!x - 1 graphs
2

gives a solution

of x2 '" e<-'.

y = !x- 1 is a straight line graph with gradient·! and y.lntercept .2 .2

of

c-l.

When y '" 0, x - 2.
y

[!] Ih<>sG "''' 2 pI; 'Of Int9fS.action

Exgmple

Sketch the graph of v= e1•2'_

soumor.

y '" e

e-2x

Thus, rt will toke the shope of :. x '"

y '" e-2x.

y '" e'-2< '" 1 when 1 - 2x '" 0

"2

WL-

___
Urheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes Mater; a

The graph of y'" 81-2<' is obfained Ihe righl.

by rransloflng

V'" e-2xholf on unlt to

Example 4
By changing
(a)

bases. evaluale

Ihe following:

logfj
log",2.6 Nole: By changing 10 bose 10 or bose e.11 is possible to evaluate

(b)

Solution

tile above.
Ig5

(0)

logp '" Ig2"' 2,32

Allernotlvely, InS

logii '" In2 '" 2.32

(b)

Ig2.6 log,.;26 '" Ig2.5 '" 2.36

Alternallvely. 1".6 QQ"".. '" In2.6 = 2.36 In2,5

51 Urheberrec htl lch gesc hutztes Iv! ater;"

Revision. Exercises
1. Solve the following equations: (0) 2 Ig)( ~ Ig ()(+ 2) (b) (c) 2. 2 Ig 2z + Ig (z+ 1) - Ig 3z" 0 Ig (2)<2 + 5)( + 2) = 3 Ig 2 + 1

Solve the following equations:

(0)

(b)
(c)

3'" ~ 7 2 x 16,-1 ~ 8' 2' - 5 + 2<-< ~ 0

3.

Solve fhe following equations:

(Q)

(b)
(e) (d) 4.

6"''''" 146 29"""' ~ 7 e2' +

36'"2. ~ 4 2(i2'" -

e>+' -

6e = 0

Given that Ig 5 " P. find in ferms of p

(I)

15
Ig50 Ig25 wlthovtuslng calculator. the

(H) (nI) 5.

Given that In 2 ~ 0.693 and In 9 = 2.197. calculate values of (i) In 72 (ii) Ir,,1162 (iii) In 2.25

6.

Sketch the following functions:

(I)

y=lg3x

(II) (iii) 7.

y" 3 In)( y ~ In(x + 2)

Sketch the following functions: (i) y ~ 26"'x (II)

(ill)

v = e+'
y"

2.62'-'
2
4" - 2"2 + 3 ~ 0,

8. 9.

Using the substlturlon V" 2'. solve the equation

(0)

Ihe curve wltn equation 16

PV ~ qx passes through Ihe points (1, -12) and

(_2.1-).

Find the value of p and 01 q.

~L-

___

Urheberrcc htllch gesc hutztes M a\eri"

(b)

Solve the simultaneous

equations:

x'r(c) (i) (Ii)

Igx+ 2lgy=

125
value when x

Given that y = 2xa-~. show that y has a stationary Complete the following table.

1.

x
y
Using graph

o
y= 2x

0.5

paper. draw the graph

line. find the sohrnons of the equation

e-x far 0 s x s 2. By drawfng a suitable x + 1 " lOxe-x, (e)

substance, present at tIme

11;].

(a)

The mass. m grams, of a radioactive

t days

atter

first being oosa rvsc, Is given by the formula

m" 24.,01)2'.
Find (l) (li) th.e value of

when

t" 30,

{TO
(0) (c)

the value of t wilen the mass Is half of Its value al r" 0, the rate at wIlieh the mass Is decreasing when t = 50. (Answer this 15: Differentiation)

question atter revising chapter Solve the equation Ig(2O + 5!() ~ Ig( 10 ~ Xl " I. Given that

= Iga Is a solullon of the equation

Q.

1()2>'+1 ~

7(10')=

26.
(e)

find the value of

--------------------------------------------~~~
Urheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes M ateri"

Chapter 8

Straight Line Graphs

Curriculum ObJectives: Interpret the equation form and hence or Intercept

of a straight line graph Including unknown graph

Transform given relotlonshlps, determine of the transformed

y"

ax"

In the larm y = mx by calculatng

-I-

end y" Ab', to straight line the gradjent

constants

Solve cuestlons Involving'mld-point end length of a line Know and 'use the condition lor two lines to be parallel and perpendicular,

I.

Distance between two points

y
BD<,. yo)

-+--------------------------~K
Given that the coordinates between 01 Aand Bare (x,. V,) and ("2.)';» respectively. distance A and B. l.e, AS '" J(X2 - X1)2 + (Y2 - Yl)2 ,

Urheber reo h tllc h

Q""" hutztes

Maieri 81

2.

Mid-point
y

C0<.)/)

(X"

y,)
.,.~ •• ~.,.-,-, •• , ••• ,.~ •• , •• ,.-,-, •• ,.••• ,., .••• , •• , •• ".~." •• ,.#'

-+--------------------------------------.~
Let the mid-point of AB be C (x y).

Coordinates of C = (
Example

'x +x

Y +Y2) ?T

Two polnts have coordinates A (..a. 4) and B (-2" 0), find (I) the distance between A and B: (iI) the coordinates of C. the mid-point of AB.
Solution (i)

AB = ~(-2 - (-8»)~-t- (0 - 4)~

=M
= 7.21

units
'-8+<-2)

(II)

Mld·polnt = ( --2-' C
= (-5,2)

-2-

4+0)

Urheberrcc htllch gcsc hutztes M ateri"

3.

Gradient
Gradient m. af a straight line joined by any two points Is defined as m _ the difference Ihe difference in the y - coordinates In the X· coordinates

= YI ±Y2

or YI :l:Y2

------~p~r-----------------~Q---------.x
Gradient of AB. m = y, - V, = tan LBAC = tan 9
;(, -XI

Since LBAC LBPQ. gradient 01 a straight Ilrle tangent line makes Io'<Iith the positive drectton 01 the x-oxls.
Q

·01the arlgle which the

is ocuts ., Ian

Q>

O. gradient

(I>

O.

~.,~-------------------------------------------Urheberrec htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri"

--o~----------------Q~~------------·X
a 4.
Is obtuse :, tan

a < 0,

tan

a = -ton

LPQO, gradient

< 0,

Gradients of two parallel lines

y

v~m/".c,
A..

/D
c_

y~m"u""

Equation Gradient Equation

01 A8 Is y"

m,x

c,

of A.B " m, "ton 9, of CD is y = m,x + C,

Gradient of CD = ~ = tan When AS Is parallel to CD

e.,

e," e.,

ton 8," tan

e.,

------------------------------------------------------~~

Urhcberrec htllch gesc hutztes Mater;"

5.

Gradients

0'
y

two perpendicular

Ilnes
A

o
I, has gradient ,. has gradient

m,

rrI] = Ian LABD = Ian

rTlz rTlz = Ian LEDX = tan (3

from f to the x·axls.

