Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
On
NUMERICAL RELAY
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement
For the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical Engineering
Of
Biju PatTnaik University of Technology
By
ANURAG SAHOO
BPUT Registration No: 0501212561
Department of Electrical Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “NUMERICAL
RELAY” is the bona fide work of ANURAG SAHOO bearing Regn.
No. 0501212561, a student of 8th Semester, Electrical
Engineering.
...................................................
(H.O.D, ELECTRICAL)
……………………………………..
……………………………………..
BHUBANESWAR, ORISSA
Acknow
ledgement
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful
completion of the task would be incomplete without the
mention of the people who made it possible whose constant
guidance crowns all effort with success.
I express my deep sense of gratitude Miss
J.Suryaprabha, Mr.Shubhranshu Mohan parida of Electrical
Engineering for their initiative and constant inspiration.
Lastly I express my gratitude to all the lectures and friends
for their cooperation and valuable suggestion during the
preparation of the seminar report.
Thanks to all...
• Introduction
• Relay
• Basic operation
• Numerical relay
• Basic principle
• Manufacturers
• Applications
• Conclusion
• Reference
Introduction
Numerical relays have revolutionized protection, control, metering
and communication in power systems. Functional integration, new
methods of communication, reduced physical size, and an enormous
amount of available information are but a few of the benefits of this
revolution. Having made the initial conceptual adjustment of relating
objects from electromechanical technology such as rotating discs
and moving armatures to such electronic technology as analog to
digital converters and comparators protection practitioners then
must deal with programming a relay. Initially programming was no
more than selecting values for relay settings. Further advancement
in digital technology, however has made possible advanced and
sophisticated programming of logical functions and analog
quantities.
A good understanding of relay programming is
necessary to take full advantage of the many functions integrated
into numerical relays and use these functions in different
applications to enhance operation of a power network. Unfortunately
many users avoid relay programming, considering it too complex.
Because of this perceived complexity, not all users investigate the
use of relay programming to realize automation and control
applications. Many cost saving opportunities and simple engineering
solutions to automation applications are reliably achieved by using
the protection relay programming features.
Relay
Relay is an automatic device which senses the faults and recloses its
contacts and gives adequate alarm and trip signal.
Basic Operation
Numerical relay
Basic principle
Low voltage and low current signals (i.e., at the secondary of a VT
and CT) are brought into a low pass filter that removes frequency
content above about 1/3 of the sampling frequency (a relay A/D
converter needs to sample faster than 2x per cycle of the highest
frequency that it is to monitor). The AC signal is then sampled by
the relay's analog to digital converter at anywhere from about 4 to
64 (varies by relay) samples per power system cycle. In some
relays, the entire sampled data is kept for oscillographic records, but
in the relay, only the fundamental component is needed for most
protection algorithms, unless a high speed algorithm is used that
uses sub cycle data to monitor for fast changing issues. The sampled
data is then passed through a low pass filter that numerically
removes the frequency content that is above the fundamental
frequency of interest (i.e., nominal system frequency), and uses
Fourier transform algorithms to extract the fundamental frequency
magnitude and angle. Next the microprocessor passes the data into
a set of protection algorithms, which are a set of logic equations in
part designed by the protection engineer, and in part designed by
the relay manufacturer, that monitor for abnormal conditions that
indicate a fault. If a fault condition is detected, output contacts
operate to trip the associated circuit breaker(s).
The memory of the relay enables the relay to retain the values
of variables responsible for tripping, time taken to operate etc.
High speed.
Manufacturers
There are many more than listed here. This especially becomes true
when one includes relays manufactured for niche or regional
markets, and manufactures that offer relays in part hidden and
buried within a larger product mix.
GE Multilin
ABB
AREVA T&D
Basler
Bresler
Beckwith
Cooper
Cutler Hammer
DEIF
General Electric
RFL
Schneider Electric
Schweitzer
Siemens
Orion Italia
VAMP
ZIV
NARI
Applications
Relays are used to and for:
Conclusion