EF Is lIle perpendicular

LDEF=
rTl]

e
BF EF
& =-~
<l=

= EF=tan &= DF

fI1:.l =-Ion .. I!lJt

-ffr=-ta~

1
=:t ""

Example

2
10 each other, Givan Ihallha gradlanl of AC

Unes AC and BD are perpendicular Is ~. find the gradient of BD. SoIutJon

Gradient of AC. mAC Is Slnea AC and BD ara perpenclculor,

gradlanl

of BD Is

-m!c = -4.

6.

Area

0'

Plane Figures
vertlces A(x,. V,), B(x2• V~). In on onn-clockwlse direction.

General formula for area of the figure with C(x3• VJ)....... N(xn• V.,). where AB.C. .. N Ole located Is

~I ::',:',',:',I ~ ~:;
")) - (sum ot all products /)) Urheberrec htllch gesc hutztes Iv! ateri"

= ~ [(sum of all products

.58

Example

3 shown below?

What Is the area of the trapezium

y

8(6.13)

CUO,IO)

SOlution

Area of trapezium

ADCB ~

~1~~~X~~l~X~1

~ }2 (((0lC-2) + m(1O) + (10)(13) + (6)(5») - «(1)(5) + (10)(-2) +(6)(10)

+ (0)(13)))

~ }2 «0 + 10 + 130 + 30)- (5 - 20 + 60») = }2 (170 - 45) - 62.5 unlt2

7.

EquaHon of a straight line

(I) When two points ore given

P(x,

y)

o
To find the equation of the stra~ht line Joining two points A(x,. V,) and

B<x" V,). let R;<" YJ be a point lying on the same straight I[ne,

59 Urhcberrec htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri a

A. P ono Bore colllneor. .'. grodler'lt 0/ AP" gradler'l!

0/ AB

V-V, "V2 -V,

)I-X,

x2-X',

(il)

When one polnt ono gradient

y

of the straight

line are giver'l

P()c.y)

{_x11 v~)
X

-t-----------+ To find the equation with gradient m

01 the straight ir'le passir'lg through

a point A(x,. y,.) and

Let PI)(. y) be a point lying on the straight line. Y-YI"m

X'-xl

:. Y- Y, = m(x- x,)
Example 4
y

A(J.J)

In the quadr1lateral

ABCD. the polnts A. Band

D are at (3. 3). CO.-1) and (6. 2)

respectively .. The line BD bisect. the line CA at right angles at polnt M. Flr'ld the equation of BD and AC Calculate
(I)

(ii) (III)

the coordinates of M. the coordlnotes 0/ C. the area of the quadrilateral

ABeD

(C)

~L-

___

Urhcberrec htllch gcsc hutztes M ateri"

SoJution

Given two points B(J). -1) and 0(6. 2). equation y-(-I)

af BO is

,,2-(-1)

x-O
y+l,,~,,_!_ 2y+ 2" x 2y" x- 2

6-0 62

AC is perpendicular Fram the equation :. gradient ofACis of AC"

to BO. of 80. the gradient of BO is

t-

-.!." -2. m
and point A(3. 3) Is given. the equa~on

Since gradient

of AC Is found

y-3 --2 x-3 y- 3" -2x + 6

y=9-2X (i) Since Mlies on bath 80 and AC. it must simutklneously two corresponding 2y = equations (1) (2) " .. (3) of both lines. satlstythe

x- 2

)/" 9 - 2X From (l). x - 2y + 2 Substitute (3) into (2).

Y" 9 - 2(2y + 2) " 9 - 4y - 4 :. 5y" 5 => Y" 1 Sub.slilule y - 1 Into (3). x"2+,2-4
.', Coordinates
(Ii)

01 M - (4. 1) of C be

Let the coordmotes Mis the mid-point Hence.

<x.c.

Ye) = (4. 1)

of AC. .'. M _ (3+2x~. 3+;,,)

3+x~ ,,4 => Xc '" 8 - 3 = 5 2 3+yc -1 => Y -2-3 --1 2 c

C- (5.-1)

c.

011)

Area of ABCO

23 -1 -1 2 3 - ~ 1«3)(-1) + (0)(-1) + (5)(2) + (6)(3»

- «0)(3)

Is --

113

31

+ (5)(-1)

+ (6)(-1) + (3)(2)))

= ~((-3 Y;10 + 18) - (--5-6 + 6)1 "~(25(--5» '" 15 units'

Urhcberrec htllch gesc hutztes M aleri"

Example

5 ABCD in which AB is parallel to DC. The point A Angles ABC

The diagram. shows a trapezium lies on the y-axis. Points Band and BCD are 90". y

0 are (6. 13) and (L ~2) respectively.

«»

8(6.13)

00,-2)

Given that the equation of DC is 3y " 4x - 10, flnd (I) the equation of AR (II) (III) (iv) the equation the coordinates of BC, of A and of C,

the area of the trapezium. (i) AB is parallel to DC. from the equation that gradient Y -13 =~ of DC Is ~ of DC, it can be deduced of AB Is ~,

Solution

:. the gradient

3.

x-6

3. (y - 13) " A (x - 6)

3y- 39" 4x- 24 3y" 4x .. 15

The equation of AB Is 3.y" <Ix + 15

(II)

BC Is perpendicular
.'. gradient

to AB. 1 3. --;f=-_ 4

1 of BCls --= m

4 4 (y - 13) = -3 (x - 6) 4y-S2=-3x+ 18 <ly = 70 - 3>:"

:. equation 62 Urheberrcc htl lch gesc hutztes M aleri a of Be Is 4y" 70 - 3x

y-I3 x-6

=_~

(m)

Gillen tI1at A lies on the y-axis, let coordinates

of A be (0,

VN'

Using the equation 3y~4x .. 15 3YA - 4(ll) .. 15 :. YA = 5

: .. the coordinates

of AB,

of A is (0, 5). of botl1lines BC and DC, hen~

Point Cis tI1e point of Intersection Sl.Jbstitufing the coordrictes and DC. we get:

~ must satisfy the twa equatloros of BC and DC simultaneously.

of C (xo' Yd Into equoticns of lilles BC (l) (2)

4yc = 70 - 3xc 3yc = 4x" - 10

From (2), .Y~ = --sucstltute

4xc-1O 3

(3)

(3) into (1).

4X

o3-10)_

70-3xc

16Xo - 40 = 210 - 9xc 2Sxo " 250 => x; = 10

Subst~te

xo=

10 into (3),

:. Yo = 4(10)-10 = 10 3
:. tna coordinafes of C = (10. 10)

(Iv)

Area of the trapezium = 12 1(0)(-2)" .. (0)(13)))

(1)(10) ..

1 10 6 Is 2 5 -2 10 13 5

110

01

(10)(13)" (6)(5)- «1)(5) + (10)(-2) + (6)(10)

= 12(10 + 130 + 30 - (5 -20 +60» = 62.5 unit'

Urheberrec htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri"

Speclgl

equaHons

pclrtlilel to the CIlles

When a line is porollel to the x-oxls. gradient m 0, y-Intercept a. y-o=O(x-O)

... V=

0+------

-r-------."
(II) When a line is parallel the x-intercept Gradient, to the

)'"Om.

Is b.
but 11m = 0

m Is undefined 11m (V - 0) = x - b :. x - b = 0 x = b

-1---+-----+"
b

Example

Gwen fuat A and Bore respectively.

Find the equation Gradient Equation

(2. 3) and (5, 3) at AB.

A (2.3)

SoJulion

of AB, m, =3 - 3 = 0

5-2

B(S.3)

01 AS Is y - 3 - 0 (x - 2)

.. V= 3
Exllmple 7
y C[2,8)

Gwen that C and 0 ore (2. 8) and (2. 1) respectively. Find the equation of CD. Solution Gradient

8-1 at CO. fTI:l = 2-2 = undetlned

_!_ "':2

=0
D(2.1)

Equation of CD Is V-I

"':2

(x -

2)

... x -

+---_,-----."

Urheberrcc htllch gesc hutztes M ateri"

8.

Determination of unknowns from stroight line graphs

A non-linear equation Involving varlables xand vcan be converted to a straight line function in the form Y = mX + c where X and Yare expressions in x and/or m Is the grool'ent of X-V graph and c Ihe Y~nleJcepl.

y.

Non-inear equation

Sholghl 1=0+bx

nne

IuncHon

X b

c a
b b

Y= ox+ bi'

1 x
Y
0 a y Y

)('

Y=£+b

y=~+b

a Y=--' , J(~b y='::'+b

11 -=-x~y ,a y=~+b

x x"
x"

a
0

a b

x"

x"

_!_=ax"+b
I'

_!_ =ox"+b Y 1'='£'+0

)('

xv = £+bJ(

y
!_ y b Igy

x'

b a

x=bxy+ay

-=bx+a

y=ab'

Ig v= Ig aulg

x
19J(

19b

Iga

y=ax"

Ig y= Ig a+ big J( Ig(n ~ YJ =Ig 0+ big

Igy

Iga

y=n~at'

Ig(n~

YJ

Igx

Igo

ya'=b+

Ig y= Ig(b+ n)- oIIg0

Igy

)(

-!go

Ig(b+11)

Table 8_1
Example a of yogalnst

When the graph

IX is drown. ostrolght

line Is obtained the relationship

which

has

gradient 2 and posses through the point (4,7). Determine x and V, Evaluate V when x Is 25.

between

Solution

y= mX+

c
m = 2,

v=mIX+c
Since gradient

V: 2,fX+c

----------------------------------------------------~,~(
U rheberrcc htl lch gcsc h "Illes M ateri"

When x = 4. y = 7. .'.7=2.[4 +c
~ C '"

7-2,;4

=3 between

:. the relationship When

x and y is y '" 2~iX+ 3-

x » 25. y =2-.125 +3",2(5)+3=

13

Exampl.89
Vtuiables xond yare related by the equation
II: is drawn. the resulting line has a grodient at B. Calculate the value of p and of q.

"t When a graph ot Y2agall)St 1 at -2 and on intercept on the axis (C) p

2+ y2

Solution

2+y2 =1 Pq y2 =_2+1 q p y2 =-:!x+q p

The graph of

r against
_5!..=
P
-2 =>

x is

a straight

line with

gradient

_5!.
P

and

y intercept
:. gradient

of a. =

5!. = 2
P

(1)

and V Intercept = q = B Substllule q B Into (1). Blp = 2 ~ p = II

.. P = II and q = 8 Example 10
The lable below shows experimental 0.25 26.0 values of two variables x and y.

x
y
Ills believed

0.30
lB.7

0,35
15.6

0,50
B.O

0,60
5.9

1.00

3.5
large and also

that one ot rne experimental

values of y is abnormally by on equation

that the variables

x and

yore

connected

of the torrn y" A + _!_.

x'

where A and Bore constonts. By 0 suitable choice of variables this equallon may be represented by a straight line graph. Slate Ihese variables and. using the data given above. obtain corresponding pairs of values. Plot ttleS6 values and hence large value of y. Ignoring ttlis line graph. Use your line to .(C) a straight identify the point corresponding point use the remaining evaluate A and B. to the abnormally

points to oblaln

H_~

Urheberrcc htl lch gesc hutztes M aleri a

Solution

For equation against

y ~ A + ~, .

7' With
0.25 26,0

X,

a straight line graph is obtained Band

by plotting

gradient

y Intercept 0.35 15.6 6,16

A.

0,30 18,7 11.11

0,50 8.0
4.00

0.60
5.9 2,76

1.00 3.5 1.00

Y 1

x2

16.00
y
30 25 20

06,20)

10

2-.0 ._"._~_.~."

••~.,•••,.~.~.~~."~."~"."~_"."
4

••
14

w~ ........

_!_

10

12

16

.'

From the graph, the point w~h X and V coordinates abnormally large value of y. Gradient 01 Ihe line. B

(0.35. 15,6) has an

vntercept. A = 2,0 Revision Exercises:

1.
Theslraightlines

26 - 2.0 16-0

= 15

y= ax- 6, where o is a constont ond y= 2x+ 3 are perpendicular.

find the coordinates 01 the paint 01 intersection

State the value of a and hence 01 the lines, 2.

Two points A and B have coordincrtes distance between A and B.

(-3. -5) and (6. 2) respectively.

Find the

Given that the perpendicular bisector of the line Joining A and B meets the yooxis at C. calculate the coordlncrtes of C. J. Find the equation of the line which posses through the point (1. -2) and 15 pcrouel

to the line y - 3x + 4,

67 Urheberrcc htllch gesc hutztes M aleri"

.<I.

The diagram shows a rectangle B has coordinates (3, h Hnd y

ABeD. where equatlon

at CD ts Y = -2. Given that

B(3.7)

(I)

(il)
(ill)

the equation 01 AB., the equation of Be the coordinates of C. Given that CD is .<I units. find 0 and A and hence the area ot ABCD. of the sides of triangle

5.

In the diagram,

PO, 6). 'Xl, 3) and Re3. 8) are

the mid-points

ABC. Find
y

--------~----------------------~x o
<0
(ii)
(iii)

the gradient the equation the equation

of the line PQ, of the line AB. of the perpendicular bisector of fueline

AG.

68 Urheberrcc htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri"

6.

ABCD is a parallelogram whose diagonals meet at M. The coordinates of B, C and Dare (2, 8). (14. 12) and (16. 6) respectively. Given that AChes a gradient 1. find the equafion at AC and BD. Calculate
y

OJ
(II)

the coordinates the coordinates

at M. ot A. Rnd the area of the rectangle ABCD.

Prove that ABeD Is a rectangle.

7.

The straight lines Y" 0.>'+ Q. where a Is a constant. Stale the value of of the lines.

a and

hence

and Y" '!X-l are perpendicular. 2 find the coordinates of the point of intersection (C)

&

y
A (2.8)

c
The diagram shows a quadrilateral ABCD in which A is (2.8) and B Is (8, 6). The point at AB and the point 0 lies on the y-axis. The DAB"
Q()O.

C lies on the perpendicular

bisector

equation at BC Is 3y " 4x - 14 and the angle (l) the equo~on 01 AD.

(ll)

Find

the coordinates

of D. 69 Urheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes M aleri a

(ill) (iv)

the equation the coordinates

of the perpendicular of C. of the triangle

bisector

of AB,

Show that the area quadrilateral ABeD. 9.

ADC Is 10 unit2 and find the area of the

(C)

Express each of the following equolions in the form Y= mX + c.wnere Xond Yore expressions In X and/or yond m and c are constants. Hence. stole the expressions for X. y, m and c in each case.

co
(ill) (v) (vII)

Y = 3x' +2x Y=

(Ii) (iv) (vi)

y=6-~
xy=Sx+.5 Y=X4

.2..-.JX
IX

x2 x

x' + 3f = x y_Ax'

10.

Variables xond

yare related

by an equation

When Ig y Is plotted against x. a straight line Is obtained with a gradient of -2 and on Intercept on the Ig Y;:J)(isof 1. Calculate the value of a and of b.

y = _9__ where o onc bore constants. b'

II.

The table shows experimental

values of two vonooles

x and

yWhich

are known to

be connected by the equation of the form oxl + by = x'. Explain how a straight nne graph may be drown to represent the given equa~on. Use the above data to plot the graph end hence e~mate the value of a and of b.

x'
y

2 3
20

3 63

4 14.4

275

12.

It Is known that xand constants. (I) (ii) (Iii) Plot xy against Use your graph When graph of

yare related

by the ecucncn x+a=':?', Y graph. the value of

where aand

bore

y to obtain a stralght·llne
to estimate

a and

b. of the

..!.

Y straight line obtained

vs x Is plotted .. what is the value of the gradient 1

and calculate 4 the intercept In the -<lxls.

5 -I

7 -D.6

-1.5

-D.75

Urheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes M ateri"

13.

The diagram

shows Ine straighlline

graph obtained

by plotting

Ig yagalnst

Ig )(.

Gil/en tnot tile vanables and b are constants.

x and
(-7.0)

V are connected
1'0 y

by the equation

y =01' where a

----~~------------~------.10x

(O.-S)

(l)

Express Igy in terms of Ig Elcpressy In terms of

x.

(II) (jIQ (lv)

x.

Find the values of a and b. Calculateltie value of y when Ig x = 3. In such a way that when

14.

Variables x and yore related a stralghiline is obtained. os shown on the diagram.

L -IX

Is plotted

against il,

This line posses through the points (-1 ,6) and (-5. 2) FlrKl
y

fi
16)

2J

------------------------~r_----------.x'
(i) (Ii) IS. (0) on expression for y in lerms of tile value of y when x = 1, The loble shows experimental

x,
values of twa variables,

x and y.
5.9

x
y

0.5
-7.5

2.2
-4.4

A,O

7.8 68.2

3.'

22.4

7 Urheberrcc htllch gesc hutztes M ateri"

It is known thai x and V are related

by the equation

y .. 10 = Ak", where A
10) against x for the

and k are constonts. Using graph paper, plot Ig (Y'" above data and use your graph to es~mate (I) (il) (b) the value of A and of the value of x when

tc.

y = O.
pxJ +qy'"' 1, The diagram shows

Variables

x and

yare related by the equcnon

the straight-lIne

graph of y2 against xJ Which posses through the polnt (~, ~).

o·~---------------------'X'
(I)

Given that the gradient

of this line Is ~,calculate

the value of pond

ot o.
(ii)

4
(k, 4), f.ind the value of

Given also that this line posses through

tc
(e)

72 Urheberrcc htllch gesc hutztes M ateri"

Curriculum

Objective; and use 01 radian measure.

Solve problems Involving the arc length and sector area of a circle, Including knowledge

I.

Radian
Angles can be maosured In terms of
(I)

degrees

(0)

(II) Angle, 9 (In rod) "

radians (rod)

s r
'evolution 360'.

For the angle of 0 complete s=2m

:.8" 2m = 21r
:. 2
Ir

rod = 360°

11"100

= 180"

2.

Arc length and area 01 seclor

From 8=~, s= ,8. Area

0" sector
1

I MON = '2"9,

Where 8 Is In rod

uomple

The diagram

shows a sector

OAB of radius 10 em and 9

60, Find

CD
{ii)
(iif)

8 in rod. ore length AB. area of sector AOB.

(I)

A~B

SoJulion

(Ii) (Ill)

60' =60x__.!:_ rod = L05 rod 180 A8 " rfJ = 10(1.,05) = 10,5 em Arec of sector AOS =

,o10om

9 0

lr'o"
2

l(1O')(1.05) = 52.5 cm2

________________________________________________________

~1~

EXample

2 shows a circle of radius 13 em and chord AC of length

A

The dlogram

24 em.

Calculote (I) the length (il)

of the arc ABC., region.

the area of the shaded

(Cl

Solution

a" sln-,g .. 67.38' IS

(I) Arc ABC"

ro"

,",30.6 em
(Ii)

13 x [2(67.38.)X....!!.._] 180' ~ region" ~r2o " ~(l3)2[ 21<-2(67.38')>< = 332 cm2

Area of fhe shaded

1:0']

3,

Area of triangle
Area of ll.ABC = ~ x base x height = ~b(a

2 2

sJn C)
Q

=~obslnC

Expressl:ng height AJea of ll.ABC"

In terms of ~In A and sin B,

c
A

lOb sln C "' lbc sin A" lea slnB 2 . . 2' ... 2

Example

3
shows part of a circle, its cenlre of the arc ABC, segment. (C)

The diagram
(I) (II)

0 and its radius of 5 em. Given that

A

LAOe is 1.2 rcdions. colculote

the length the oreo of the shoded
(I)

Solution

The 'length of the arc ABC" rO

= 5(1.2) = 6 cm
(il) Area of the sector

o
OAC is ~r29
2

= 1(5)2(12)
2 ~obsinc" Area of ll.DAC Is 2 2.(5)2 Sin(~ x 180 2 tr:
0 )

:. area 01sha.ded segment Is ~(5j2 [12 ~ sln(~

1~~

180')]"

3.35 cm"

___

rbeberrechtlch

"".ol1lill:l s

~'".~ri"

Example

The figure lloatlng

shows the circular

cross-secnon

of an uniform

log of radius 40 ern

In water. The paints A and B are on the surface radians,

and the highest point X

Is 8 cm above the surface. snow thai LAOB is approximotelyl.29 Calculate (I) the length of the arc AXB. (il) the mea at the cross-secnon (ill) the percentage of the volume

below

the surface. the surface.

(e)

of the log below

Solution

Let Y be the paint of Int81Sectlon of AB and Ox. OY~40-8~32cm

cos LBOY~ 32

40

.', LAOB ~ 2 cos-,32

40

~ 73.74"

~ 73.74" x __::_ ~ 1.287 = 1.29 rad

180'

(I)

The length of the arc AXB ~ rO ~ 40 (1.29) ~ 51.5 cm Area of sector AOa ~ .lr~o=1(40)'(1.29) = 1029.6 cm'

(Ii)

Area of triangle AOS is .lab sin C = .l40 x 40 sin 73.74° = 768.0 cml 2 2 Area of cross-section below the suncce ~ -1029.6 + 768.0 = l!765 crri2

",2

(iii)

Let / be the length of the log. Volume of the log ~ trrl/ ~ 11(40)21 50271 cml ~ Volume of cross-section of volume below the surface ~ 47651 Percentage of cross-section below the surface

~ 4765.1><100%=94.8% 5027.1

--------------------------------------------------------------~"~~
Urhcberrec htlich gesc hutztes M ateri a

Revision Exercises
1.
B

The figure shows 0 circle. its centre O. fts radius of 12 ern and a chord AS such thal angle AOB ~ (i)
(il)

!!.. radians.
3

Colculote

the length of the major arc ACB. the area at the shaded region.

2.

The figure shows a circle of radius 4 em with centre a tropezlurn with a point C. Given that AC (I) angle AOS In degrees. (II) the area of the shaded region.

= 3 em.

O. Its radII OA and 08 form calculate

3.

8 In the diagram, AXB Is on are of a circle. centre O. of radius 10 em; AYB Is a semiCircle with AS as diameter. If trlangle AOB Is equllatertil. find the angle AOB. 76 U rheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes M ateri a

Hence calculate (I) the length 01 the chord AB. {ill (iIi) (Iv)
(v)

tile length at the arc AXfJ, the area of the sector OAXB. the perimeter of the shaded regia". the area of the shaded region.

4.

The lTapezium ABCD has side CD ~ 10 ern, Two orcs. With centres at D and C and radii 4 cm and 6 cm respectively (I) (II)
(ii!)

meet CD at point E Find

the area of the tropezlurn. the length AB, the area of the shaded region.
A

5,

Bcm

O~~--------------~~--~------~c~-----------0,92 rod

In the diagram. OAB is a sector of a circle. centre O. of radius 8 cm and angle AOB ~ 0,92 rcdlons. The line AD is fhe perpendicular from A. to OB. The line AC is perpendicular to OA and meets 08 produced at C, Find
(e)

(0
OD

the perimeter of the region ADB. marked the mea at the region ABC. marked Q.

P-

Urheberrcc htllch gesc hutztes M ateri"

6.

AB, CD and EF are arcs 01 concentrlc circles. cenj19 0, where angle AOB ~ 1 roc. OA ~ AC ~ 3 m and CE ~ , m. Calculate
(i)

(ii) 7.

tile perimeter ABDC. tile shaded area.

A plece of wire Isbent 10 form the perimeter of pari of a sector w~h centre 0 and radius 10 cm. Sand Rare midpoints of OPand OQrespecllvely. RSIsa straight line. Given tnct angle POQ ~ 0.8 rad .. calculate

(0
(ii)

tile perimeter

of PQRS. by the wire.

tile area enclosed

s
o

<p:;;:

............................

--.
Q

a
Urheberrcc htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri a

Curriculum Objectlv9l;:
Know the six trigonometric tangent. secont, cosecant. functions of angles of any magnitude cotangent) and the relationship betwoon
C. V

(sIne, cosine, graphs

Understand amplitude and periodicity of e.g. sin I( and sin 21( + c. where
0,

Draw and use the graphs of y~ 0 sin (bl() +

c. v= 0 cos

(bXJ+

= a ton (bx)

b are positive Integers and c Is an Interger

sinA = lanA cosA =cotAsfn2A+ coi2A= cos A .inA cosec? A = 1 + ccf A and solve simple Irigonometric scil'utlon of trigonometric idenfities. equations)

Knowandusatherelot1onshlps sec2A = 1+ lan2 A

1.

equolions

Involving the six trigonometric generol

functions and the above relotionships

(not Including

Prove simple trigonometric

1.

General angles
Angles measured Far example" from the x-axis. In the onnclockwlse dlrechon. are positive. II! and

0. ore

posltlve angles.--

Angles measured For example

from the x"<lXis, In the clockwise angles,

direction.

ore negative.

~ and Il~ are negative

Urheberrec htl lch ge5c hutztes Iv! ateri a

2.

Trlgonometrical
sinO"

Ratios

oPposlte"PQ hypotenuse OP oojacenl_OQ hypotenuse

,,1::.
,,!_

cess _
tonO"

OP

opposite oojacenl

_ PQ OQ

_r
x

where x and yore coordinates of point P and t is the distance of P from O. r<-x"+y<ondx,oO

3.

Signs of Trigonometrlcal
Second quadrant.

Ratios

<: O. y>

Firsl quadrant. sinO> 0 cosa » 0 tone> 0

x > O.

y>0

sinO> 0 cooO<:O tan9<: 0 ONLY SINE IS POSITIVE Third quadrant. sinO> 0 coso c 0 ton 0 > 0 ONLY TANGENT Example I IS POSITIVE

ALL ARE POSITIVE FOUrth quadrant. sino <: 0

<: 0, y <: 0

x>

O. y <: 0

cos s » 0 tone <: 0

ONLY COSINE IS POSITIVE

Rnd all the angles between Solufion

0' and 360" which satisfy the equation or fourth quadrant.

6(10

sinx" - sin6(l'.
(C)

Since slnx <: O. x Ues In thelh~d

x = 180' + til' =240'

Example 2

or

x = 360" = 300'

Given that sinx = band 0" <: x <: 90° find an expression (i) tonx. (ii) Cos(-x). Solution (i) Given that xis in the first quadrant. lei slnx = shown, opposite hypotenuse

in terms of b for

E. and
1

the reference

triangle be as

~~--------------------------------------------Urhcberrec htllch gesc hutztes M ateri"

d+lY~l
:. a ~ vl-b'

(0

:>

O. since

Is In first quadrant)

Referr1l'lg to the referel'lce trial'lgle,

tonr ~ appos~e
adjacent

_~

a
o
a
direction as

b ~vl-b2
(ll)

H() Is measured

from the x-ox_is in the clockwise y

shown ln the figure.

cost - xl ~ £ =
1

,!i=b"

P(a,-b)

4.

Trlgonometrlcal Ratiosof Special angles: 30°,45° and 60°

In a right-angled trlol'lgle OPQ. = 2_ y
p

LOPQ- 30" sin3O" 2

2

cosao-

= ,{3 2

ton3O" = LPOQ- 60" sln60'

_2_

15

_,f3 2
y

co560' " 2_

2 tan60° = {3
sln45°

Lsor

Losr ~ 45°

,,_2_

,fl

co545' " tan4S°"

_2_ ,(2
1
ratios of special angles. The 8 Urheberrcc htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri a

Note; You are expected 10 recall the trlgonomefrical figures will help you remember the ratios.

5.

Graphs of 51n9, eess and lane

'~

y
Y-'CQsB

-1

Comparing
graph

the three graphs:

graph

of sinO

01 cos 8

graph

at Ion 9

Period ~ 360"
-1 ~stn9~ Max, 1

Period ls 360" -1 s ccss s 1 ,,-I

1

Period Is tso~ 10nO~ ~

" I" min,

Amplitude" ,ln6" 0 when

Max. " 1. min. " -I Ampllrude - 1 COSO" 0 when 0" ...270". -W'" <;()" _ 270'... The cooIne graph IS symmetrical about the vertico I axis, I, e., cost -9) " coss

No max. or min.

e" ..,-360'" -ieo-. 0°. 1110"" 360""

The ,lne graph I.

laM" -180

0 when ~= .__ -360". 0".180'. 361Y ...

symmetl1col aboul the origin, I.e .. ,slo( 9) " -sIn e -

The tangent graph I, symmetrical about the origin. La..

tan{-9) " -tOnG

[~"~--------------------------------------------Urhcberrec htllch gcsc hutztes M ateri"

The vertical lines through 8 ~ .". -'170', -90', 90', 270"", where Ian 8 Is undefined ere asymptotes of the graph Note: The graph Example 3 0" and 360' which of sn8 Is simply the graph

01 cess shifted 90' to the right.

Find all the angles between

sctlsfv the equation,

Solulion

0",.; y,.; 36Ct'

tan2y " ~ I. (C)

0",.; 2y,.; 720' and since tan2y ,,0, 2y lies in the second

and fourth quadrants, tan2y " -to n45' 2 Y " 160' - 45°, 360" - 45°, 360' + 180" - 45', 360 + 360° - 45".
0

:.
6.

" 135',315°, 49S', 67S' v= 67.S',. IS7.S'. 247.5', 337.5°

Sketch TrigonometrlcalGraphs
Points to consider
(I) (II)

when sketching

graphs: t~ganometrlcal functions. In

shapes of curves for general

Important points such as maximum and minimum points (which help determining the amplitude) and points where the curve cuts the axes, the period of the function" the asymptotes In the case of graphs involving shapes of the followlng sinbx. cosbx. tonbx_
0

(Iii) (Iv)

the tangent

function.

The general
(I)

functions

are shown below.

(ii)
(II)

Y" Y" Y"

Q Q Q

(I)

y" a slnbx where

ond b are constants.

y

Y'" sIntt, .. ~..

__________________________________________________________

~_a3.

Urheberrcc htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri a

(U)

Y~

a cosbx

y~ aoosbx

:JW'

0 -a

" "

"

"

(III)

y ~ a tanbx
y

a
K

0
-o

3tD'

"

EXCImpie 4
Sketch the graph SOluNon of y ~ 3 - sin2x for O' sx s 180". end minimum (e) values

sin2x has a period of 360' '" lBO° end maximum 2 of 1 ond -1 O.e. amplitude = 1).

-I

Recall Y'" a slnbx. here a", 1 and b '" 2. Hence the curve cuts the x-axis of ._-

180° 2

'" 90';

--

360° 2

-1

ao·.

Urheberrcc htllch gesc hutztes M ateri"

-1

The graph 01 y ~ -sln2xls obtolned about the x-oxs,

y

by reflecting the graph 01 y ~ sin2x

...................

x~:l-<In2x

-1

Rnally. shiff the graph graph of V =3 - sln2x.

of V ~ -sln2x upward

by 3 units to get the

the

Altematively.

one can get the graph of V ~ 3 - sln2x by plotting

graph at x '" 0". <15'. 90'. 135'. 180" directly.

ExampleS
Sketch on the some diagram the graphs 01 V"

Icoszx]
=~

and <IV" x lor the domain

(e)

Os.xs,..
Soluh'on Y"

I cos2x I graph

has a period of y

--

360'

2"

The straight

line graph
y

=::. has a gradient <I

"',. and an amplituda of

01 1.

..!.

<I

-,
-1 ...•...•. , •...•.

::~.l...-: .•.... C .••..••••

------------------------------------------~~
Urheberrcc htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri a

To get the graph of y

"'I cos

2x1, first sketch the graph y'" cos 2x and the x-mls. hence

then reflect the port of Ihe graph below the x-axis about Note: There are four points of Intersection there are four solutions to the equation of the ""0

graphs.

41cos 2x1 '" x.

7_

Trigonometrlcal Ratios 01 Cotangent, secant and COsecant

tonA ",slnA cosA s9CantA or secA '" _1_ cosA Note: signs of cotongent cotongentA or cotA ~ _1_ .. cosA tanA slnA '" _1_ sinA tallow those

cosecantA secant and cosecant

or cosecA

In the tour quadrants

ot

their reciprocals.

I.e. tangent

cosine and sine respectively. First quadrant All positive Fourth quadrant Only cosine and secant

Second quadrant Only sine and cosecant

positive

Third quadranl Only tangent and cotangent

positive

positive

8_

FundamentalldentHles
Consider

By Pythagoras'
(1).;-ti'

the right-angled theorem.

triangle

Ii' ~

a. + a
2

In the figure.
(1)

1=-+-

a2 c2

Ii' b2 I = sfrYe +
02

ewe
c

(l)+a.

b "'1+ c

02

c05e&O (1)+

= 1 + c0t2e +1 +1

C. sec2a

= 01

c.

~ lan20

In summary. sl1"l"9+ cwO = 1 1 + cot20 = cosec-s tarYlI + 1 = sec20

os given in the formula

list.

~L-

___

Urhcberrec htllch gcsc hutztes M aleri"

Example 6
Find all the angles between (i) I 0 slnx cosx = cosx, (il) (ill) 5 lonly = 5 tony + 3 sec O· and 360' which satisfy each af the equations,

z+107'

J"

sec2y,
(e)

-2

Solution

CD

TO sinx COS.\':" cosx cosx (10 sin x - 1) " 0

cosx=O or or

Srnx= -

10

x" 90', 270'

x = 5,7°, 180" - 5,7' 5,7°, 174.3°

Q

.., x
(Ii)

= 5,7', 90", 174.3' or 27()'

5 ton"y = 5 tony + 3 sedly 5 ton"y = 5 tony + 3 (ton2y + 1) 2' ton~y - 5 tony - 3 ~ 0

(2 lony + 1)(tony - 3) " 0 :. tony = -~ or

since 10n"lO + 1

",sec2e

2'
- 26,6'

tony = 3 tony"

tony = - lon26.6° y = 180' - 26.6",360°

or or

v=

lon71.6"
0

71.6°, 180" + 71.6

:. y= 71.6'. 153.4',251.6'.333.4'

(n!)

sec GZ+l07')=-2

cos(~ z+ 107.)
1 =-2 cos

-2

GZ+l07D)
=-~

cos Gal07') cos (~z+ 107') " - cos Gz+ 107.)= 180°- 60",180"
60"
Z
0

+ 60", 540' - 60" = 120°.240'.480"

= 2 (12'0" - 107°), 2 (240" -107'). 2(480° - 107·) = 26°, 266", 746

the required ronge,

= 746' Is outside :. Z = 26·,266·

'"
Urheberrec htllch gesc hutztes Iv! ateri"

Alternatively, values ot

consider the range of +

(~z 1070),
100"

z+

107')

before giving the

0' s z
O· S

s. 360"

_!_zs;
2

0·"
cos

Gz+ 107.)
2 26'. 266'

!z + 107' s 287' 2
c -

cos 60"

:.,. _!_z + 107' z

= 120',. 240'

= 2. (120· - 107"). 2 (240' - 107°)

zExample 7

Show thol (cosecxSOlvtion

l)(cosecx+

1)(secx-

l)(secx+

1) = 1

(e)

LHS " (cosecx " (cosacz

1) - coseciZx ,sec'x - sec2x - cosec2x+ _._1 1 sln2x cos2x . _1 1_+1 cos2xsln2x

x -1)(sed x -

- 1)(cosecx

+ 1)(secx - 1)(secx + 1) 1

1
sin2x cos.'2x

sln2x sln2" cos'2x

cos2x sin2x cos2x

+1 1

1-(sln2x + cos'x) 1 sIn2x cos2x + I-I sln2x cos2x + 1-1- RHS Alternatively, LHS " (cosecx " (cosec!

since sinzx + cosZx"

- 1)(cosecx + 1)(secx - 1)(secx + 1) -1)(sec2 x - 1.) recoil: tan20 + 1 - sec29

" col2x
-I

tan<x

" R.H.S,
Example 8

1 + cot'O" cosec'6

Prove the Identity cosecA-~",cotA --l+cosA-

(el

~~~~----------------------------------------------------------Urheberrcc htllch gesc hutztes M ateri"

Solution

LHS '" cosecA - ~ l-s cos.A

sinA sinA l+cooA A l+cosA-sin2 sinA(l+cosA) l+cosA - (1- COOlA) slnA(l+cosA) ccsA+cos2A slnA(l+ccsA) cosAO+cosA) sin A(l + cos Al

cos A
slnA : colA '" RHS Example

9
(cotA - tonA)slnA " 2 cosA - secA

Prove the Idenllly Solution

(el

LHS '" (colA - tonAlslnA

" (COSA _ sinA )slnA slnA cosA 2 ~ cosA- sln A cosA

• cos A - ~

(1-COS2AJ

= COSA--1-+COSA cosA

'" 2 cosA - secA '" RHS

Revision Exercises
1, Given that cos15O' '" -p, express the following (0) cos30", (b) sin 150', (c) ton (-30') ,
(eI)

in terms of p.

cos6Q",

------------------------------------------------------~"~~
Urhcberrec htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri a

2,

Find the maximum

(0) ~

and minimum

values of

cess,
-

(b)
(e) Cd)
(e)

5 e05(8 8 sin48.

30°),

8 - 7sin 28. 6 ~ 21.sln81. value of 7 and a minimum (e)

3.

The function f (x) = aslnx+ b. where a> O. has a maximum value of -3. Find the value of a and of b. Sketch the following
(0) (b)

4.

graphs:

y = 3 - 2 s['nlt for O· s.xs36O" y = 3teosxl for 0" sxs.36O" y" 3 -llanxl

for osxs.:'l_
It

(c) (d)
(e)

y" 2 sin2X'-1 for O:s; x~

y = Itan~

If

I+

2 for 0'''' x:o;; 720" the graphs Of y = 2 cosx and y = 1 In the Interval

5.

Sketch on the some diagram, Os xs 211'.Hence. 2 cosx +1 sln2x

I sln2xl

for

I=

state the number

of solutions

of the equation

1.
equations for 0"..,

Solve the following

x « 360".

(d)
(b) (c) (d)
(e)

sin2x = 0.98

eos2x + sln5O' = 0 tan2x = - c0s67"

Sin(_!_x- 30") " 0.5 2 8(lanx - 2) '" .3(2 lanx + 3) for 0' '" x s 360°.

7.

Solve the following equations (d) cosec2x = 3 sinx

(b)
(c) (d)
(e)

5 cot2x - 23 cotx - 10 = 0 2 sec2x + 5 " 0 2seezx - 5 Ionx " 5

2slnx+cosx" 2__ sinx+2cosx

8.

Given that slnA =

5 tables or caleulotors. (d) sin(A + 8), costA + 8). 10nLA- 8).

:!: and

eosS" ~ and that A and B are acute, find ..without using 17 the value of

(b)

(c)

~j~---------------------------------------------Urhcberrec htl lch gcsc hutztes M ateri a

9,

Solve tI1e following equctlons for 0'';; xs 360'. (a)

(0)
(c) (d) 10,

6 sln(2x - 35') = 1 ccsx = 0 2 cos2x - 5 sinx + 1 = 0 2 ronx = tan(30° - x)

2sin2x +

Prove the followlng IdentHies: (a)

(0)

cosecA " secAcotA ----"fanA+cotA slnAcosA sinAcosA..; slnA-cosA!! A cosec 1+ cosA cosec A +cot A+fanA secA-cosecA tonA+colA

(c) (d) (e)

colA-lanA '" 2cosA- sec'A

11.

(0)

Find all values between

OJ
(ii) (b)

2 co:t2x

= 5.

0' and 360' which satisfy the equation

3 siny tony + 8 .. 0, 2-cosac"A sinA-cosA sinA+cosA

Show thai
cosac"A + 2 col A (e)

91 Urhcberrec htl lch gesc hutztes M ateri a

Curriculum Objectives:
Recognise and distinguish between
0

perrnutotlon

case and a combination

case Know and use me nolatlon

n! (with O! = )), and the expressions for pennutonon (cases wittl repefifion both permutations

and cornblncnons 01 n Itsms taken rata. time Answer simple problems on arrang.ement and selection at objects. or with objects arranged and. comblnaHons, are excluded).

in a circle or invoMng

A permutation is an arrangement objects, The order of the objects A combination is a selection The order of the objects Example 1

of a set of objects choosen in the chosen

from a given number

of

set is taken Into consideration. of objects.

of a set of objects chosen from a given number set is not taken into conslderotion,

In the chosen

Find the number of possible woys of (permutations) of appointing 0 monitor and an assistant monitor from 4 possible condlcotes. Mel Un, Ahmad. Esther and James.

soumon

Ahmad (AM)

11\
MsiUn (M) Esther (AM) (AM) Esther(M) Ahmad (AM)

Jcmes

MeiUn (AM)

11\
Ahmad (M) Esther (AM)

James (AM)

MeiUn (AM)

11\

James (AM)

MeiUn (AM)

11\
James (M) Ahmad (AM) rheber rcc hIII h

Esther (AM) (AM).

Thsrs ore 12 possible way.! 01 appointing

a monitor (M) and an assistant monitor

It can be seen that there are d possible choices of monitors. For each choice of morutot Iheraare 3 possible choices of assistant monitors. Hence. the number of possible ways 01 appointing a monitor end an assistant rnonltor Is 4 x3 = 1'2.

~~------------------------------------------------------

Q""" hutztes ~'a!eri a

AHemallveMelhod MonltcII Mal Un Ahmad Mal Un Esther Mel Un James Ahmad Esther Ahmad James Esther James EXample 2 Consider the 4 candidates In Example 1, Find the number of woys (cornblnotions)
selecfing SOlution 2 prefects.

Asslslanl MOI'IItCII Ahmad Mal Un Esthar Mel Un James Mel Un Esthar Ahmad
Jcrnes

From the second method. It can be seen thai the order of appointment Is taken Into consideration. I,e. Mel Un (M) and Ahmad (AM) Is different from Ahmad (M) and Mel Un (AM). Let's consider a case where the order Is not token Into consideration.

Ahmad James Esther

of

In this case. since order Is not taken into consideration. uccn be seen that for every two permutations In Example 1. Method 2. there is one possible combination.
Monitor Assistant Monitor

Prefects Mei Un and Ahmad Mel Un and Esther Mel Lin and James Ahmad and Esther Ahmad and James
I --,-.-.------

Mel Un Ahmad Mel Un Esther Mel Un James Anmad Esther Ahmad James Esther James Tobie 1

Ahmad Mei Un Esther Me; Un James Mei Un Eslher Ahmad James Ahmod James Esther

Estherand James Table 2

--------------------------------------------------~~(
Urheberrcc htl lch gesc hutztes M aleri a

From Table 2, Inere are 6 combinations l.e, the number , of cornomottoos 12

of prefects. 3x4 '" 6.

"2'" -2-

Example

An art collector wonts to display a stotue. a bust and a vase on 3 tables. And the number of ways of arrangement (permutations) .. Solufion

bust vase

/""

statue

bust

vase bust

statue

vase

/"" I
.,,.

vase

statue bust choices

statue

/""
vase

bust

stotue

There are 3 choices end 1 choice

of display for the

first table; 2

for the 2nd table " 3 x 2 xl" 6,

for the 3rd toble. The number

of perrnotctlons

Nota: roctonoi 3 " 31 " 3 x 2 x 1 In general. Factorial n! " n x (n - 1) x (n - 2) x (n 3)x n(n!) is the product of nand

011 the positive

numbers

less thon

n.
at

When a set of n items is chosen from n items and arranged a time), the number The notafion of permutofions Is n1 of

all at a time (i.e, nitems

for the number

of permutations

n Items

token

all

at

a time is "Po

where np~ " nl Nole: By definition in Example O! = I the number of permutations of a set 2 'Items' from .II

1 when we consider

'Items', we get 4 x 3 - 12. Since AI " A x 3 x 2 x l , 41 A x 3"

2i "(A-2)1
from

AI

When a set of r Items Is chosen arrangements) The notation nI Is (n-Ol' for Ihe number n! (n-i)I"

n Items.

the number

of different

perrnurcticns

(or

of permutations

of n Hems token

r 01 a time Is "P"

where"P,,,

~~----------------------------------------------Urheberrcc htllch gesc hutztes M ateri"

Product Principle: When 0 'firsl process can be done In 01 ways"

a number
b x ex,

01 ways, a second

process In I,) number of ways In which

a third

process In c number of ways and so on, then the number

all Ihe processes can be done Is

ax

Example 6
There are 4 basic steps to making 0 teddy bear; choosing the pieces; sluffing the bear and sewing on Ihe facial The variations 1. in each step are: and culling expression. Ihe fabric; sewfng

There are 5 types of furry fob ric:

2.
3,

2 methods of sewing:
3 types of sluffing;

4.

4 facial expressions,
of ways all 4 basic steps can be corned of ways a teddy out. Is 5 x 2 x 3 x 4 - 120,

Find the number Solution

The number

bear can be mode

Revision Exercises
1.

13 cords at diamond

from a deck of playing cords ore 10 be arranged for doing H" are there?

In a row.

How many permutations

2.

Find the number lane track.

of ways 5 runners can be arranged

at

the starting point of

a 6-

3,

Find the number

of permufotions

in which

a cor ceoler can display his 5 cars: a

Mercedes, a Volkswagen. a BMW. a Toyota and a Rolls Royce when (0 he can display Ihem In any order; (il) the Rolls Royce must be in the first parking lot. 4. 3glrll and 4 boys hove to arranged and seated on 7 choirs, Find the number of lot and the Mercedes in the lost

arrangements when (I) they can be seated (Ii) 5. 6.

in any order; In a boy-gIr1-boy-glrl-boy can be chosen sequence. from 60 bottles, hearts

they are to be seated

Find the number

of ways 6 bollies

Find Ihe number of ways of selecting and 4 clubs from a pock

cords consisting 1 spade, 2 dlomonds.3

of 52 cards,

7.

There are 6 blue balls, 7 yellow balls and 8 red balls. Find the number of combinations of a set of 1 blue oou. 7 yellow balls and 2 red balls.

96 Urhcberrec htllch gesc hutztes M ateri"

8.

A baker wonts 10 bake some buns, firstly. he carl choose 10 we butter. margarine or oil. Secondly, he may use either plain flour or bread flour, Thirdly. he has a choice 01 castor white sugar or brown sugar. Lastly. he can choose to use luncheon meat sausages, ham or funo as filing, Find the number of ways the baker can bake a batch of bUr)$ when he can only choose 1 type of ingreadient at each slage.

9.

In a maze of tunnels. there are J tunnels leading leading from B to C and 4 funnels leadlrlg of rallies a hamster

from point A to point B. 6 tunnels

from point C to point D. Find the number

can take to move from point A to point D. wants to have 4 servings of food. He can choose ron proto. pizza. mae goreng

10.

A man with a hearty oppetite

stalls which, sell nasl lemak. lokso. fish ball noodles. and dumpling soup. (I) (ii) (iii) How many ways can the man choose Find Ihe number servings of food. Find the number servings of tood. of perrnutctlons of perrnutoficns in which

4 different

servings of food?

the man may eat his 4 different

In which the man may eal his 4 different thai he musl start with lokso.

given Ihe conomon

----------------------------------------------~~
Urheberrcc htllch gcsc hutztes M ateri"